Abstract

We analyze a nitrogen-vacancy (NV-) colour centre based single photon source based on cavity Purcell enhancement of the zero phonon line and suppression of other transitions. Optimal performance conditions of the cavity-centre system are analyzed using Master equation and quantum trajectory methods. By coupling the centre strongly to a high-finesse optical cavity [Q~𝒪(104-105), V~λ3] and using sub-picosecond optical excitation the system has striking performance, including effective lifetime of 70 ps, linewidth of 0.01 nm, near unit single photon emission probability and small [𝒪(10-5)] multi-photon probability.

©2008 Optical Society of America

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2007 (11)

P. Kok, W. J. Munro, K. Nemoto, T. C. Ralph, J. P. Dowling, and G. J. Milburn, “Linear optical quantum computing,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 79, 135–174 (2007).
[Crossref]

M. Hijlkema, B. Weber, H. P. Specht, S. C. Webster, A. Kuhn, and G. Rempe, “A single-photon server with just one atom,” Nature Physics 3, 253–255 (2007).
[Crossref]

E. Wu, J. R. Rabeau, G. Roger, F. Treussart, H. Zeng, P. Grangier, S. Prawer, and J.-F. Roch, “Room temperature triggered single-photon source in the near infrared,” New J. Phys. 9, 434 (2007).
[Crossref]

K. Hennessy, A. Badolato, M. Winger, D. Gerace, M. Atatüre, S. Gulde, S. Fält, E. L. Hu, and A. Imamoǧlu, “Quantum nature of a strongly coupled single quantum dot-cavity system,” Nature (London)  445, 896–899 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. J. Shields, “Semiconductor quantum light sources,” Nature Photonics 1, 215–223 (2007).
[Crossref]

J. R. Rabeau, A. Stacey, A. Rabeau, F. Jelezko, I. Mirza, J. Wrachtrup, and S. Prawer, “Single nitrogen vacancy centers in chemical vapor deposited diamond nanocrystals,” Nano Letters 7, 3433–3437 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

V. Jacques, E. Wu, F. Grosshans, F. Treussart, P. Grangier, A. Aspect, and J.-F. Roch, “Experimental realization of Wheeler’s delayed-choice gedanken experiment,” Science 315, 966–968 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. Noda, M. Fujita, and T. Asano, “Spontaneous-emission control by photonic crystals and nanocavities,” Nature Photonics 1, 449–458 (2007).
[Crossref]

I. Bayn and J. Salzman, “High-Q photonic crystal nanocavities on diamond for quantum electrodynamics,” Eur. Phys. J. Appl. Phys. 37, 19–24 (2007).
[Crossref]

C. F. Wang, R. Hanson, D. D. Awschalom, E. L. Hu, T. Feygelson, J. Yang, and J. E. Butler, “Fabrication and characterization of two-dimensional photonic crystal microcavities in nanocrystalline diamond,”, Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 201112 (2007).
[Crossref]

M. J. Fernée, H. Rubinsztein-Dunlop, and G. J. Milburn, “Improving single-photon sources with Stark tuning,” Phys. Rev. A 75, 043815 (2007).
[Crossref]

2006 (12)

D. E. Chang, A. S. Sørensen, P. R. Hemmer, and M. D. Lukin, “Quantum optics with surface plasmons,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 053002 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. Tomljenovic-Hanic, M. J. Steel, C. Martijn de Sterke, and J. Salzman, “Diamond based photonic crystal microcavities,” Opt. Express 14, 3556–3562 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Ph. Tamarat, T. Gaebel, J. R. Rabeau, M. Khan, A. D. Greentree, H. Wilson, L. C. L. Hollenberg, S. Prawer, P. Hemmer, F. Jelezko, and J. Wrachtrup, “Stark shift control of single optical centres in diamond,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 083002 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. D. Greentree, J. Salzman, S. Prawer, and L. C. L. Hollenberg, “Quantum gate for Q switching in monolithic photonic-band-gap cavities containing two-level atoms,” Phys. Rev. A 73, 013818 (2006).
[Crossref]

J. W. Baldwin, M. Zalalutdinov, T. Feygelson, J. E. Butler, and B. H. Houston, “Fabrication of short-wavelength photonic crystals in wide-band-gap nanocrystalline diamond films,” J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 24, 50–54 (2006).
[Crossref]

J. R. Rabeau, P. Reichart, G. Tamanyan, D. N. Jamieson, S. Prawer, F. Jelezko, T. Gaebel, I. Popa, M. Domhan, and J. Wrachtrup, “Implantation of labelled single nitrogen vacancy centres in diamond using15N,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 23113 (2006).
[Crossref]

N. B. Manson, J. P. Harrison, and M. J. Sellars, “Nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond: Model of the electronic structure and associated dynamics,” Phys. Rev. B 74, 104303 (2006).
[Crossref]

C. Wang, C. Kurtsiefer, H. Weinfurter, and B. Burchard, “Single photon emission from SiV centres in diamond produced by ion implantation,” J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 39, 37–41 (2006).
[Crossref]

S. Kako, C. Santori, K. Hoshino, S. Götzinger, Y. Yamamoto, and Y. Arakawa, “A gallium nitride single-photon source operating at 200K,” Nature Materials 5, 887–892 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. D. Greentree, P. Olivero, M. Draginski, E. Trajkov, J. R. Rabeau, P. Reichart, B. C. Gibson, S. Rubanov, S. T. Huntington, D. N. Jamieson, and S. Prawer, “Critical components for diamond-based quantum coherent devices,” J. Phys.: Cond. Matt. 18, S825–S842 (2006).
[Crossref]

M. J. Hartmann, F. G. S. L. Brandão, and M. B. Plenio, “Strongly interacting polaritons in coupled arrays of cavities,” Nature Physics 2, 849–855 (2006).
[Crossref]

A. D. Greentree, C. Tahan, J. H. Cole, and L. C. L. Hollenberg, “Quantum phase transitions of light,” Nature Physics 2, 856–861 (2006).
[Crossref]

2005 (9)

D. G. Angelakis, M. F. Santos, and S. Bose, “Photon-blockade-induced Mott transitions and XY spin models in coupled cavity arrays,” Phys. Rev. A 76, 031805 (2005).
[Crossref]

J. Meijer, B. Burchard, M. Domhan, C. Wittmann, T. Gaebel, I. Popa, F. Jelezko, and J. Wrachtrup, “Generation of single color centers by focused nitrogen implantation,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 261909 (2005).
[Crossref]

D. N. Jamieson, C. Yang, T. Hopf, S. M. Hearne, C. I. Pakes, S. Prawer, M. Mitic, E. Gauja, S. E. Andreson, F. E. Hudson, A. S. Dzurak, and R. G. Clark, “Controlled shallow single-ion implantation in silicon using an active substrate for sub-20-keV ions,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 86, 202101 (2005).
[Crossref]

D. Englund, D. Fattal, E. Waks, G. Solomon, B. Zhang, T. Nakaoka, Y. Arakawa, Y. Yamamoto, and J. Vučković, “Controlling the spontaneous emission rate of single quantum dots in a two-dimensional photonic crystal,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 013904 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

B. Barquié, M. P. A. Jones, J. Dingjan, J. Beugnon, S. Bergamini, Y. Sortais, G. Messin, A. Browaeys, and P. Grangier, “Controlled single-photon emission from a single trapped two-level atom,” Science 309, 454–456 (2005).
[Crossref]

P. P. Rohde, T. C. Ralph, and M. A. Nielsen, “Optimal photons for quantum-information processing,” Phys. Rev. A 72, 052332 (2005).
[Crossref]

P. Olivero, S. Rubanov, P. Reichart, B. C. Gibson, S. T. Huntington, J. R. Rabeau, A. D. Greentree, J. Salzman, D. Moore, D. N. Jamieson, and S. Prawer, “Ion-beam-assisted lift-off techniques for three-dimensional micromachining of freestanding single-crystal diamond,” Advanced Materals (Weinheim, Ger.) 17, 2427–2430 (2005).
[Crossref]

L.-M. Duan, B. Wang, and H. J. Kimble, “Robust quantum gates on neutral atoms with cavity-assisted photon scattering,” Phys. Rev. A 72, 032333 (2005).
[Crossref]

B.-S. Song, S. Noda, T. Asano, and Y. Akahane, “Ultra-high-Q photonic double-heterostructure nanocavity,” Nature Materials 4, 207–210 (2005).
[Crossref]

2004 (8)

F. Jelezko, T. Gaebel, I. Popa, A. Gruber, and J Wrachtrup, “Observation of coherent oscillations in a single electron spin,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 076401 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

L.-M. Duan and H. J. Kimble, “Scalable photonic quantum computation through cavity-assisted interactions,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 127902 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. Dumeige, F. Treussart, R. Alléaume, T. Gacoin, J.-F. Roch, and P. Grangier, “Photo-induced creaton of nitrogen-related color centers in diamond nanocrystals under femtosecond illumination,” J. Lumin. 109, 61–67 (2004).
[Crossref]

T. Gaebel, I. Popa, A. Gruber, M. Domhan, F. Jelezko, and J. Wrachtrup, “Stable single-photon source in the near infrared,” New J. Phys. 6, 98 (2004).
[Crossref]

M. Keller, B. Lange, K. Hayasaka, W. Lange, and H. Walther, “Continuous generation of single photons with controlled waveform in an ion-trap cavity system,” Nature (London)  431, 1075–1078 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

V. Giovannetti, S. Lloyd, and L. Maccone, “Quantum-enhanced measurements: Beating the standard quantum limit,” Science 306, 1330–1336 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. McKeever, A. Boca, A. D. Boozer, R. Miller, J. R. Buck, A. Buzmich, and H. J. Kimble, “Deterministic generation of single photons from one atom trapped in a cavity,” Science 303, 1992–1994 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

R. Alléaume, F. Treussart, G. Messin, Y. Dumeige, J.-F. Roch, A. Beveratos, R. Brouri-Tualle, J.-P. Poizat, and P. Grangier, “Experimental open-air quantum key distribution with a single-photon source,” New J. Phys. 6, 92 (2004).
[Crossref]

2003 (1)

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2002 (4)

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2000 (2)

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1999 (2)

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1976 (1)

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1963 (1)

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R. Alléaume, F. Treussart, G. Messin, Y. Dumeige, J.-F. Roch, A. Beveratos, R. Brouri-Tualle, J.-P. Poizat, and P. Grangier, “Experimental open-air quantum key distribution with a single-photon source,” New J. Phys. 6, 92 (2004).
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B. Barquié, M. P. A. Jones, J. Dingjan, J. Beugnon, S. Bergamini, Y. Sortais, G. Messin, A. Browaeys, and P. Grangier, “Controlled single-photon emission from a single trapped two-level atom,” Science 309, 454–456 (2005).
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C. Brunel, B. Lounis, Ph. Tamarat, and M. Orrit, “Triggered source of single photons based on controlled single molecule fluorescence,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 2722–2725 (1999).
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C. F. Wang, R. Hanson, D. D. Awschalom, E. L. Hu, T. Feygelson, J. Yang, and J. E. Butler, “Fabrication and characterization of two-dimensional photonic crystal microcavities in nanocrystalline diamond,”, Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 201112 (2007).
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Dowling, J. P.

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D. N. Jamieson, C. Yang, T. Hopf, S. M. Hearne, C. I. Pakes, S. Prawer, M. Mitic, E. Gauja, S. E. Andreson, F. E. Hudson, A. S. Dzurak, and R. G. Clark, “Controlled shallow single-ion implantation in silicon using an active substrate for sub-20-keV ions,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 86, 202101 (2005).
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Y. Dumeige, F. Treussart, R. Alléaume, T. Gacoin, J.-F. Roch, and P. Grangier, “Photo-induced creaton of nitrogen-related color centers in diamond nanocrystals under femtosecond illumination,” J. Lumin. 109, 61–67 (2004).
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Gerace, D.

K. Hennessy, A. Badolato, M. Winger, D. Gerace, M. Atatüre, S. Gulde, S. Fält, E. L. Hu, and A. Imamoǧlu, “Quantum nature of a strongly coupled single quantum dot-cavity system,” Nature (London)  445, 896–899 (2007).
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Gibson, B. C.

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D. Englund, D. Fattal, E. Waks, G. Solomon, B. Zhang, T. Nakaoka, Y. Arakawa, Y. Yamamoto, and J. Vučković, “Controlling the spontaneous emission rate of single quantum dots in a two-dimensional photonic crystal,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 013904 (2005).
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Figures (5)

Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Theoretical model of a cavity-centre system for single photon generation: the NV centre is modelled as a multi-level atom with a single excited state |e〉 and a ground state with vibrational sublevels {|gj 〉}. The centre is pumped with an external classical field r(t) (white arrow) acting as the trigger pulse, the transition |e〉-|gi 〉 is coupled to a lossy single-modal cavity with coupling strength Ω i (grey) and cavity decay rate κ (black). γ g i e (dashed) is the atomic decay rate for radiative transitions |e〉-|gi 〉 while γ g m g n (dotted) are that for the non-radiative phononic transitions |gn 〉-|gm 〉.

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Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. a. Probability of the cavity-centre system (ωC =ωZPL , V=λ 3 ZPL ) to emit a single photon per top-hat excitation pulse as a function of pulse width T and absorption rate r 0. Dash-dotted line denotes the pulse width parameter used in Ref. [59] where the illumination irreversibly transforms the centre into a different centre and is therefore a practical cutoff. Circle labels the parameters [yield P 1=0.996 and P ≥2~��(10-5)] used for the demonstration of single-photon generation with the cavity-centre system. b. Zero (dotted), single (solid) and multi- (dashed) photon probability as a function of pulse width with constant absorption rate r 0=1013 Hz.

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Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. Evolution of a cavity-centre system (ωC =ωZPL , V=λ3 ZPL, κ=2.5Ω0) in response to a top-hat excitation pulse (r 0=1013 Hz, T=0.56 ps). a. Population in |e,0 C ,0 W 〉 (the excited centre, black dash-dotted) and |g 0,0 C ,1 W 〉 or ρWW (the outcoupled waveguide mode, black/red solid) as a function of time. b. Time derivatives of ρWW , proportional to the output intensity, with an integrated area of 0.99 (solid) and of 1.01 (dashed red). Simulation is performed by direct integration of Eq. 2 (black solid/dash-dotted) and by quantum trajectory approach as a direct photodetection experiment (red dashed).

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Fig. 4.
Fig. 4. Comparison of the probability of the cavity-centre system (ωC =ωZPL ,V=λ 3 ZPL ) to emit a photon of ωZPL via the cavity channel and to emit iPL photon via atom decoherence as a function of cavity quality factor Q.

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Fig. 5.
Fig. 5. Photon correlation histogram of emission from the cavity-centre system under pulsed excitation of top-hat functional form obtained using a HBT setup with quantum trajectory approach. The simulations involve a. excitation pulse of temporal width T=0.56 ps and constant absorption rate r 0=1013 Hz at a repetition rate of 1 GHz for a trajectory time of 5 µs, and b. excitation pulse of varying temporal widths and constant r 0=1013 Hz at repetition rate of 0.5 GHz for total time 1.5 ms.

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Equations (7)

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𝓗 ̂ JC = ∑ i = 0 N A − 2 ω g i σ ̂ g i g i + ω e σ ̂ e e + ω C a ̂ † a ̂ + 1 2 ∑ i = 0 N A − 2 ( Ω i a ̂ † σ ̂ g i e + H . c ) ,
d ρ d t = − i [ 𝓗 ̂ JC , ρ ] + ∑ j = 0 N A − 2 γ g j e 𝓛 [ σ ̂ g j e , ρ ] + r ( t ) 𝓛 [ σ ̂ e g 0 , ρ ] + ∑ i = 0 N A − 3 γ g i g i + 1 𝓛 [ σ ̂ g i g i + 1 , ρ ] + κ 𝓛 [ b ̂ † a ̂ , ρ ] ,
𝓛 [ O ̂ , ρ ] = O ̂ ρ O ̂ † − 1 2 ( O ̂ † O ̂ ρ + ρ O ̂ † O ̂ ) .
F p = 3 ( λ C n ) 3 4 π 2 Q V ,
P 0 = e − r 0 T ,
P 1 = 2 e − r 0 T { e r 0 T 2 [ − 16 Ω i 2 + r 0 2 cosh ( η T 2 ) ] η 2 − 1 } ,
γ overall = γ g 0 g 1 + 2 Ω 0 2 ω C ( 2 Q ) + γ g m g n − 2 γ g 0 g 1 + 𝒪 ( Ω 0 4 ) .

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