Visualization of phase retardation of deep posterior eye by polarization-sensitive swept-source optical coherence tomography with 1-µm probe

Masahiro Yamanari; Yiheng Lim; Shuichi Makita; Yoshiaki Yasuno

doi:10.1364/OE.17.012385

Visualization of phase retardation of deep posterior eye by polarization-sensitive swept-source optical coherence tomography with 1-µm probe

Masahiro Yamanari, Yiheng Lim, Shuichi Makita, and Yoshiaki Yasuno

Optics Express
Vol. 17,
Issue 15,
pp. 12385-12396
(2009)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.17.012385

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Masahiro Yamanari, Yiheng Lim, Shuichi Makita, and Yoshiaki Yasuno, "Visualization of phase retardation of deep posterior eye by polarization-sensitive swept-source optical coherence tomography with 1-µm probe," Opt. Express 17, 12385-12396 (2009)

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Related Topics
Table of Contents Category
- Medical Optics and Biotechnology
Optics & Photonics Topics
?

The topics in this list come from the OSA Optics and Photonics Topics applied to this article.
Previously assigned OCIS codes
- Optical coherence tomography (110.4500)
- Medical and biological imaging (170.3880)
- Ophthalmic optics and devices (170.4460)
- Optical coherence tomography (170.4500)
- Birefringence (260.1440)
- Polarization (260.5430)

About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: May 18, 2009
- Revised Manuscript: June 29, 2009
- Manuscript Accepted: July 1, 2009
- Published: July 7, 2009
Virtual Issues
Virtual Journal for Biomedical Optics Vol. 4, Iss. 9

Accessible

Open Access

Abstract

Polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) can measure cross-sectional and volumetric images of birefringence in fibrous tissues that provides additional contrast to the intensity images. In this study, we develop polarization-sensitive swept-source OCT (PS-SS-OCT) at 1 µm for deep penetration of the sclera and lamina cribrosa in the posterior part of human eyes. A calibration method for polarization mode dispersion of a circulator, which is employed to conserve the optical power of the interferometer and achieve system sensitivity sufficient for retinal imaging is demonstrated. The A-scan rate, the axial resolution, and the sensitivity of the PS-SS-OCT are 28,000 Hz, 11.0 µm, 94.2 dB, respectively. The posterior part of the eyes of a healthy male subject are measured in vivo. Phase-retardation images show birefringence of deep sclera and lamina cribrosa and enhance the contrast which is not visible in the intensity images. In addition, unlike conventional OCT, our PS-SS-OCT showed polarization-insensitive intensity images, in which an artifact created by the birefringence of sclera has been successfully eliminated.

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2009 (5)

B. Povazay, B. Hermann, B. Hofer, V. Kajic, E. Simpson, T. Bridgford, and W. Drexler, “Wide-field optical coherence tomography of the choroid in vivo,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 50, 1856–1863 (2009).
[Crossref]

M. Zhao and J. A. Izatt, “Single-camera sequential-scan-based polarization-sensitive SDOCT for retinal imaging,” Opt. Lett. 34, 205–207 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. Yasuno, M. Yamanari, K. Kawana, T. Oshika, and M. Miura, “Investigation of post-glaucoma-surgery structures by three-dimensional and polarization sensitive anterior eye segment optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Express 17, 3980–3996 (2009). URL http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-17-5-3980.
[Crossref] [PubMed]

B. Považay, B. Hofer, C. Torti, B. Hermann, A. R. Tumlinson, M. Esmaeelpour, C. A. Egan, A. C. Bird, and W. Drexler, “Impact of enhanced resolution, speed and penetration on threedimensional retinal optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Express 17, 4134–4150 (2009). URL http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-17-5-4134.
[Crossref] [PubMed]

E. Götzinger, M. Pircher, B. Baumann, C. Ahlers, W. Geitzenauer, U. Schmidt-Erfurth, and C. K. Hitzenberger, “Three-dimensional polarization sensitive OCT imaging and interactive display of the human retina,” Opt. Express 17, 4151–4165 (2009). URL http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-17-5-4151.
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2008 (9)

W. Oh, S. Yun, B. Vakoc, M. Shishkov, A. Desjardins, B. Park, J. de Boer, G. Tearney, and B. Bouma, “High-speed polarization sensitive optical frequency domain imaging with frequency multiplexing,” Opt. Express 16, 1096–1103 (2008). URL http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-16-2-1096.
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Yamanari, S. Makita, and Y. Yasuno, “Polarization-sensitive swept-source optical coherence tomography with continuous source polarization modulation,” Opt. Express 16, 5892–5906 (2008). URL http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-16-8-5892.
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. Makita, T. Fabritius, and Y. Yasuno, “Full-range, high-speed, high-resolution 1µm spectral-domain optical coherence tomography using BM-scan for volumetric imaging of the human posterior eye,” Opt. Express 16, 8406–8420 (2008). URL http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-16-12-8406.
[Crossref] [PubMed]

P. Puvanathasan, P. Forbes, Z. Ren, D. Malchow, S. Boyd, and K. Bizheva, “High-speed, high-resolution Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography system for retinal imaging in the 1060 nm wavelength region,” Opt. Lett. 33, 2479–2481 (2008). URL http://ol.osa.org/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-33-21-2479.
[PubMed]

V. J. Srinivasan, D. C. Adler, Y. Chen, I. Gorczynska, R. Huber, J. S. Duker, J. S. Schuman, and J. G. Fujimoto, “Ultrahigh-speed optical coherence tomography for three-dimensional and en face imaging of the retina and optic nerve head,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 49, 5103–5110 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Yamanari, M. Miura, S. Makita, T. Yatagai, and Y. Yasuno, “Phase retardation measurement of retinal nerve fiber layer by polarization-sensitive spectral-domain optical coherence tomography and scanning laser polarimetry,” J. Biomed. Opt. 13, 014013 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

E. Gotzinger, M. Pircher, B. Baumann, C. Hirn, C. Vass, and C. K. Hitzenberger, “Analysis of the origin of atypical scanning laser polarimetry patterns by polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 49, 5366–5372 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Miura, M. Yamanari, T. Iwasaki, A. E. Elsner, S. Makita, T. Yatagai, and Y. Yasuno, “Imaging polarimetry in age-related macular degeneration,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 49, 2661–2667 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

E. Götzinger, M. Pircher, W. Geitzenauer, C. Ahlers, B. Baumann, S. Michels, U. Schmidt-Erfurth, and C. K. Hitzenberger, “Retinal pigment epithelium segmentation bypolarization sensitive optical coherencetomography,” Opt. Express 16, 16416–16428 (2008). URL http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-16-21-16410.
[Crossref]

2007 (6)

M. Mujat, B. H. Park, B. Cense, T. C. Chen, and J. F. de Boer, “Autocalibration of spectral-domain optical coherence tomography spectrometers for in vivo quantitative retinal nerve fiber layer birefringence determination,” J. Biomed. Opt. 12, 041205 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

B. Povazay, B. Hermann, A. Unterhuber, B. Hofer, H. Sattmann, F. Zeiler, J. E. Morgan, C. Falkner-Radler, C. Glittenberg, S. Blinder, and W. Drexler, “Three-dimensional optical coherence tomography at 1050 nm versus 800 nm in retinal pathologies: enhanced performance and choroidal penetration in cataract patients,” J. Biomed. Opt. 12, 041211 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

B. Cense, M. Mujat, T. C. Chen, B. H. Park, and J. F. de Boer, “Polarization-sensitive spectral-domain optical coherence tomography using a single line scan camera,” Opt. Express 15, 2421–2431 (2007). URL http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-15-5-2421.
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. Yasuno, Y. Hong, S. Makita, M. Yamanari, M. Akiba, M. Miura, and T. Yatagai, “In vivo high-contrast imaging of deep posterior eye by 1-um swept source optical coherence tomography andscattering optical coherence angiography,” Opt. Express 15, 6121–6139 (2007). URL http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-15-10-6121.
[Crossref] [PubMed]

R. Huber, D. C. Adler, V. J. Srinivasan, and J. G. Fujimoto, “Fourier domain mode locking at 1050 nm for ultrahigh-speed optical coherence tomography of the human retina at 236,000 axial scans per second,” Opt. Lett. 32, 2049–2051 (2007). URL http://ol.osa.org/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-32-14-2049.
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. Chen, D. M. de Bruin, C. Kerbage, and J. F. de Boer, “Spectrally balanced detection for optical frequency domain imaging,” Opt. Express 15, 16390–16399 (2007). URL http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-15-25-16390.
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2006 (3)

M. Pircher, E. Gotzinger, O. Findl, S. Michels, W. Geitzenauer, C. Leydolt, U. Schmidt-Erfurth, and C. K. Hitzenberger, “Human Macula Investigated In Vivo with Polarization-Sensitive Optical Coherence Tomography,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 47, 5487–5494 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

E. C. Lee, J. F. de Boer, M. Mujat, H. Lim, and S. H. Yun, “In vivo optical frequency domain imaging of human retina and choroid,” Opt. Express 14, 4403–4411 (2006). URL http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-14-10-4403.
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Yamanari, S. Makita, V. D. Madjarova, T. Yatagai, and Y. Yasuno, “Fiber-based polarization-sensitive Fourier domain optical coherence tomography using B-scan-oriented polarization modulation method,” Opt. Express 14, 6502–6515 (2006). URL http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-14-14-6502.
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2005 (4)

A. Unterhuber, B. Považay, B. Hermann, H. Sattmann, A. Chavez-Pirson, and W. Drexler, “In vivo retinal optical coherence tomography at 1040 nm - enhanced penetration into the choroid,” Opt. Express 13, 3252–3258 (2005). URL http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-13-9-3252.
[Crossref] [PubMed]

B. Vakoc, S. Yun, J. de Boer, G. Tearney, and B. Bouma, “Phase-resolved optical frequency domain imaging,” Opt. Express 13, 5483–5493 (2005). URL http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-13-14-5483.
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Appl. Opt. (1)

Appl. Phys. Lett. (1)

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. (7)

J. Biomed. Opt. (4)

J. Opt. Soc. Am. B (1)

Journal of Biomedical Optics (1)

Opt. Express (20)

Opt. Lett. (11)

A. M. Rollins and J. A. Izatt, “Optimal interferometer designs for optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Lett. 24, 1484–1486 (1999).
[Crossref]

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Science (1)

Other (4)

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American National Standards Institute, American national standard for safe use of lasers z136.1 (Laser Institute of America, Orlando, FL, 2000).

R. R. Allingham, K. F. Damji, S. Freedman, S. E. Moroi, and G. Shafranov, eds., Shields’ Textbook of Glaucoma, 5th ed. (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005).

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Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of PS-SS-OCT system; SS: frequency-swept laser source, PC: polarization controller, LP: linear polarizer, EOM: electro-optic modulator, BS: beamsplitter, PBS: polarizing beamsplitter, and H ch. and V ch.: balanced photoreceivers for horizontally and vertically polarized signals, respectively.

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Fig. 2. Diagram of the signal frequency. Red and blue lines show the positive and conjugate signals, respectively. Orange and green windows show the measurable frequency range below the Nyquist frequency (50 MHz) and the extracted region in the demodulation process, respectively.

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Fig. 3. Retinal images of healthy eye between fovea and ONH indicated in the white box on the fundus photograph (a). The subject’s eye was scanned by PS-SS-OCT; scanning range was 5.4 mm×5.4 mm. (b) and (c): B-scans of single-channel intensity images, (d) and (e): polarization-insensitive intensity images, and (f) and (g): phase-retardation images. The red and blue lines on (a) represent the scanning positions of (b), (d), and (f) and (c), (e), and (g), respectively. The image size of the B-scans is 5.4 mm (x) ×1.96 mm (z). The artificial structures due to birefringence of the sclera are indicated by green arrows in (b) and (c). The blood vessels in the sclera and short ciliary artery are indicated by red arrows in (d), (e), and (g), respectively. A movie of the polarization-insensitive intensity and phase-retardation images scanned from inferior to superior regions and its high-quality version are available (Media 1 and Media 2).

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Fig. 4. Polarization-insensitive intensity (left) and phase retardation (center) images of ONH. The image size is 2.7 mm (x) ×1.89 mm (z). The red line in the fundus photograph (right) shows the position of the B-scan. The white box indicates the scanned region to obtain the volumetric data shown in Fig. 5.

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Fig. 5. Images of en face intensity (upper) and phase retardation (lower) volumes of ONH. The image size is 2.7 mm×2.7 mm. The volumes are sliced at depth positions of 52 µm (left), 170 µm (center), and 319 µm (right) from the bottom of the ONH. A movie of the en face slices of the volumetric data from anterior to posterior regions and its high-quality version are available (Media 3 and Media 4).

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Equations (2)

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J_{measured} = (\begin{array}{c} - ({\tilde{I}}_{h 0}^{*} + \frac{{\tilde{I}}_{h 1}^{*}}{J_{1} (A_{0})}) & {\tilde{I}}_{h 0}^{*} - \frac{{\tilde{I}}_{h 1}^{*}}{J_{1} (A_{0})} \\ - ({\tilde{I}}_{v 0}^{*} + \frac{{\tilde{I}}_{v 1}^{*}}{J_{1} (A_{0})}) & {\tilde{I}}_{v 0}^{*} - \frac{{\tilde{I}}_{v 1}^{*}}{J_{1} (A_{0})} \end{array}),

J_{measured} J_{surface}^{- 1} = J_{U} (\begin{array}{c} p_{1} (i η ⁄ 2) & 0 \\ 0 & p_{2} (- i η ⁄ 2) \end{array}) J_{U}^{- 1},

Abstract

References

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