Abstract

Our multi-wavelength time-resolved optical mammograph was upgraded to improve its overall performances and extend its spectral coverage up to 1060 nm, with the aim of increasing the measurement sensitivity to the content of collagen in breast tissue. Late-gated intensity and reduced scattering images are routinely displayed for diagnostic purposes. Maps of tissue constituents (lipid, water and collagen) and blood parameters (total hemoglobin content and blood oxygenation) are built to highlight spatial changes due to physiological and pathological reasons. The upgraded instrument was tested on tissue phantoms. Then images were collected at 7 wavelengths (635-1060 nm) from 10 healthy volunteers. Average collagen content correlated with breast density whenever x-ray mammograms were available (6 subjects).

© 2009 OSA

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2009 (3)

2008 (2)

S. D. Konecky, R. Choe, A. Corlu, K. Lee, R. Wiener, S. M. Srinivas, J. R. Saffer, R. Freifelder, J. S. Karp, N. Hajjioui, F. Azar, and A. G. Yodh, “Comparison of diffuse optical tomography of human breast with whole-body and breast-only positron emission tomography,” Med. Phys. 35(2), 446–455 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. H. Chung, A. E. Cerussi, C. Klifa, H. M. Baek, O. Birgul, G. Gulsen, S. I. Merritt, D. Hsiang, and B. J. Tromberg, “In vivo water state measurements in breast cancer using broadband diffuse optical spectroscopy,” Phys. Med. Biol. 53(23), 6713–6727 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2007 (6)

S. Kukreti, A. Cerussi, B. Tromberg, and E. Gratton, “Intrinsic tumor biomarkers revealed by novel double-differential spectroscopic analysis of near-infrared spectra,” J. Biomed. Opt. 12(2), 020509 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

P. Taroni, D. Comelli, A. Pifferi, A. Torricelli, and R. Cubeddu, “Absorption of collagen: effects on the estimate of breast composition and related diagnostic implications,” J. Biomed. Opt. 12(1), 014021 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Pifferi, A. Torricelli, P. Taroni, D. Comelli, A. Bassi, and R. Cubeddu, “Fully automated time domain spectrometer for the absorption and scattering characterization of diffusive media,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 78(5), 053103 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

D. Grosenick, A. Kummrow, R. Macdonald, P. M. Schlag, and H. Rinneberg, “Evaluation of higher-order time-domain perturbation theory of photon diffusion on breast-equivalent phantoms and optical mammograms,” Phys. Rev. E Stat. Nonlin. Soft Matter Phys. 76(6 Pt 1), 061908 (2007).
[Crossref]

L. C. Enfield, A. P. Gibson, N. L. Everdell, D. T. Delpy, M. Schweiger, S. R. Arridge, C. Richardson, M. Keshtgar, M. Douek, and J. C. Hebden, “Three-dimensional time-resolved optical mammography of the uncompressed breast,” Appl. Opt. 46(17), 3628–3638 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Bassi, A. Farina, C. D’Andrea, A. Pifferi, G. Valentini, and R. Cubeddu, “Portable, large-bandwidth time-resolved system for diffuse optical spectroscopy,” Opt. Express 15(22), 14482–14487 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2006 (2)

C. Li, H. Zhao, B. Anderson, and H. Jiang, “Multispectral breast imaging using a ten-wavelength, 64 x 64 source/detector channels silicon photodiode-based diffuse optical tomography system,” Med. Phys. 33(3), 627–636 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

C. D’Andrea, L. Spinelli, A. Bassi, A. Giusto, D. Contini, J. Swartling, A. Torricelli, and R. Cubeddu, “Time-resolved spectrally constrained method for the quantification of chromophore concentrations and scattering parameters in diffusing media,” Opt. Express 14(5), 1888–1898 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2005 (8)

P. Taroni, A. Torricelli, L. Spinelli, A. Pifferi, F. Arpaia, G. Danesini, and R. Cubeddu, “Time-resolved optical mammography between 637 and 985 nm: clinical study on the detection and identification of breast lesions,” Phys. Med. Biol. 50(11), 2469–2488 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Couzin, “Breast cancer. Dissecting a hidden breast cancer risk,” Science 309(5741), 1664–1666 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

P. Taroni, L. Spinelli, A. Torricelli, A. Pifferi, G. M. Danesini, and R. Cubeddu, “Multi-wavelength time domain optical mammography,” Technol. Cancer Res. Treat. 4(5), 527–538 (2005).
[PubMed]

D. Grosenick, K. T. Moesta, M. Möller, J. Mucke, H. Wabnitz, B. Gebauer, C. Stroszczynski, B. Wassermann, P. M. Schlag, and H. Rinneberg, “Time-domain scanning optical mammography: I. Recording and assessment of mammograms of 154 patients,” Phys. Med. Biol. 50(11), 2429–2449 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

X. Intes, “Time-domain optical mammography SoftScan: initial results,” Acad. Radiol. 12(8), 934–947 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

R. Choe, A. Corlu, K. Lee, T. Durduran, S. D. Konecky, M. Grosicka-Koptyra, S. R. Arridge, B. J. Czerniecki, D. L. Fraker, A. DeMichele, B. Chance, M. A. Rosen, and A. G. Yodh, “Diffuse optical tomography of breast cancer during neoadjuvant chemotherapy: a case study with comparison to MRI,” Med. Phys. 32(4), 1128–1139 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Q. Zhang, T. J. Brukilacchio, A. Li, J. J. Stott, T. Chaves, E. Hillman, T. Wu, M. A. Chorlton, E. Rafferty, R. H. Moore, D. B. Kopans, and D. A. Boas, “Coregistered tomographic x-ray and optical breast imaging: initial results,” J. Biomed. Opt. 10(2), 024033 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

R. L. P. van Veen, H. J. C. M. Sterenborg, A. Pifferi, A. Torricelli, E. Chikoidze, and R. Cubeddu, “Determination of visible near-IR absorption coefficients of mammalian fat using time- and spatially resolved diffuse reflectance and transmission spectroscopy,” J. Biomed. Opt. 10(5), 054004 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2004 (3)

P. Taroni, A. Pifferi, A. Torricelli, L. Spinelli, G. M. Danesini, and R. Cubeddu, “Do shorter wavelengths improve contrast in optical mammography?” Phys. Med. Biol. 49(7), 1203–1215 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

N. G. Chen, M. Huang, H. Xia, D. Piao, E. Cronin, and Q. Zhu, “Portable near-infrared diffusive light imager for breast cancer detection,” J. Biomed. Opt. 9(3), 504–510 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

X. Gu, Q. Zhang, M. Bartlett, L. Schutz, L. L. Fajardo, and H. Jiang, “Differentiation of cysts from solid tumors in the breast with diffuse optical tomography,” Acad. Radiol. 11(1), 53–60 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2003 (5)

2002 (1)

H. Jiang, N. V. Iftimia, Y. Xu, J. A. Eggert, L. L. Fajardo, and K. L. Klove, “Near-infrared optical imaging of the breast with model-based reconstruction,” Acad. Radiol. 9(2), 186–194 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2001 (2)

Y. P. Guo, L. J. Martin, W. Hanna, D. Banerjee, N. Miller, E. Fishell, R. Khokha, and N. F. Boyd, “Growth factors and stromal matrix proteins associated with mammographic densities,” Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 10(3), 243–248 (2001).
[PubMed]

N. F. Boyd, L. J. Martin, J. Stone, C. Greenberg, S. Minkin, and M. J. Yaffe, “Mammographic densities as a marker of human breast cancer risk and their use in chemoprevention,” Curr. Oncol. Rep. 3(4), 314–321 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1998 (1)

1997 (3)

J. R. Mourant, T. Fuselier, J. Boyer, T. M. Johnson, and I. J. Bigio, “Predictions and measurements of scattering and absorption over broad wavelength ranges in tissue phantoms,” Appl. Opt. 36(4), 949–957 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

I. T. Gram, E. Funkhouser, and L. Tabár, “The Tabár classification of mammographic parenchymal patterns,” Eur. J. Radiol. 24(2), 131–136 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

C. Byrne, “Studying mammographic density: implications for understanding breast cancer,” J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 89(8), 531–533 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1994 (1)

1993 (1)

1989 (1)

Al-Haddad, S.

S. Alowami, S. Troup, S. Al-Haddad, I. Kirkpatrick, and P. H. Watson, “Mammographic density is related to stroma and stromal proteoglycan expression,” Breast Cancer Res. 5(5), R129–R135 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Alowami, S.

S. Alowami, S. Troup, S. Al-Haddad, I. Kirkpatrick, and P. H. Watson, “Mammographic density is related to stroma and stromal proteoglycan expression,” Breast Cancer Res. 5(5), R129–R135 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Anderson, B.

C. Li, H. Zhao, B. Anderson, and H. Jiang, “Multispectral breast imaging using a ten-wavelength, 64 x 64 source/detector channels silicon photodiode-based diffuse optical tomography system,” Med. Phys. 33(3), 627–636 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Andersson-Engels, S.

Arpaia, F.

P. Taroni, A. Torricelli, L. Spinelli, A. Pifferi, F. Arpaia, G. Danesini, and R. Cubeddu, “Time-resolved optical mammography between 637 and 985 nm: clinical study on the detection and identification of breast lesions,” Phys. Med. Biol. 50(11), 2469–2488 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Arridge, S. R.

L. C. Enfield, A. P. Gibson, N. L. Everdell, D. T. Delpy, M. Schweiger, S. R. Arridge, C. Richardson, M. Keshtgar, M. Douek, and J. C. Hebden, “Three-dimensional time-resolved optical mammography of the uncompressed breast,” Appl. Opt. 46(17), 3628–3638 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

R. Choe, A. Corlu, K. Lee, T. Durduran, S. D. Konecky, M. Grosicka-Koptyra, S. R. Arridge, B. J. Czerniecki, D. L. Fraker, A. DeMichele, B. Chance, M. A. Rosen, and A. G. Yodh, “Diffuse optical tomography of breast cancer during neoadjuvant chemotherapy: a case study with comparison to MRI,” Med. Phys. 32(4), 1128–1139 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Azar, F.

S. D. Konecky, R. Choe, A. Corlu, K. Lee, R. Wiener, S. M. Srinivas, J. R. Saffer, R. Freifelder, J. S. Karp, N. Hajjioui, F. Azar, and A. G. Yodh, “Comparison of diffuse optical tomography of human breast with whole-body and breast-only positron emission tomography,” Med. Phys. 35(2), 446–455 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Baek, H. M.

S. H. Chung, A. E. Cerussi, C. Klifa, H. M. Baek, O. Birgul, G. Gulsen, S. I. Merritt, D. Hsiang, and B. J. Tromberg, “In vivo water state measurements in breast cancer using broadband diffuse optical spectroscopy,” Phys. Med. Biol. 53(23), 6713–6727 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Banerjee, D.

Y. P. Guo, L. J. Martin, W. Hanna, D. Banerjee, N. Miller, E. Fishell, R. Khokha, and N. F. Boyd, “Growth factors and stromal matrix proteins associated with mammographic densities,” Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 10(3), 243–248 (2001).
[PubMed]

Bartlett, M.

X. Gu, Q. Zhang, M. Bartlett, L. Schutz, L. L. Fajardo, and H. Jiang, “Differentiation of cysts from solid tumors in the breast with diffuse optical tomography,” Acad. Radiol. 11(1), 53–60 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Bassi, A.

Bigio, I. J.

Birgul, O.

S. H. Chung, A. E. Cerussi, C. Klifa, H. M. Baek, O. Birgul, G. Gulsen, S. I. Merritt, D. Hsiang, and B. J. Tromberg, “In vivo water state measurements in breast cancer using broadband diffuse optical spectroscopy,” Phys. Med. Biol. 53(23), 6713–6727 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Boas, D. A.

Q. Zhang, T. J. Brukilacchio, A. Li, J. J. Stott, T. Chaves, E. Hillman, T. Wu, M. A. Chorlton, E. Rafferty, R. H. Moore, D. B. Kopans, and D. A. Boas, “Coregistered tomographic x-ray and optical breast imaging: initial results,” J. Biomed. Opt. 10(2), 024033 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Boyd, N. F.

Y. P. Guo, L. J. Martin, W. Hanna, D. Banerjee, N. Miller, E. Fishell, R. Khokha, and N. F. Boyd, “Growth factors and stromal matrix proteins associated with mammographic densities,” Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 10(3), 243–248 (2001).
[PubMed]

N. F. Boyd, L. J. Martin, J. Stone, C. Greenberg, S. Minkin, and M. J. Yaffe, “Mammographic densities as a marker of human breast cancer risk and their use in chemoprevention,” Curr. Oncol. Rep. 3(4), 314–321 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Boyer, J.

Brukilacchio, T. J.

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Danesini, G.

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X. Gu, Q. Zhang, M. Bartlett, L. Schutz, L. L. Fajardo, and H. Jiang, “Differentiation of cysts from solid tumors in the breast with diffuse optical tomography,” Acad. Radiol. 11(1), 53–60 (2004).
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S. H. Chung, A. E. Cerussi, C. Klifa, H. M. Baek, O. Birgul, G. Gulsen, S. I. Merritt, D. Hsiang, and B. J. Tromberg, “In vivo water state measurements in breast cancer using broadband diffuse optical spectroscopy,” Phys. Med. Biol. 53(23), 6713–6727 (2008).
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S. D. Konecky, R. Choe, A. Corlu, K. Lee, R. Wiener, S. M. Srinivas, J. R. Saffer, R. Freifelder, J. S. Karp, N. Hajjioui, F. Azar, and A. G. Yodh, “Comparison of diffuse optical tomography of human breast with whole-body and breast-only positron emission tomography,” Med. Phys. 35(2), 446–455 (2008).
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Y. P. Guo, L. J. Martin, W. Hanna, D. Banerjee, N. Miller, E. Fishell, R. Khokha, and N. F. Boyd, “Growth factors and stromal matrix proteins associated with mammographic densities,” Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 10(3), 243–248 (2001).
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Hebden, J. C.

Heffer, E. L.

V. E. Pera, E. L. Heffer, H. Siebold, O. Schütz, S. Heywang-Kobrunner, L. Götz, A. Heinig, and S. Fantini, “Spatial second-derivative image processing: an application to optical mammography to enhance the detection of breast tumors,” J. Biomed. Opt. 8(3), 517–524 (2003).
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S. H. Chung, A. E. Cerussi, C. Klifa, H. M. Baek, O. Birgul, G. Gulsen, S. I. Merritt, D. Hsiang, and B. J. Tromberg, “In vivo water state measurements in breast cancer using broadband diffuse optical spectroscopy,” Phys. Med. Biol. 53(23), 6713–6727 (2008).
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N. G. Chen, M. Huang, H. Xia, D. Piao, E. Cronin, and Q. Zhu, “Portable near-infrared diffusive light imager for breast cancer detection,” J. Biomed. Opt. 9(3), 504–510 (2004).
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H. Jiang, N. V. Iftimia, Y. Xu, J. A. Eggert, L. L. Fajardo, and K. L. Klove, “Near-infrared optical imaging of the breast with model-based reconstruction,” Acad. Radiol. 9(2), 186–194 (2002).
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H. Jiang, N. V. Iftimia, Y. Xu, J. A. Eggert, L. L. Fajardo, and K. L. Klove, “Near-infrared optical imaging of the breast with model-based reconstruction,” Acad. Radiol. 9(2), 186–194 (2002).
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Johnson, T. M.

Karp, J. S.

S. D. Konecky, R. Choe, A. Corlu, K. Lee, R. Wiener, S. M. Srinivas, J. R. Saffer, R. Freifelder, J. S. Karp, N. Hajjioui, F. Azar, and A. G. Yodh, “Comparison of diffuse optical tomography of human breast with whole-body and breast-only positron emission tomography,” Med. Phys. 35(2), 446–455 (2008).
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Khokha, R.

Y. P. Guo, L. J. Martin, W. Hanna, D. Banerjee, N. Miller, E. Fishell, R. Khokha, and N. F. Boyd, “Growth factors and stromal matrix proteins associated with mammographic densities,” Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 10(3), 243–248 (2001).
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H. Jiang, N. V. Iftimia, Y. Xu, J. A. Eggert, L. L. Fajardo, and K. L. Klove, “Near-infrared optical imaging of the breast with model-based reconstruction,” Acad. Radiol. 9(2), 186–194 (2002).
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S. D. Konecky, R. Choe, A. Corlu, K. Lee, R. Wiener, S. M. Srinivas, J. R. Saffer, R. Freifelder, J. S. Karp, N. Hajjioui, F. Azar, and A. G. Yodh, “Comparison of diffuse optical tomography of human breast with whole-body and breast-only positron emission tomography,” Med. Phys. 35(2), 446–455 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

R. Choe, A. Corlu, K. Lee, T. Durduran, S. D. Konecky, M. Grosicka-Koptyra, S. R. Arridge, B. J. Czerniecki, D. L. Fraker, A. DeMichele, B. Chance, M. A. Rosen, and A. G. Yodh, “Diffuse optical tomography of breast cancer during neoadjuvant chemotherapy: a case study with comparison to MRI,” Med. Phys. 32(4), 1128–1139 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Kopans, D. B.

Q. Zhang, T. J. Brukilacchio, A. Li, J. J. Stott, T. Chaves, E. Hillman, T. Wu, M. A. Chorlton, E. Rafferty, R. H. Moore, D. B. Kopans, and D. A. Boas, “Coregistered tomographic x-ray and optical breast imaging: initial results,” J. Biomed. Opt. 10(2), 024033 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Kou, L.

Kukreti, S.

S. Kukreti, A. Cerussi, B. Tromberg, and E. Gratton, “Intrinsic tumor biomarkers revealed by novel double-differential spectroscopic analysis of near-infrared spectra,” J. Biomed. Opt. 12(2), 020509 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Kummrow, A.

D. Grosenick, A. Kummrow, R. Macdonald, P. M. Schlag, and H. Rinneberg, “Evaluation of higher-order time-domain perturbation theory of photon diffusion on breast-equivalent phantoms and optical mammograms,” Phys. Rev. E Stat. Nonlin. Soft Matter Phys. 76(6 Pt 1), 061908 (2007).
[Crossref]

Labrie, D.

Lee, K.

S. D. Konecky, R. Choe, A. Corlu, K. Lee, R. Wiener, S. M. Srinivas, J. R. Saffer, R. Freifelder, J. S. Karp, N. Hajjioui, F. Azar, and A. G. Yodh, “Comparison of diffuse optical tomography of human breast with whole-body and breast-only positron emission tomography,” Med. Phys. 35(2), 446–455 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

R. Choe, A. Corlu, K. Lee, T. Durduran, S. D. Konecky, M. Grosicka-Koptyra, S. R. Arridge, B. J. Czerniecki, D. L. Fraker, A. DeMichele, B. Chance, M. A. Rosen, and A. G. Yodh, “Diffuse optical tomography of breast cancer during neoadjuvant chemotherapy: a case study with comparison to MRI,” Med. Phys. 32(4), 1128–1139 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Li, A.

Q. Zhang, T. J. Brukilacchio, A. Li, J. J. Stott, T. Chaves, E. Hillman, T. Wu, M. A. Chorlton, E. Rafferty, R. H. Moore, D. B. Kopans, and D. A. Boas, “Coregistered tomographic x-ray and optical breast imaging: initial results,” J. Biomed. Opt. 10(2), 024033 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Li, C.

C. Li, H. Zhao, B. Anderson, and H. Jiang, “Multispectral breast imaging using a ten-wavelength, 64 x 64 source/detector channels silicon photodiode-based diffuse optical tomography system,” Med. Phys. 33(3), 627–636 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Liu, D. L.

Macdonald, R.

D. Grosenick, A. Kummrow, R. Macdonald, P. M. Schlag, and H. Rinneberg, “Evaluation of higher-order time-domain perturbation theory of photon diffusion on breast-equivalent phantoms and optical mammograms,” Phys. Rev. E Stat. Nonlin. Soft Matter Phys. 76(6 Pt 1), 061908 (2007).
[Crossref]

D. Grosenick, K. T. Moesta, H. Wabnitz, J. Mucke, C. Stroszczynski, R. Macdonald, P. M. Schlag, and H. Rinneberg, “Time-domain optical mammography: initial clinical results on detection and characterization of breast tumors,” Appl. Opt. 42(16), 3170–3186 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Martelli, F.

L. Spinelli, F. Martelli, A. Farina, A. Pifferi, A. Torricelli, R. Cubeddu, and G. Zaccanti, “Accuracy of the nonlinear fitting procedure for time-resolved measurements on diffusive phantoms at NIR wavelengths,” Proc. SPIE 7174, 717424 (2009).
[Crossref]

Martin, L. J.

Y. P. Guo, L. J. Martin, W. Hanna, D. Banerjee, N. Miller, E. Fishell, R. Khokha, and N. F. Boyd, “Growth factors and stromal matrix proteins associated with mammographic densities,” Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 10(3), 243–248 (2001).
[PubMed]

N. F. Boyd, L. J. Martin, J. Stone, C. Greenberg, S. Minkin, and M. J. Yaffe, “Mammographic densities as a marker of human breast cancer risk and their use in chemoprevention,” Curr. Oncol. Rep. 3(4), 314–321 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

McAdams, M. S.

Merritt, S. I.

S. H. Chung, A. E. Cerussi, C. Klifa, H. M. Baek, O. Birgul, G. Gulsen, S. I. Merritt, D. Hsiang, and B. J. Tromberg, “In vivo water state measurements in breast cancer using broadband diffuse optical spectroscopy,” Phys. Med. Biol. 53(23), 6713–6727 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Miller, N.

Y. P. Guo, L. J. Martin, W. Hanna, D. Banerjee, N. Miller, E. Fishell, R. Khokha, and N. F. Boyd, “Growth factors and stromal matrix proteins associated with mammographic densities,” Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 10(3), 243–248 (2001).
[PubMed]

Minkin, S.

N. F. Boyd, L. J. Martin, J. Stone, C. Greenberg, S. Minkin, and M. J. Yaffe, “Mammographic densities as a marker of human breast cancer risk and their use in chemoprevention,” Curr. Oncol. Rep. 3(4), 314–321 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Moesta, K. T.

D. Grosenick, K. T. Moesta, M. Möller, J. Mucke, H. Wabnitz, B. Gebauer, C. Stroszczynski, B. Wassermann, P. M. Schlag, and H. Rinneberg, “Time-domain scanning optical mammography: I. Recording and assessment of mammograms of 154 patients,” Phys. Med. Biol. 50(11), 2429–2449 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

D. Grosenick, K. T. Moesta, H. Wabnitz, J. Mucke, C. Stroszczynski, R. Macdonald, P. M. Schlag, and H. Rinneberg, “Time-domain optical mammography: initial clinical results on detection and characterization of breast tumors,” Appl. Opt. 42(16), 3170–3186 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Möller, M.

D. Grosenick, K. T. Moesta, M. Möller, J. Mucke, H. Wabnitz, B. Gebauer, C. Stroszczynski, B. Wassermann, P. M. Schlag, and H. Rinneberg, “Time-domain scanning optical mammography: I. Recording and assessment of mammograms of 154 patients,” Phys. Med. Biol. 50(11), 2429–2449 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Moore, R. H.

Q. Zhang, T. J. Brukilacchio, A. Li, J. J. Stott, T. Chaves, E. Hillman, T. Wu, M. A. Chorlton, E. Rafferty, R. H. Moore, D. B. Kopans, and D. A. Boas, “Coregistered tomographic x-ray and optical breast imaging: initial results,” J. Biomed. Opt. 10(2), 024033 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Mourant, J. R.

Mucke, J.

D. Grosenick, K. T. Moesta, M. Möller, J. Mucke, H. Wabnitz, B. Gebauer, C. Stroszczynski, B. Wassermann, P. M. Schlag, and H. Rinneberg, “Time-domain scanning optical mammography: I. Recording and assessment of mammograms of 154 patients,” Phys. Med. Biol. 50(11), 2429–2449 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

D. Grosenick, K. T. Moesta, H. Wabnitz, J. Mucke, C. Stroszczynski, R. Macdonald, P. M. Schlag, and H. Rinneberg, “Time-domain optical mammography: initial clinical results on detection and characterization of breast tumors,” Appl. Opt. 42(16), 3170–3186 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Nilsson, A. M.

Patterson, M. S.

Paulsen, K. D.

Pera, V. E.

V. E. Pera, E. L. Heffer, H. Siebold, O. Schütz, S. Heywang-Kobrunner, L. Götz, A. Heinig, and S. Fantini, “Spatial second-derivative image processing: an application to optical mammography to enhance the detection of breast tumors,” J. Biomed. Opt. 8(3), 517–524 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Piao, D.

N. G. Chen, M. Huang, H. Xia, D. Piao, E. Cronin, and Q. Zhu, “Portable near-infrared diffusive light imager for breast cancer detection,” J. Biomed. Opt. 9(3), 504–510 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Pifferi, A.

L. Spinelli, F. Martelli, A. Farina, A. Pifferi, A. Torricelli, R. Cubeddu, and G. Zaccanti, “Accuracy of the nonlinear fitting procedure for time-resolved measurements on diffusive phantoms at NIR wavelengths,” Proc. SPIE 7174, 717424 (2009).
[Crossref]

A. Farina, A. Bassi, A. Pifferi, P. Taroni, D. Comelli, L. Spinelli, and R. Cubeddu, “Bandpass effects in time-resolved diffuse spectroscopy,” Appl. Spectrosc. 63(1), 48–56 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Bassi, A. Farina, C. D’Andrea, A. Pifferi, G. Valentini, and R. Cubeddu, “Portable, large-bandwidth time-resolved system for diffuse optical spectroscopy,” Opt. Express 15(22), 14482–14487 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Pifferi, A. Torricelli, P. Taroni, D. Comelli, A. Bassi, and R. Cubeddu, “Fully automated time domain spectrometer for the absorption and scattering characterization of diffusive media,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 78(5), 053103 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

P. Taroni, D. Comelli, A. Pifferi, A. Torricelli, and R. Cubeddu, “Absorption of collagen: effects on the estimate of breast composition and related diagnostic implications,” J. Biomed. Opt. 12(1), 014021 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

R. L. P. van Veen, H. J. C. M. Sterenborg, A. Pifferi, A. Torricelli, E. Chikoidze, and R. Cubeddu, “Determination of visible near-IR absorption coefficients of mammalian fat using time- and spatially resolved diffuse reflectance and transmission spectroscopy,” J. Biomed. Opt. 10(5), 054004 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

P. Taroni, L. Spinelli, A. Torricelli, A. Pifferi, G. M. Danesini, and R. Cubeddu, “Multi-wavelength time domain optical mammography,” Technol. Cancer Res. Treat. 4(5), 527–538 (2005).
[PubMed]

P. Taroni, A. Torricelli, L. Spinelli, A. Pifferi, F. Arpaia, G. Danesini, and R. Cubeddu, “Time-resolved optical mammography between 637 and 985 nm: clinical study on the detection and identification of breast lesions,” Phys. Med. Biol. 50(11), 2469–2488 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

P. Taroni, A. Pifferi, A. Torricelli, L. Spinelli, G. M. Danesini, and R. Cubeddu, “Do shorter wavelengths improve contrast in optical mammography?” Phys. Med. Biol. 49(7), 1203–1215 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Torricelli, L. Spinelli, A. Pifferi, P. Taroni, R. Cubeddu, and G. Danesini, “Use of a nonlinear perturbation approach for in vivo breast lesion characterization by multiwavelength time-resolved optical mammography,” Opt. Express 11(8), 853–867 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Pogue, B. W.

Poplack, S. P.

Rafferty, E.

Q. Zhang, T. J. Brukilacchio, A. Li, J. J. Stott, T. Chaves, E. Hillman, T. Wu, M. A. Chorlton, E. Rafferty, R. H. Moore, D. B. Kopans, and D. A. Boas, “Coregistered tomographic x-ray and optical breast imaging: initial results,” J. Biomed. Opt. 10(2), 024033 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Richardson, C.

Rinneberg, H.

D. Grosenick, A. Kummrow, R. Macdonald, P. M. Schlag, and H. Rinneberg, “Evaluation of higher-order time-domain perturbation theory of photon diffusion on breast-equivalent phantoms and optical mammograms,” Phys. Rev. E Stat. Nonlin. Soft Matter Phys. 76(6 Pt 1), 061908 (2007).
[Crossref]

D. Grosenick, K. T. Moesta, M. Möller, J. Mucke, H. Wabnitz, B. Gebauer, C. Stroszczynski, B. Wassermann, P. M. Schlag, and H. Rinneberg, “Time-domain scanning optical mammography: I. Recording and assessment of mammograms of 154 patients,” Phys. Med. Biol. 50(11), 2429–2449 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

D. Grosenick, K. T. Moesta, H. Wabnitz, J. Mucke, C. Stroszczynski, R. Macdonald, P. M. Schlag, and H. Rinneberg, “Time-domain optical mammography: initial clinical results on detection and characterization of breast tumors,” Appl. Opt. 42(16), 3170–3186 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Rosen, M. A.

R. Choe, A. Corlu, K. Lee, T. Durduran, S. D. Konecky, M. Grosicka-Koptyra, S. R. Arridge, B. J. Czerniecki, D. L. Fraker, A. DeMichele, B. Chance, M. A. Rosen, and A. G. Yodh, “Diffuse optical tomography of breast cancer during neoadjuvant chemotherapy: a case study with comparison to MRI,” Med. Phys. 32(4), 1128–1139 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Saffer, J. R.

S. D. Konecky, R. Choe, A. Corlu, K. Lee, R. Wiener, S. M. Srinivas, J. R. Saffer, R. Freifelder, J. S. Karp, N. Hajjioui, F. Azar, and A. G. Yodh, “Comparison of diffuse optical tomography of human breast with whole-body and breast-only positron emission tomography,” Med. Phys. 35(2), 446–455 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Schlag, P. M.

D. Grosenick, A. Kummrow, R. Macdonald, P. M. Schlag, and H. Rinneberg, “Evaluation of higher-order time-domain perturbation theory of photon diffusion on breast-equivalent phantoms and optical mammograms,” Phys. Rev. E Stat. Nonlin. Soft Matter Phys. 76(6 Pt 1), 061908 (2007).
[Crossref]

D. Grosenick, K. T. Moesta, M. Möller, J. Mucke, H. Wabnitz, B. Gebauer, C. Stroszczynski, B. Wassermann, P. M. Schlag, and H. Rinneberg, “Time-domain scanning optical mammography: I. Recording and assessment of mammograms of 154 patients,” Phys. Med. Biol. 50(11), 2429–2449 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

D. Grosenick, K. T. Moesta, H. Wabnitz, J. Mucke, C. Stroszczynski, R. Macdonald, P. M. Schlag, and H. Rinneberg, “Time-domain optical mammography: initial clinical results on detection and characterization of breast tumors,” Appl. Opt. 42(16), 3170–3186 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Schutz, L.

X. Gu, Q. Zhang, M. Bartlett, L. Schutz, L. L. Fajardo, and H. Jiang, “Differentiation of cysts from solid tumors in the breast with diffuse optical tomography,” Acad. Radiol. 11(1), 53–60 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Schütz, O.

V. E. Pera, E. L. Heffer, H. Siebold, O. Schütz, S. Heywang-Kobrunner, L. Götz, A. Heinig, and S. Fantini, “Spatial second-derivative image processing: an application to optical mammography to enhance the detection of breast tumors,” J. Biomed. Opt. 8(3), 517–524 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Schweiger, M.

Siebold, H.

V. E. Pera, E. L. Heffer, H. Siebold, O. Schütz, S. Heywang-Kobrunner, L. Götz, A. Heinig, and S. Fantini, “Spatial second-derivative image processing: an application to optical mammography to enhance the detection of breast tumors,” J. Biomed. Opt. 8(3), 517–524 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Spinelli, L.

L. Spinelli, F. Martelli, A. Farina, A. Pifferi, A. Torricelli, R. Cubeddu, and G. Zaccanti, “Accuracy of the nonlinear fitting procedure for time-resolved measurements on diffusive phantoms at NIR wavelengths,” Proc. SPIE 7174, 717424 (2009).
[Crossref]

A. Farina, A. Bassi, A. Pifferi, P. Taroni, D. Comelli, L. Spinelli, and R. Cubeddu, “Bandpass effects in time-resolved diffuse spectroscopy,” Appl. Spectrosc. 63(1), 48–56 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

C. D’Andrea, L. Spinelli, A. Bassi, A. Giusto, D. Contini, J. Swartling, A. Torricelli, and R. Cubeddu, “Time-resolved spectrally constrained method for the quantification of chromophore concentrations and scattering parameters in diffusing media,” Opt. Express 14(5), 1888–1898 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

P. Taroni, L. Spinelli, A. Torricelli, A. Pifferi, G. M. Danesini, and R. Cubeddu, “Multi-wavelength time domain optical mammography,” Technol. Cancer Res. Treat. 4(5), 527–538 (2005).
[PubMed]

P. Taroni, A. Torricelli, L. Spinelli, A. Pifferi, F. Arpaia, G. Danesini, and R. Cubeddu, “Time-resolved optical mammography between 637 and 985 nm: clinical study on the detection and identification of breast lesions,” Phys. Med. Biol. 50(11), 2469–2488 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

P. Taroni, A. Pifferi, A. Torricelli, L. Spinelli, G. M. Danesini, and R. Cubeddu, “Do shorter wavelengths improve contrast in optical mammography?” Phys. Med. Biol. 49(7), 1203–1215 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Torricelli, L. Spinelli, A. Pifferi, P. Taroni, R. Cubeddu, and G. Danesini, “Use of a nonlinear perturbation approach for in vivo breast lesion characterization by multiwavelength time-resolved optical mammography,” Opt. Express 11(8), 853–867 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Srinivas, S. M.

S. D. Konecky, R. Choe, A. Corlu, K. Lee, R. Wiener, S. M. Srinivas, J. R. Saffer, R. Freifelder, J. S. Karp, N. Hajjioui, F. Azar, and A. G. Yodh, “Comparison of diffuse optical tomography of human breast with whole-body and breast-only positron emission tomography,” Med. Phys. 35(2), 446–455 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Sterenborg, H. J. C. M.

R. L. P. van Veen, H. J. C. M. Sterenborg, A. Pifferi, A. Torricelli, E. Chikoidze, and R. Cubeddu, “Determination of visible near-IR absorption coefficients of mammalian fat using time- and spatially resolved diffuse reflectance and transmission spectroscopy,” J. Biomed. Opt. 10(5), 054004 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Stone, J.

N. F. Boyd, L. J. Martin, J. Stone, C. Greenberg, S. Minkin, and M. J. Yaffe, “Mammographic densities as a marker of human breast cancer risk and their use in chemoprevention,” Curr. Oncol. Rep. 3(4), 314–321 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Stott, J. J.

Q. Zhang, T. J. Brukilacchio, A. Li, J. J. Stott, T. Chaves, E. Hillman, T. Wu, M. A. Chorlton, E. Rafferty, R. H. Moore, D. B. Kopans, and D. A. Boas, “Coregistered tomographic x-ray and optical breast imaging: initial results,” J. Biomed. Opt. 10(2), 024033 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Stroszczynski, C.

D. Grosenick, K. T. Moesta, M. Möller, J. Mucke, H. Wabnitz, B. Gebauer, C. Stroszczynski, B. Wassermann, P. M. Schlag, and H. Rinneberg, “Time-domain scanning optical mammography: I. Recording and assessment of mammograms of 154 patients,” Phys. Med. Biol. 50(11), 2429–2449 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

D. Grosenick, K. T. Moesta, H. Wabnitz, J. Mucke, C. Stroszczynski, R. Macdonald, P. M. Schlag, and H. Rinneberg, “Time-domain optical mammography: initial clinical results on detection and characterization of breast tumors,” Appl. Opt. 42(16), 3170–3186 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Sturesson, C.

Svasaand, L. O.

Swartling, J.

Tabár, L.

I. T. Gram, E. Funkhouser, and L. Tabár, “The Tabár classification of mammographic parenchymal patterns,” Eur. J. Radiol. 24(2), 131–136 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Taroni, P.

A. Farina, A. Bassi, A. Pifferi, P. Taroni, D. Comelli, L. Spinelli, and R. Cubeddu, “Bandpass effects in time-resolved diffuse spectroscopy,” Appl. Spectrosc. 63(1), 48–56 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Pifferi, A. Torricelli, P. Taroni, D. Comelli, A. Bassi, and R. Cubeddu, “Fully automated time domain spectrometer for the absorption and scattering characterization of diffusive media,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 78(5), 053103 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

P. Taroni, D. Comelli, A. Pifferi, A. Torricelli, and R. Cubeddu, “Absorption of collagen: effects on the estimate of breast composition and related diagnostic implications,” J. Biomed. Opt. 12(1), 014021 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

P. Taroni, L. Spinelli, A. Torricelli, A. Pifferi, G. M. Danesini, and R. Cubeddu, “Multi-wavelength time domain optical mammography,” Technol. Cancer Res. Treat. 4(5), 527–538 (2005).
[PubMed]

P. Taroni, A. Torricelli, L. Spinelli, A. Pifferi, F. Arpaia, G. Danesini, and R. Cubeddu, “Time-resolved optical mammography between 637 and 985 nm: clinical study on the detection and identification of breast lesions,” Phys. Med. Biol. 50(11), 2469–2488 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

P. Taroni, A. Pifferi, A. Torricelli, L. Spinelli, G. M. Danesini, and R. Cubeddu, “Do shorter wavelengths improve contrast in optical mammography?” Phys. Med. Biol. 49(7), 1203–1215 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Torricelli, L. Spinelli, A. Pifferi, P. Taroni, R. Cubeddu, and G. Danesini, “Use of a nonlinear perturbation approach for in vivo breast lesion characterization by multiwavelength time-resolved optical mammography,” Opt. Express 11(8), 853–867 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Torricelli, A.

L. Spinelli, F. Martelli, A. Farina, A. Pifferi, A. Torricelli, R. Cubeddu, and G. Zaccanti, “Accuracy of the nonlinear fitting procedure for time-resolved measurements on diffusive phantoms at NIR wavelengths,” Proc. SPIE 7174, 717424 (2009).
[Crossref]

A. Pifferi, A. Torricelli, P. Taroni, D. Comelli, A. Bassi, and R. Cubeddu, “Fully automated time domain spectrometer for the absorption and scattering characterization of diffusive media,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 78(5), 053103 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

P. Taroni, D. Comelli, A. Pifferi, A. Torricelli, and R. Cubeddu, “Absorption of collagen: effects on the estimate of breast composition and related diagnostic implications,” J. Biomed. Opt. 12(1), 014021 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

C. D’Andrea, L. Spinelli, A. Bassi, A. Giusto, D. Contini, J. Swartling, A. Torricelli, and R. Cubeddu, “Time-resolved spectrally constrained method for the quantification of chromophore concentrations and scattering parameters in diffusing media,” Opt. Express 14(5), 1888–1898 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

P. Taroni, L. Spinelli, A. Torricelli, A. Pifferi, G. M. Danesini, and R. Cubeddu, “Multi-wavelength time domain optical mammography,” Technol. Cancer Res. Treat. 4(5), 527–538 (2005).
[PubMed]

R. L. P. van Veen, H. J. C. M. Sterenborg, A. Pifferi, A. Torricelli, E. Chikoidze, and R. Cubeddu, “Determination of visible near-IR absorption coefficients of mammalian fat using time- and spatially resolved diffuse reflectance and transmission spectroscopy,” J. Biomed. Opt. 10(5), 054004 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

P. Taroni, A. Torricelli, L. Spinelli, A. Pifferi, F. Arpaia, G. Danesini, and R. Cubeddu, “Time-resolved optical mammography between 637 and 985 nm: clinical study on the detection and identification of breast lesions,” Phys. Med. Biol. 50(11), 2469–2488 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

P. Taroni, A. Pifferi, A. Torricelli, L. Spinelli, G. M. Danesini, and R. Cubeddu, “Do shorter wavelengths improve contrast in optical mammography?” Phys. Med. Biol. 49(7), 1203–1215 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Torricelli, L. Spinelli, A. Pifferi, P. Taroni, R. Cubeddu, and G. Danesini, “Use of a nonlinear perturbation approach for in vivo breast lesion characterization by multiwavelength time-resolved optical mammography,” Opt. Express 11(8), 853–867 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Tromberg, B.

S. Kukreti, A. Cerussi, B. Tromberg, and E. Gratton, “Intrinsic tumor biomarkers revealed by novel double-differential spectroscopic analysis of near-infrared spectra,” J. Biomed. Opt. 12(2), 020509 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Tromberg, B. J.

S. H. Chung, A. E. Cerussi, C. Klifa, H. M. Baek, O. Birgul, G. Gulsen, S. I. Merritt, D. Hsiang, and B. J. Tromberg, “In vivo water state measurements in breast cancer using broadband diffuse optical spectroscopy,” Phys. Med. Biol. 53(23), 6713–6727 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

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S. Alowami, S. Troup, S. Al-Haddad, I. Kirkpatrick, and P. H. Watson, “Mammographic density is related to stroma and stromal proteoglycan expression,” Breast Cancer Res. 5(5), R129–R135 (2003).
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Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. (1)

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R. L. P. van Veen, H. J. C. M. Sterenborg, A. Pifferi, A. Torricelli, E. Chikoidze, and R. Cubeddu, “Determination of visible near-IR absorption coefficients of mammalian fat using time- and spatially resolved diffuse reflectance and transmission spectroscopy,” J. Biomed. Opt. 10(5), 054004 (2005).
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P. Taroni, D. Comelli, A. Pifferi, A. Torricelli, and R. Cubeddu, “Absorption of collagen: effects on the estimate of breast composition and related diagnostic implications,” J. Biomed. Opt. 12(1), 014021 (2007).
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Med. Phys. (3)

C. Li, H. Zhao, B. Anderson, and H. Jiang, “Multispectral breast imaging using a ten-wavelength, 64 x 64 source/detector channels silicon photodiode-based diffuse optical tomography system,” Med. Phys. 33(3), 627–636 (2006).
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Phys. Med. Biol. (4)

P. Taroni, A. Pifferi, A. Torricelli, L. Spinelli, G. M. Danesini, and R. Cubeddu, “Do shorter wavelengths improve contrast in optical mammography?” Phys. Med. Biol. 49(7), 1203–1215 (2004).
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Proc. SPIE (1)

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P. Taroni, L. Spinelli, A. Torricelli, A. Pifferi, G. M. Danesini, and R. Cubeddu, “Multi-wavelength time domain optical mammography,” Technol. Cancer Res. Treat. 4(5), 527–538 (2005).
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O. Steinkellner, A. Hagen, C. Stadelhoff, D. Grosenick, R. Macdonald, H. Rinneberg, R. Ziegler, and T. Nielsen, “Recording of Artifact-Free Reflection Data with a Laser and Fluorescence Scanning Mammograph for Improved Axial Resolution”, in Biomedical Optics/Digital Holography and Three-Dimensional Imaging/Laser Applications to Chemical, Security and Environmental Analysis on CD-ROM (The Optical Society of America, Washington, DC, 2008), BMD45.

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Figures (8)

Fig. 1
Fig. 1

Instrument set-up. NIR, near-infrared; PMT, photomultiplier tube; TCSPC, time-correlated single photon counting.

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Fig. 2
Fig. 2

Time-resolved transmittance curve acquired at 975 nm with the previous set-up and with the upgraded one in a critical in vivo experimental condition.

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Fig. 3
Fig. 3

Absorption measured from a balloon filled with Intralipid® diluted in distilled water. For comparison, the reference spectrum of water is also reported.

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Fig. 4
Fig. 4

Left breast of subject #10 in CC view. Left to right and top to bottom: x-ray mammogram and late gated intensity images at 635, 680, 785, 905, 935, 975 and 1060 nm. Full scale values: 635 nm, 0.08-1.84; 680 nm, 0.03-1.33; 785 nm, 0.08-1.34; 905 nm, 0.52-1.61; 930 nm, 0.71-2.10; 975 nm, 0.25-2.06; 1060 nm, 0.56-1.56. The arrow points at the center of the 3-branch structure (see text). Thickness of compressed breast for optical imaging = 4.5 cm.

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Fig. 5
Fig. 5

Left breast of subject #1 in CC view. Left to right and top to bottom: x-ray mammogram and late gated intensity images (at 635, 680, 785, 905, 930, 975 and 1060 nm). Full scale values: 635 nm, 0-5.19; 680 nm, 0.05-2.79; 785 nm, 0.01-1.86; 905 nm, 0.11-1.70; 930 nm, 0.03-1.90; 975 nm, 0-5.17; 1060 nm, 0.59-1.79. Thickness of compressed breast for optical imaging = 2.9 cm.

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Fig. 6
Fig. 6

Absorption spectra of breast of subjects #10 (a) and #1 (b) as measured with a broad band spectroscopy system (open symbols) and derived from tissue composition assessed with the optical mammograph (close symbols).

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Fig. 7
Fig. 7

Left breast of subject #10 in CC view. Maps of the spatial distribution of tissue constituents and blood parameters as obtained using the spectrally constrained global fitting procedure. Full scale values: lipid, 625-744 mg/cm3; water, 111-213 mg/cm3; collagen, 0-63 mg/cm3; tHb, 9.7-13.5 μM; SO2, 75-93%. The green (red) line indicates the fibrous (adipose) region for the estimate of tissue composition. The corresponding x-ray mammogram is reported on the left.

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Fig. 8
Fig. 8

Left breast of subject #1 in CC view. Maps of the spatial distribution of tissue constituents and blood parameters as obtained using the spectrally constrained global fitting procedure. Full scale values: lipid, 0-393 mg/cm3; water, 291-832 mg/cm3; collagen, 0-394 mg/cm3; tHb, 9.5-24.0 μM; SO2, 73-100%. The green (red) line indicates the fibrous (adipose) region for the estimate of tissue composition. The corresponding x-ray mammogram is reported on the left.

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Tables (2)

Tables Icon

Table 1 Average tissue composition and scattering parameters as derived from optical data and breast pattern as derived from x-ray mammograms (following Tabàr classification [37]).

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Table 2 Average tissue composition in fibrous and adipose breast regions

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