Abstract

In this work, sensitivity to strain and temperature of a sensor relying on modal interferometry in hollow-core photonic crystal fibers is studied. The sensing structure is simply a piece of hollow-core fiber connected in both ends to standard single mode fiber. An interference pattern that is associated to the interference of light that propagates in the hollow core fundamental mode with light that propagates in other modes is observed. The phase of this interference pattern changes with the measurand interaction, which is the basis for considering this structure for sensing. The phase recovery is performed using a white light interferometric technique. Resolutions of ± 1.4µε and ± 0.2°C were achieved for strain and temperature, respectively. It was also found that the fiber structure is not sensitive to curvature.

©2009 Optical Society of America

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2009 (1)

2008 (3)

2007 (4)

2006 (3)

E. Li, X. Wang, and C. Zhang, “Fiber-optic temperature sensor based on interference of selective higher-order modes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89(9), 091119 (2006).
[Crossref]

J. L. Villatoro, V. P. Minkovich, and D. Monzón-Hernández, “Compact modal interferometer built with tapered microstructured optical fiber,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 18(11), 1258–1260 (2006).
[Crossref]

R. Thapa, K. Knabe, K. L. Corwin, and B. R. Washburn, “Arc fusion splicing of hollow-core photonic bandgap fibers for gas-filled fiber cells,” Opt. Express 14(21), 9576–9583 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2005 (3)

W. N. MacPherson, E. J. Rigg, J. D. C. Jones, V. V. Ravi, K. Kumar, J. C. Knight, and P. St. J. Russell, “Finite-element analysis and experimental results for a microstructured fibre with enhanced hydrostatic pressure sensitivity,” J. Lightwave Technol. 23(3), 1227–1231 (2005).
[Crossref]

F. Benabid, F. Couny, J. C. Knight, T. A. Birks, and P. S. J. Russell, “Compact, stable and efficient all-fibre gas cells using hollow-core photonic crystal fibres,” Nature 434(7032), 488–491 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Q. Li, C.-H. Lin, P.-Y. Tseng, and H. P. Lee, “Demonstration of high extinction ratio modal interference in a two-mode fiber and its applications for all-fiber comb filter and high-temperature sensor,” Opt. Commun. 250(4-6), 280–285 (2005).
[Crossref]

2004 (1)

2003 (1)

C. M. Smith, N. Venkataraman, M. T. Gallagher, D. Müller, J. A. West, N. F. Borrelli, D. C. Allan, and K. W. Koch, “Low-loss hollow-core silica/air photonic bandgap fibre,” Nature 424(6949), 657–659 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2001 (1)

W. N. MacPherson, M. J. Gander, R. McBride, J. D. C. Jones, P. M. Blanchard, J. G. Burnett, A. H. Greenaway, B. Mangan, T. A. Birks, J. C. Knight, and P. St. J. Russell, “Remotely addressed optical fibre curvature sensor using multicore photonic crystal fibre,” Opt. Commun. 193(1-6), 97–104 (2001).
[Crossref]

1997 (1)

1996 (1)

Y. J. Rao and D. A. Jackson, “Review article: Recent progress in fibre-optic low-coherence interferometry,” Meas. Sci. Technol. 7(7), 981–999 (1996).
[Crossref]

Allan, D. C.

C. M. Smith, N. Venkataraman, M. T. Gallagher, D. Müller, J. A. West, N. F. Borrelli, D. C. Allan, and K. W. Koch, “Low-loss hollow-core silica/air photonic bandgap fibre,” Nature 424(6949), 657–659 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Amezcua-Correa, R.

Araujo, F. M.

P. Caldas, P. A. S. Jorge, F. M. Araujo, L. A. Ferreira, M. B. Marques, G. Rego, and J. L. Santos, “Fibre modal Michelson interferometers with coherence addressing and heterodyne interrogation,” Opt. Eng. 47(4), 044401 (2008).
[Crossref]

Badenes, G.

Benabid, F.

F. Benabid, F. Couny, J. C. Knight, T. A. Birks, and P. S. J. Russell, “Compact, stable and efficient all-fibre gas cells using hollow-core photonic crystal fibres,” Nature 434(7032), 488–491 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Birks, T. A.

R. Amezcua-Correa, F. Gèrôme, S. G. Leon-Saval, N. G. R. Broderick, T. A. Birks, and J. C. Knight, “Control of surface modes in low loss hollow-core photonic bandgap fibers,” Opt. Express 16(2), 1142–1149 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

F. Benabid, F. Couny, J. C. Knight, T. A. Birks, and P. S. J. Russell, “Compact, stable and efficient all-fibre gas cells using hollow-core photonic crystal fibres,” Nature 434(7032), 488–491 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

W. N. MacPherson, M. J. Gander, R. McBride, J. D. C. Jones, P. M. Blanchard, J. G. Burnett, A. H. Greenaway, B. Mangan, T. A. Birks, J. C. Knight, and P. St. J. Russell, “Remotely addressed optical fibre curvature sensor using multicore photonic crystal fibre,” Opt. Commun. 193(1-6), 97–104 (2001).
[Crossref]

Bjarklev, A.

Blanchard, P. M.

W. N. MacPherson, M. J. Gander, R. McBride, J. D. C. Jones, P. M. Blanchard, J. G. Burnett, A. H. Greenaway, B. Mangan, T. A. Birks, J. C. Knight, and P. St. J. Russell, “Remotely addressed optical fibre curvature sensor using multicore photonic crystal fibre,” Opt. Commun. 193(1-6), 97–104 (2001).
[Crossref]

Borrelli, N. F.

C. M. Smith, N. Venkataraman, M. T. Gallagher, D. Müller, J. A. West, N. F. Borrelli, D. C. Allan, and K. W. Koch, “Low-loss hollow-core silica/air photonic bandgap fibre,” Nature 424(6949), 657–659 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Broderick, N. G. R.

Broeng, J.

Burnett, J. G.

W. N. MacPherson, M. J. Gander, R. McBride, J. D. C. Jones, P. M. Blanchard, J. G. Burnett, A. H. Greenaway, B. Mangan, T. A. Birks, J. C. Knight, and P. St. J. Russell, “Remotely addressed optical fibre curvature sensor using multicore photonic crystal fibre,” Opt. Commun. 193(1-6), 97–104 (2001).
[Crossref]

Caldas, P.

P. Caldas, P. A. S. Jorge, F. M. Araujo, L. A. Ferreira, M. B. Marques, G. Rego, and J. L. Santos, “Fibre modal Michelson interferometers with coherence addressing and heterodyne interrogation,” Opt. Eng. 47(4), 044401 (2008).
[Crossref]

Choi, H. Y.

Corwin, K. L.

Couny, F.

F. Benabid, F. Couny, J. C. Knight, T. A. Birks, and P. S. J. Russell, “Compact, stable and efficient all-fibre gas cells using hollow-core photonic crystal fibres,” Nature 434(7032), 488–491 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Demokan, M. S.

Ethonlagi, D.

Ferreira, L. A.

P. Caldas, P. A. S. Jorge, F. M. Araujo, L. A. Ferreira, M. B. Marques, G. Rego, and J. L. Santos, “Fibre modal Michelson interferometers with coherence addressing and heterodyne interrogation,” Opt. Eng. 47(4), 044401 (2008).
[Crossref]

Folkenberg, J. R.

Gallagher, M. T.

C. M. Smith, N. Venkataraman, M. T. Gallagher, D. Müller, J. A. West, N. F. Borrelli, D. C. Allan, and K. W. Koch, “Low-loss hollow-core silica/air photonic bandgap fibre,” Nature 424(6949), 657–659 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Gander, M. J.

W. N. MacPherson, M. J. Gander, R. McBride, J. D. C. Jones, P. M. Blanchard, J. G. Burnett, A. H. Greenaway, B. Mangan, T. A. Birks, J. C. Knight, and P. St. J. Russell, “Remotely addressed optical fibre curvature sensor using multicore photonic crystal fibre,” Opt. Commun. 193(1-6), 97–104 (2001).
[Crossref]

Gèrôme, F.

Greenaway, A. H.

W. N. MacPherson, M. J. Gander, R. McBride, J. D. C. Jones, P. M. Blanchard, J. G. Burnett, A. H. Greenaway, B. Mangan, T. A. Birks, J. C. Knight, and P. St. J. Russell, “Remotely addressed optical fibre curvature sensor using multicore photonic crystal fibre,” Opt. Commun. 193(1-6), 97–104 (2001).
[Crossref]

Hansen, T. P.

Jackson, D. A.

Y. J. Rao and D. A. Jackson, “Review article: Recent progress in fibre-optic low-coherence interferometry,” Meas. Sci. Technol. 7(7), 981–999 (1996).
[Crossref]

Jakobsen, C.

Jin, W.

Jones, J. D. C.

W. N. MacPherson, E. J. Rigg, J. D. C. Jones, V. V. Ravi, K. Kumar, J. C. Knight, and P. St. J. Russell, “Finite-element analysis and experimental results for a microstructured fibre with enhanced hydrostatic pressure sensitivity,” J. Lightwave Technol. 23(3), 1227–1231 (2005).
[Crossref]

W. N. MacPherson, M. J. Gander, R. McBride, J. D. C. Jones, P. M. Blanchard, J. G. Burnett, A. H. Greenaway, B. Mangan, T. A. Birks, J. C. Knight, and P. St. J. Russell, “Remotely addressed optical fibre curvature sensor using multicore photonic crystal fibre,” Opt. Commun. 193(1-6), 97–104 (2001).
[Crossref]

Jorge, P. A. S.

P. Caldas, P. A. S. Jorge, F. M. Araujo, L. A. Ferreira, M. B. Marques, G. Rego, and J. L. Santos, “Fibre modal Michelson interferometers with coherence addressing and heterodyne interrogation,” Opt. Eng. 47(4), 044401 (2008).
[Crossref]

Ju, J.

Kim, M. J.

Knabe, K.

Knight, J. C.

R. Amezcua-Correa, F. Gèrôme, S. G. Leon-Saval, N. G. R. Broderick, T. A. Birks, and J. C. Knight, “Control of surface modes in low loss hollow-core photonic bandgap fibers,” Opt. Express 16(2), 1142–1149 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

W. N. MacPherson, E. J. Rigg, J. D. C. Jones, V. V. Ravi, K. Kumar, J. C. Knight, and P. St. J. Russell, “Finite-element analysis and experimental results for a microstructured fibre with enhanced hydrostatic pressure sensitivity,” J. Lightwave Technol. 23(3), 1227–1231 (2005).
[Crossref]

F. Benabid, F. Couny, J. C. Knight, T. A. Birks, and P. S. J. Russell, “Compact, stable and efficient all-fibre gas cells using hollow-core photonic crystal fibres,” Nature 434(7032), 488–491 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

W. N. MacPherson, M. J. Gander, R. McBride, J. D. C. Jones, P. M. Blanchard, J. G. Burnett, A. H. Greenaway, B. Mangan, T. A. Birks, J. C. Knight, and P. St. J. Russell, “Remotely addressed optical fibre curvature sensor using multicore photonic crystal fibre,” Opt. Commun. 193(1-6), 97–104 (2001).
[Crossref]

Koch, K. W.

C. M. Smith, N. Venkataraman, M. T. Gallagher, D. Müller, J. A. West, N. F. Borrelli, D. C. Allan, and K. W. Koch, “Low-loss hollow-core silica/air photonic bandgap fibre,” Nature 424(6949), 657–659 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Kumar, A.

Kumar, K.

Kumar, Y. B. P.

Lee, B. H.

Lee, H. P.

Q. Li, C.-H. Lin, P.-Y. Tseng, and H. P. Lee, “Demonstration of high extinction ratio modal interference in a two-mode fiber and its applications for all-fiber comb filter and high-temperature sensor,” Opt. Commun. 250(4-6), 280–285 (2005).
[Crossref]

Leon-Saval, S. G.

Li, E.

E. Li, X. Wang, and C. Zhang, “Fiber-optic temperature sensor based on interference of selective higher-order modes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89(9), 091119 (2006).
[Crossref]

Li, Q.

Q. Li, C.-H. Lin, P.-Y. Tseng, and H. P. Lee, “Demonstration of high extinction ratio modal interference in a two-mode fiber and its applications for all-fiber comb filter and high-temperature sensor,” Opt. Commun. 250(4-6), 280–285 (2005).
[Crossref]

Li,, E

E Li, “Sensitivity-enhanced fiber-optic strain sensor based on interference of higher order modes in circular fibers,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 19(16), 1266–1268 (2007).
[Crossref]

Lin, C.-H.

Q. Li, C.-H. Lin, P.-Y. Tseng, and H. P. Lee, “Demonstration of high extinction ratio modal interference in a two-mode fiber and its applications for all-fiber comb filter and high-temperature sensor,” Opt. Commun. 250(4-6), 280–285 (2005).
[Crossref]

MacPherson, W. N.

W. N. MacPherson, E. J. Rigg, J. D. C. Jones, V. V. Ravi, K. Kumar, J. C. Knight, and P. St. J. Russell, “Finite-element analysis and experimental results for a microstructured fibre with enhanced hydrostatic pressure sensitivity,” J. Lightwave Technol. 23(3), 1227–1231 (2005).
[Crossref]

W. N. MacPherson, M. J. Gander, R. McBride, J. D. C. Jones, P. M. Blanchard, J. G. Burnett, A. H. Greenaway, B. Mangan, T. A. Birks, J. C. Knight, and P. St. J. Russell, “Remotely addressed optical fibre curvature sensor using multicore photonic crystal fibre,” Opt. Commun. 193(1-6), 97–104 (2001).
[Crossref]

Mangan, B.

W. N. MacPherson, M. J. Gander, R. McBride, J. D. C. Jones, P. M. Blanchard, J. G. Burnett, A. H. Greenaway, B. Mangan, T. A. Birks, J. C. Knight, and P. St. J. Russell, “Remotely addressed optical fibre curvature sensor using multicore photonic crystal fibre,” Opt. Commun. 193(1-6), 97–104 (2001).
[Crossref]

Marin, E.

Marques, M. B.

P. Caldas, P. A. S. Jorge, F. M. Araujo, L. A. Ferreira, M. B. Marques, G. Rego, and J. L. Santos, “Fibre modal Michelson interferometers with coherence addressing and heterodyne interrogation,” Opt. Eng. 47(4), 044401 (2008).
[Crossref]

McBride, R.

W. N. MacPherson, M. J. Gander, R. McBride, J. D. C. Jones, P. M. Blanchard, J. G. Burnett, A. H. Greenaway, B. Mangan, T. A. Birks, J. C. Knight, and P. St. J. Russell, “Remotely addressed optical fibre curvature sensor using multicore photonic crystal fibre,” Opt. Commun. 193(1-6), 97–104 (2001).
[Crossref]

Meunier, J. P.

Minkovich, V. P.

J. Villatoro, V. P. Minkovich, V. Pruneri, and G. Badenes, “Simple all-microstructured-optical-fiber interferometer built via fusion splicing,” Opt. Express 15(4), 1491–1496 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. L. Villatoro, V. P. Minkovich, and D. Monzón-Hernández, “Compact modal interferometer built with tapered microstructured optical fiber,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 18(11), 1258–1260 (2006).
[Crossref]

Monzón-Hernández, D.

J. L. Villatoro, V. P. Minkovich, and D. Monzón-Hernández, “Compact modal interferometer built with tapered microstructured optical fiber,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 18(11), 1258–1260 (2006).
[Crossref]

Müller, D.

C. M. Smith, N. Venkataraman, M. T. Gallagher, D. Müller, J. A. West, N. F. Borrelli, D. C. Allan, and K. W. Koch, “Low-loss hollow-core silica/air photonic bandgap fibre,” Nature 424(6949), 657–659 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Nielsen, M. D.

Pruneri, V.

Rao, Y. J.

Y. J. Rao and D. A. Jackson, “Review article: Recent progress in fibre-optic low-coherence interferometry,” Meas. Sci. Technol. 7(7), 981–999 (1996).
[Crossref]

Ravi, V. V.

Rego, G.

P. Caldas, P. A. S. Jorge, F. M. Araujo, L. A. Ferreira, M. B. Marques, G. Rego, and J. L. Santos, “Fibre modal Michelson interferometers with coherence addressing and heterodyne interrogation,” Opt. Eng. 47(4), 044401 (2008).
[Crossref]

Rigg, E. J.

Russell, P. S. J.

F. Benabid, F. Couny, J. C. Knight, T. A. Birks, and P. S. J. Russell, “Compact, stable and efficient all-fibre gas cells using hollow-core photonic crystal fibres,” Nature 434(7032), 488–491 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Russell, P. St. J.

W. N. MacPherson, E. J. Rigg, J. D. C. Jones, V. V. Ravi, K. Kumar, J. C. Knight, and P. St. J. Russell, “Finite-element analysis and experimental results for a microstructured fibre with enhanced hydrostatic pressure sensitivity,” J. Lightwave Technol. 23(3), 1227–1231 (2005).
[Crossref]

W. N. MacPherson, M. J. Gander, R. McBride, J. D. C. Jones, P. M. Blanchard, J. G. Burnett, A. H. Greenaway, B. Mangan, T. A. Birks, J. C. Knight, and P. St. J. Russell, “Remotely addressed optical fibre curvature sensor using multicore photonic crystal fibre,” Opt. Commun. 193(1-6), 97–104 (2001).
[Crossref]

Santos, J. L.

P. Caldas, P. A. S. Jorge, F. M. Araujo, L. A. Ferreira, M. B. Marques, G. Rego, and J. L. Santos, “Fibre modal Michelson interferometers with coherence addressing and heterodyne interrogation,” Opt. Eng. 47(4), 044401 (2008).
[Crossref]

Simonsen, H. R.

Skovgaard, P. M. W.

Smith, C. M.

C. M. Smith, N. Venkataraman, M. T. Gallagher, D. Müller, J. A. West, N. F. Borrelli, D. C. Allan, and K. W. Koch, “Low-loss hollow-core silica/air photonic bandgap fibre,” Nature 424(6949), 657–659 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Thapa, R.

Tripathi, S. M.

Tseng, P.-Y.

Q. Li, C.-H. Lin, P.-Y. Tseng, and H. P. Lee, “Demonstration of high extinction ratio modal interference in a two-mode fiber and its applications for all-fiber comb filter and high-temperature sensor,” Opt. Commun. 250(4-6), 280–285 (2005).
[Crossref]

Varshney, R. K.

Venkataraman, N.

C. M. Smith, N. Venkataraman, M. T. Gallagher, D. Müller, J. A. West, N. F. Borrelli, D. C. Allan, and K. W. Koch, “Low-loss hollow-core silica/air photonic bandgap fibre,” Nature 424(6949), 657–659 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Vienne, G.

Villatoro, J.

Villatoro, J. L.

J. L. Villatoro, V. P. Minkovich, and D. Monzón-Hernández, “Compact modal interferometer built with tapered microstructured optical fiber,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 18(11), 1258–1260 (2006).
[Crossref]

Wang, X.

E. Li, X. Wang, and C. Zhang, “Fiber-optic temperature sensor based on interference of selective higher-order modes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89(9), 091119 (2006).
[Crossref]

Wang, Y. P.

Washburn, B. R.

West, J. A.

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E. Li, X. Wang, and C. Zhang, “Fiber-optic temperature sensor based on interference of selective higher-order modes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89(9), 091119 (2006).
[Crossref]

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Figures (7)

Fig. 1
Fig. 1 Cross section photograph of a 7 cell HC-PCF (left) and normalized spectral transmission of ~1 m of this fiber spliced to a SMF28 illuminating fiber (right; the oscillations at lower wavelengths are artifacts due to the normalization).

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Fig. 2
Fig. 2 Left: Channeled spectrum of the interferometric sensing head; Right: Visualization of the SMF-28/HC-PCF splice in the Fujikura’s SM-40 screen.

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Fig. 3
Fig. 3 Experimental setup for initial characterization of the modal interferometer.

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Fig. 4
Fig. 4 Wavelength responses of the sensing head for variations of applied strain and temperature.

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Fig. 5
Fig. 5 Scheme of the experimental setup for phase reading with white light interferometry.

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Fig. 6
Fig. 6 Phase changes induced by strain and temperature variations applied to the sensing head.

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Fig. 7
Fig. 7 Phase response of the sensing head implemented with HC-PCF fiber for a step change in (a) strain and (b) temperature.

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Equations (1)

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neffFM−neffOther Modes=λ1λ2L(λ1−λ2)

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