Abstract

Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) come in many varieties and with a wide range of radiation patterns. We propose a general, simple but accurate analytic representation for the radiation pattern of the light emitted from an LED. To accurately render both the angular intensity distribution and the irradiance spatial pattern, a simple phenomenological model takes into account the emitting surfaces (chip, chip array, or phosphor surface), and the light redirected by both the reflecting cup and the encapsulating lens. Mathematically, the pattern is described as the sum of a maximum of two or three Gaussian or cosine-power functions. The resulting equation is widely applicable for any kind of LED of practical interest. We accurately model a wide variety of radiation patterns from several world-class manufacturers.

©2008 Optical Society of America

Full Article  |  PDF Article
OSA Recommended Articles
LED irradiance pattern at short distances

Ivan Moreno
Appl. Opt. 59(1) 190-195 (2020)

An analytical model for the illuminance distribution of a power LED

Hongming Yang, JanW. M. Bergmans, Tim C. W. Schenk, Jean-Paul M. G. Linnartz, and Ronald Rietman
Opt. Express 16(26) 21641-21646 (2008)

Function fitting the symmetric radiation pattern of a LED with attached secondary optic

David Kaljun and Janez Žerovnik
Opt. Express 22(24) 29587-29593 (2014)

More Recommended Articles

References

  • View by:
  • Article Order
  • |
  • Year
  • |
  • Author
  • |
  • Publication
  1. E. F. Schubert and J. K. Kim, “Solid-state light sources getting smart,” Science 308, 1274–1278 (2005).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  2. Y. Narukawa, “White-light LEDs,” Opt. Photon. News 15, 24–29 (2004).
  3. A. Zukauskas, M. S. Schur, and R. Gaska, Introduction to Solid State Lighting (Wiley-Interscience, NY, 2002).
  4. M. S. Kaminski, K. J. Garcia, M. A. Stevenson, M. Frate, and R. J. Koshel, “Advanced Topics in Source Modeling,” Proc. SPIE 4775, 46 (2002).
    [Crossref]
  5. H. Zerfhau-Dreihöfer, U. Haack, T. Weber, and D. Wendt, “Light source modeling for automotive lighting devices,” Proc. SPIE 4775, 58 (2002).
    [Crossref]
  6. M. Jongewaard, “Guide to selecting the appropriate type of light source model,” Proc. SPIE 4775, 86–98 (2002).
    [Crossref]
  7. W. J. Cassarly, “LED modelling: pros and cons of common methods,” Photon. Tech Briefs IIa-2a (April 2002), special supplement to NASA Tech Briefs.
  8. P. Benitez and J. C. Min͂ano, “The Future of illumination design,” Optics & Photonics News 18, 20–25 (2007).
    [Crossref]
  9. M. W. Siegel and R. D. Stock, “General near-zone light source model and its application to computerautomated reflector design,” Opt. Eng. 35, 2661–2679 (1996).
    [Crossref]
  10. R. D. Stock and M. W. Siegel, “Orientation invariant light source parameters,” Opt. Eng. 35, 2651 (1996).
    [Crossref]
  11. I. Ashdown, “Near-field photometry: a new approach,” J. Illum. Eng. Soc. 22, 163–180 (1993).
  12. I. Moreno, “Spatial distribution of LED radiation,” Proc. SPIE 6342, 634216 (2006).
    [Crossref]
  13. P. Manninen, J. Hovila, P. Kärhä, and E. Ikonen, “Method for analysing luminous intensity of light-emitting diodes,” Meas. Sci. Technol. 18, 223–229 (2007).
    [Crossref]
  14. C. C. Sun, T. X. Lee, S. H. Ma, Y. L. Lee, and S.M Huang, “Precise optical modeling for LED lighting verified by cross correlation in the midfield region,” Opt. Lett. 31, 2193–2195 (2006).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  15. W. T. Chien, C. C. Sun, and I. Moreno, “Precise optical model of multi-chip white LEDs,” Opt. Express 15, 7572–7577 (2007).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  16. Application brief AB20-5, “Secondary Optics Design Considerations for SuperFlux LEDs” Philips Lumileds.
  17. E. F. Schubert, J. K. Kim, H. Luo, and J. Q. Xi, “Solid-state lighting—a benevolent technology,” Rep. Prog. Phys. 69, 3069–3099 (2006).
    [Crossref]
  18. C. C. Sun, C. Y. Lin, T. X. Lee, and T. H. Yang, “Enhancement of light extraction of GaN-based light-emitting diodes with a microstructure array,” Opt. Eng. 43, 1700–1701 (2004).
    [Crossref]
  19. A. Estrada-Hernandez, L. P. Gonzalez-Galvan, H. Zarate-Hernandez, R. Cardoso, and E. Rosas, “Luminous flux and correlated color temperature determination for LED sources,” SPIE 6422, 64220O (2007).
    [Crossref]
  20. R. Young, “Measuring light emission from LEDs,” SPIE 6355, 63550H (2006).
    [Crossref]
  21. C. Daniel and F. S. Wood, Fitting equations to data: computer analysis of multifactor data (2nd ed.), (Wiley, New York, 1999).
  22. L. Fu, R. Leutz, and H. Ries, “Physical modeling of filament light sources,” J. Appl. Phys. 100, 103528 (2006).
    [Crossref]
  23. J. Arasa, S. Royo, C. Pizarro, and J. Martinez, “Flux spatial emission obtained from technical specifications for a general filament light source,” Appl. Opt. 38, 7009–7017 (1999).
    [Crossref]
  24. D. R. Jenkins and H. Monch, “Source Imaging Goniometer Method of Light Source Characterization for Accurate Projection System Design,” SID Symposium Digest 31, 862–865 (2000).
    [Crossref]
  25. S. Preuss, D. Potthoff, T. Preuss, and K. Lischka, “LED encapsulation- a new approach of rear light design,” SPIE 6198, 61980I (2006).
    [Crossref]
  26. S. C. Allen and A. J. Steckl, “ELiXIR—Solid-State Luminaire With Enhanced Light Extraction by Internal Reflection,” J. Display Technol. 3, 155–159 (2007).
    [Crossref]
  27. I. Moreno and U. Contreras, “Color distribution of multicolor LED arrays,” Opt. Express 15, 3607–3618 (2007).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  28. I. Moreno, M. Avendan͂o-Alejo, and R. I. Tzonchev, “Designing light-emitting diode arrays for uniform nearfield irradiance,” Appl. Opt. 45, 2265–2272 (2006).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  29. S. Tryka, “Radiative flux from a planar multiple point source within a cylindrical enclosure reaching a coaxial circular plane,” Opt. Express 15, 3777–3790 (2007)
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  30. S. Tryka, “Spherical object in radiation field from a point source,” Opt. Express 12, 512–517 (2004).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  31. J. L. Balenzategui and A. Marti, “Design of hemispherical cavities for LED-based illumination devices,” Appl. Phys. B 82, 75–80 (2006).
    [Crossref]
  32. A. L. Dubovikov, S. S. Repin, and S. N. Natarovskii, “Features of the use of LEDs in artificial-vision systems,” J. Opt. Technol. 72, 40–42 (2005).
    [Crossref]
  33. T. Matsumoto, N. Inoue, and M. Suzuki, “Optimum arrangement of LEDs in base station of optical wireless LANs,” SPIE 6134, 613403 (2006).
    [Crossref]
  34. C. G. Lee, C. S. Park, J. H. Kim, and D. H. Kim, “Experimental verification of optical wireless communication link using high-brightness illumination light-emitting diodes,” Opt. Eng. 46, 125005 (2007).
    [Crossref]
  35. J. M. Kahn and J. R. Barry, “Wireless infrared communications,” Proc. IEEE 85, 265–298 (1997).
    [Crossref]
  36. D. W. K. Wong and G. Chen, “Illumination design of a white-light-emitting diode wireless transmission system,” Opt. Eng. 46, 085002 (2007).
    [Crossref]
  37. M. Akanegawa, Y. Tanaka, and M. Nakagawa, “Basic study on traffic information system using LED traffic lights,” IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems 2, 197–203 (2001).
    [Crossref]
  38. I. Moreno, J. Muñoz, and R. Ivanov, “Uniform illumination of distant targets using a spherical light-emitting diode array,” Opt. Eng. 46, 033001 (2007).
    [Crossref]
  39. I. Moreno, “Color tunable hybrid lamp: LED-incandescent and LED-fluorescent,” SPIE 6422, 64220N (2007).
    [Crossref]
  40. Y. Tu, S. Jin, Y. Wang, and L. Dou, “Color uniformity and data simulation in High-Power RGB LED modules using different LED-chips arrays,” SPIE 6828, 682816 (2007).
    [Crossref]
  41. C. Deller, G. Smith, and J. Franklin, “Colour mixing LEDs with short microsphere doped acrylic rods,” Opt. Express 12, 3327–3333 (2004).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  42. C. A. Deller, J. B. Franklin, and G. B. Smith, “Lighting simulations using smoothed LED profiles compared with measured profiles,” SPIE 6337, 63370X (2006).
    [Crossref]
  43. M. A. Volkova, S. V. Zlatina, S. N. Natarovskii, O. N. Nemkova, T. F. Selezneva, N. B. Skobeleva, D. N. Frolov, L. M. Kogan, and B. P. Papchenko, “Prospects of using LEDs in the illuminating systems of microscopes,” J. Opt. Technol. 72, 186–190 (2005).
    [Crossref]
  44. C. Ye, Y. Liu, and F. Yu, “New Illumination Patterns in Microscopes” SPIE 6033, 60330L (2005).
    [Crossref]
  45. J. Xu, Z. Xiao, and T. Lin, “The Design of Microscope Field Illumination System Based on LED” SPIE 6841, 68410U (2007).
    [Crossref]
  46. C. C. Sun, I. Moreno, S. H. Chung, W. T. Chien, C. T. Hsieh, and T. H. Yang, “Brightness management in a direct LED backlight for LCD TVs,” J. Soc. Inf. Disp. In press (2007).
  47. G. Harbers, S. J. Bierhuizen, and M. R. Krames, “Performance of high power light emitting diodes in display illumination applications” J. Display Technol. 3, 98–109 (2007).
    [Crossref]
  48. J. W. Whang and Y. T. Teng, “Uniform illumination system with desired emitting angle,” SID Conf. Rec. Int. Display Res. Conf., 100–103 (2006).
  49. Y. Uchida and T. Taguchi, “Lighting theory and luminous characteristics of white light-emitting diodes,” Opt. Eng. 44, 124003 (2005).
    [Crossref]
  50. L. Svilainis and V. Dumbrava, “LED Far Field Pattern Approximation Performance Study,” Information Technology Interfaces, 2007. ITI 2007. 29th International Conference on, 645–649 (2007).
  51. M. Bennahmias, E. Arik, K. Yu, D. Voloshenko, K. Chua, R. Pradhan, T. Forrester, and T. Jannson, “Modeling of non-Lambertian sources in lighting applications,” SPIE 6669, 66691A (2007).
    [Crossref]
  52. A. L. Fischer, “LEDs and displays: Analytical method for computing color patterns in LEDs,” Photonics Spectra 41, 87–88 (June 2007).
  53. K. Man and I. Ashdown, “Accurate colorimetric feedback for RGB LED clusters,” SPIE 6337, 633702 (2006).
    [Crossref]

2007 (16)

P. Benitez and J. C. Min͂ano, “The Future of illumination design,” Optics & Photonics News 18, 20–25 (2007).
[Crossref]

P. Manninen, J. Hovila, P. Kärhä, and E. Ikonen, “Method for analysing luminous intensity of light-emitting diodes,” Meas. Sci. Technol. 18, 223–229 (2007).
[Crossref]

W. T. Chien, C. C. Sun, and I. Moreno, “Precise optical model of multi-chip white LEDs,” Opt. Express 15, 7572–7577 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Estrada-Hernandez, L. P. Gonzalez-Galvan, H. Zarate-Hernandez, R. Cardoso, and E. Rosas, “Luminous flux and correlated color temperature determination for LED sources,” SPIE 6422, 64220O (2007).
[Crossref]

S. C. Allen and A. J. Steckl, “ELiXIR—Solid-State Luminaire With Enhanced Light Extraction by Internal Reflection,” J. Display Technol. 3, 155–159 (2007).
[Crossref]

I. Moreno and U. Contreras, “Color distribution of multicolor LED arrays,” Opt. Express 15, 3607–3618 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. Tryka, “Radiative flux from a planar multiple point source within a cylindrical enclosure reaching a coaxial circular plane,” Opt. Express 15, 3777–3790 (2007)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

C. G. Lee, C. S. Park, J. H. Kim, and D. H. Kim, “Experimental verification of optical wireless communication link using high-brightness illumination light-emitting diodes,” Opt. Eng. 46, 125005 (2007).
[Crossref]

I. Moreno, J. Muñoz, and R. Ivanov, “Uniform illumination of distant targets using a spherical light-emitting diode array,” Opt. Eng. 46, 033001 (2007).
[Crossref]

I. Moreno, “Color tunable hybrid lamp: LED-incandescent and LED-fluorescent,” SPIE 6422, 64220N (2007).
[Crossref]

Y. Tu, S. Jin, Y. Wang, and L. Dou, “Color uniformity and data simulation in High-Power RGB LED modules using different LED-chips arrays,” SPIE 6828, 682816 (2007).
[Crossref]

D. W. K. Wong and G. Chen, “Illumination design of a white-light-emitting diode wireless transmission system,” Opt. Eng. 46, 085002 (2007).
[Crossref]

J. Xu, Z. Xiao, and T. Lin, “The Design of Microscope Field Illumination System Based on LED” SPIE 6841, 68410U (2007).
[Crossref]

C. C. Sun, I. Moreno, S. H. Chung, W. T. Chien, C. T. Hsieh, and T. H. Yang, “Brightness management in a direct LED backlight for LCD TVs,” J. Soc. Inf. Disp. In press (2007).

G. Harbers, S. J. Bierhuizen, and M. R. Krames, “Performance of high power light emitting diodes in display illumination applications” J. Display Technol. 3, 98–109 (2007).
[Crossref]

M. Bennahmias, E. Arik, K. Yu, D. Voloshenko, K. Chua, R. Pradhan, T. Forrester, and T. Jannson, “Modeling of non-Lambertian sources in lighting applications,” SPIE 6669, 66691A (2007).
[Crossref]

2006 (11)

K. Man and I. Ashdown, “Accurate colorimetric feedback for RGB LED clusters,” SPIE 6337, 633702 (2006).
[Crossref]

C. A. Deller, J. B. Franklin, and G. B. Smith, “Lighting simulations using smoothed LED profiles compared with measured profiles,” SPIE 6337, 63370X (2006).
[Crossref]

S. Preuss, D. Potthoff, T. Preuss, and K. Lischka, “LED encapsulation- a new approach of rear light design,” SPIE 6198, 61980I (2006).
[Crossref]

T. Matsumoto, N. Inoue, and M. Suzuki, “Optimum arrangement of LEDs in base station of optical wireless LANs,” SPIE 6134, 613403 (2006).
[Crossref]

J. L. Balenzategui and A. Marti, “Design of hemispherical cavities for LED-based illumination devices,” Appl. Phys. B 82, 75–80 (2006).
[Crossref]

I. Moreno, M. Avendan͂o-Alejo, and R. I. Tzonchev, “Designing light-emitting diode arrays for uniform nearfield irradiance,” Appl. Opt. 45, 2265–2272 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

I. Moreno, “Spatial distribution of LED radiation,” Proc. SPIE 6342, 634216 (2006).
[Crossref]

R. Young, “Measuring light emission from LEDs,” SPIE 6355, 63550H (2006).
[Crossref]

L. Fu, R. Leutz, and H. Ries, “Physical modeling of filament light sources,” J. Appl. Phys. 100, 103528 (2006).
[Crossref]

E. F. Schubert, J. K. Kim, H. Luo, and J. Q. Xi, “Solid-state lighting—a benevolent technology,” Rep. Prog. Phys. 69, 3069–3099 (2006).
[Crossref]

C. C. Sun, T. X. Lee, S. H. Ma, Y. L. Lee, and S.M Huang, “Precise optical modeling for LED lighting verified by cross correlation in the midfield region,” Opt. Lett. 31, 2193–2195 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2005 (5)

E. F. Schubert and J. K. Kim, “Solid-state light sources getting smart,” Science 308, 1274–1278 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. L. Dubovikov, S. S. Repin, and S. N. Natarovskii, “Features of the use of LEDs in artificial-vision systems,” J. Opt. Technol. 72, 40–42 (2005).
[Crossref]

M. A. Volkova, S. V. Zlatina, S. N. Natarovskii, O. N. Nemkova, T. F. Selezneva, N. B. Skobeleva, D. N. Frolov, L. M. Kogan, and B. P. Papchenko, “Prospects of using LEDs in the illuminating systems of microscopes,” J. Opt. Technol. 72, 186–190 (2005).
[Crossref]

C. Ye, Y. Liu, and F. Yu, “New Illumination Patterns in Microscopes” SPIE 6033, 60330L (2005).
[Crossref]

Y. Uchida and T. Taguchi, “Lighting theory and luminous characteristics of white light-emitting diodes,” Opt. Eng. 44, 124003 (2005).
[Crossref]

2004 (4)

S. Tryka, “Spherical object in radiation field from a point source,” Opt. Express 12, 512–517 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

C. Deller, G. Smith, and J. Franklin, “Colour mixing LEDs with short microsphere doped acrylic rods,” Opt. Express 12, 3327–3333 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. Narukawa, “White-light LEDs,” Opt. Photon. News 15, 24–29 (2004).

C. C. Sun, C. Y. Lin, T. X. Lee, and T. H. Yang, “Enhancement of light extraction of GaN-based light-emitting diodes with a microstructure array,” Opt. Eng. 43, 1700–1701 (2004).
[Crossref]

2002 (3)

M. S. Kaminski, K. J. Garcia, M. A. Stevenson, M. Frate, and R. J. Koshel, “Advanced Topics in Source Modeling,” Proc. SPIE 4775, 46 (2002).
[Crossref]

H. Zerfhau-Dreihöfer, U. Haack, T. Weber, and D. Wendt, “Light source modeling for automotive lighting devices,” Proc. SPIE 4775, 58 (2002).
[Crossref]

M. Jongewaard, “Guide to selecting the appropriate type of light source model,” Proc. SPIE 4775, 86–98 (2002).
[Crossref]

2001 (1)

M. Akanegawa, Y. Tanaka, and M. Nakagawa, “Basic study on traffic information system using LED traffic lights,” IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems 2, 197–203 (2001).
[Crossref]

2000 (1)

D. R. Jenkins and H. Monch, “Source Imaging Goniometer Method of Light Source Characterization for Accurate Projection System Design,” SID Symposium Digest 31, 862–865 (2000).
[Crossref]

1999 (1)

1997 (1)

J. M. Kahn and J. R. Barry, “Wireless infrared communications,” Proc. IEEE 85, 265–298 (1997).
[Crossref]

1996 (2)

M. W. Siegel and R. D. Stock, “General near-zone light source model and its application to computerautomated reflector design,” Opt. Eng. 35, 2661–2679 (1996).
[Crossref]

R. D. Stock and M. W. Siegel, “Orientation invariant light source parameters,” Opt. Eng. 35, 2651 (1996).
[Crossref]

1993 (1)

I. Ashdown, “Near-field photometry: a new approach,” J. Illum. Eng. Soc. 22, 163–180 (1993).

Akanegawa, M.

M. Akanegawa, Y. Tanaka, and M. Nakagawa, “Basic study on traffic information system using LED traffic lights,” IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems 2, 197–203 (2001).
[Crossref]

Allen, S. C.

Arasa, J.

Arik, E.

M. Bennahmias, E. Arik, K. Yu, D. Voloshenko, K. Chua, R. Pradhan, T. Forrester, and T. Jannson, “Modeling of non-Lambertian sources in lighting applications,” SPIE 6669, 66691A (2007).
[Crossref]

Ashdown, I.

K. Man and I. Ashdown, “Accurate colorimetric feedback for RGB LED clusters,” SPIE 6337, 633702 (2006).
[Crossref]

I. Ashdown, “Near-field photometry: a new approach,” J. Illum. Eng. Soc. 22, 163–180 (1993).

Avendan?o-Alejo, M.

Balenzategui, J. L.

J. L. Balenzategui and A. Marti, “Design of hemispherical cavities for LED-based illumination devices,” Appl. Phys. B 82, 75–80 (2006).
[Crossref]

Barry, J. R.

J. M. Kahn and J. R. Barry, “Wireless infrared communications,” Proc. IEEE 85, 265–298 (1997).
[Crossref]

Benitez, P.

P. Benitez and J. C. Min͂ano, “The Future of illumination design,” Optics & Photonics News 18, 20–25 (2007).
[Crossref]

Bennahmias, M.

M. Bennahmias, E. Arik, K. Yu, D. Voloshenko, K. Chua, R. Pradhan, T. Forrester, and T. Jannson, “Modeling of non-Lambertian sources in lighting applications,” SPIE 6669, 66691A (2007).
[Crossref]

Bierhuizen, S. J.

Cardoso, R.

A. Estrada-Hernandez, L. P. Gonzalez-Galvan, H. Zarate-Hernandez, R. Cardoso, and E. Rosas, “Luminous flux and correlated color temperature determination for LED sources,” SPIE 6422, 64220O (2007).
[Crossref]

Cassarly, W. J.

W. J. Cassarly, “LED modelling: pros and cons of common methods,” Photon. Tech Briefs IIa-2a (April 2002), special supplement to NASA Tech Briefs.

Chen, G.

D. W. K. Wong and G. Chen, “Illumination design of a white-light-emitting diode wireless transmission system,” Opt. Eng. 46, 085002 (2007).
[Crossref]

Chien, W. T.

C. C. Sun, I. Moreno, S. H. Chung, W. T. Chien, C. T. Hsieh, and T. H. Yang, “Brightness management in a direct LED backlight for LCD TVs,” J. Soc. Inf. Disp. In press (2007).

W. T. Chien, C. C. Sun, and I. Moreno, “Precise optical model of multi-chip white LEDs,” Opt. Express 15, 7572–7577 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Chua, K.

M. Bennahmias, E. Arik, K. Yu, D. Voloshenko, K. Chua, R. Pradhan, T. Forrester, and T. Jannson, “Modeling of non-Lambertian sources in lighting applications,” SPIE 6669, 66691A (2007).
[Crossref]

Chung, S. H.

C. C. Sun, I. Moreno, S. H. Chung, W. T. Chien, C. T. Hsieh, and T. H. Yang, “Brightness management in a direct LED backlight for LCD TVs,” J. Soc. Inf. Disp. In press (2007).

Contreras, U.

Daniel, C.

C. Daniel and F. S. Wood, Fitting equations to data: computer analysis of multifactor data (2nd ed.), (Wiley, New York, 1999).

Deller, C.

Deller, C. A.

C. A. Deller, J. B. Franklin, and G. B. Smith, “Lighting simulations using smoothed LED profiles compared with measured profiles,” SPIE 6337, 63370X (2006).
[Crossref]

Dou, L.

Y. Tu, S. Jin, Y. Wang, and L. Dou, “Color uniformity and data simulation in High-Power RGB LED modules using different LED-chips arrays,” SPIE 6828, 682816 (2007).
[Crossref]

Dubovikov, A. L.

Dumbrava, V.

L. Svilainis and V. Dumbrava, “LED Far Field Pattern Approximation Performance Study,” Information Technology Interfaces, 2007. ITI 2007. 29th International Conference on, 645–649 (2007).

Estrada-Hernandez, A.

A. Estrada-Hernandez, L. P. Gonzalez-Galvan, H. Zarate-Hernandez, R. Cardoso, and E. Rosas, “Luminous flux and correlated color temperature determination for LED sources,” SPIE 6422, 64220O (2007).
[Crossref]

Fischer, A. L.

A. L. Fischer, “LEDs and displays: Analytical method for computing color patterns in LEDs,” Photonics Spectra 41, 87–88 (June 2007).

Forrester, T.

M. Bennahmias, E. Arik, K. Yu, D. Voloshenko, K. Chua, R. Pradhan, T. Forrester, and T. Jannson, “Modeling of non-Lambertian sources in lighting applications,” SPIE 6669, 66691A (2007).
[Crossref]

Franklin, J.

Franklin, J. B.

C. A. Deller, J. B. Franklin, and G. B. Smith, “Lighting simulations using smoothed LED profiles compared with measured profiles,” SPIE 6337, 63370X (2006).
[Crossref]

Frate, M.

M. S. Kaminski, K. J. Garcia, M. A. Stevenson, M. Frate, and R. J. Koshel, “Advanced Topics in Source Modeling,” Proc. SPIE 4775, 46 (2002).
[Crossref]

Frolov, D. N.

Fu, L.

L. Fu, R. Leutz, and H. Ries, “Physical modeling of filament light sources,” J. Appl. Phys. 100, 103528 (2006).
[Crossref]

Garcia, K. J.

M. S. Kaminski, K. J. Garcia, M. A. Stevenson, M. Frate, and R. J. Koshel, “Advanced Topics in Source Modeling,” Proc. SPIE 4775, 46 (2002).
[Crossref]

Gaska, R.

A. Zukauskas, M. S. Schur, and R. Gaska, Introduction to Solid State Lighting (Wiley-Interscience, NY, 2002).

Gonzalez-Galvan, L. P.

A. Estrada-Hernandez, L. P. Gonzalez-Galvan, H. Zarate-Hernandez, R. Cardoso, and E. Rosas, “Luminous flux and correlated color temperature determination for LED sources,” SPIE 6422, 64220O (2007).
[Crossref]

Haack, U.

H. Zerfhau-Dreihöfer, U. Haack, T. Weber, and D. Wendt, “Light source modeling for automotive lighting devices,” Proc. SPIE 4775, 58 (2002).
[Crossref]

Harbers, G.

Hovila, J.

P. Manninen, J. Hovila, P. Kärhä, and E. Ikonen, “Method for analysing luminous intensity of light-emitting diodes,” Meas. Sci. Technol. 18, 223–229 (2007).
[Crossref]

Hsieh, C. T.

C. C. Sun, I. Moreno, S. H. Chung, W. T. Chien, C. T. Hsieh, and T. H. Yang, “Brightness management in a direct LED backlight for LCD TVs,” J. Soc. Inf. Disp. In press (2007).

Huang, S.M

Ikonen, E.

P. Manninen, J. Hovila, P. Kärhä, and E. Ikonen, “Method for analysing luminous intensity of light-emitting diodes,” Meas. Sci. Technol. 18, 223–229 (2007).
[Crossref]

Inoue, N.

T. Matsumoto, N. Inoue, and M. Suzuki, “Optimum arrangement of LEDs in base station of optical wireless LANs,” SPIE 6134, 613403 (2006).
[Crossref]

Ivanov, R.

I. Moreno, J. Muñoz, and R. Ivanov, “Uniform illumination of distant targets using a spherical light-emitting diode array,” Opt. Eng. 46, 033001 (2007).
[Crossref]

Jannson, T.

M. Bennahmias, E. Arik, K. Yu, D. Voloshenko, K. Chua, R. Pradhan, T. Forrester, and T. Jannson, “Modeling of non-Lambertian sources in lighting applications,” SPIE 6669, 66691A (2007).
[Crossref]

Jenkins, D. R.

D. R. Jenkins and H. Monch, “Source Imaging Goniometer Method of Light Source Characterization for Accurate Projection System Design,” SID Symposium Digest 31, 862–865 (2000).
[Crossref]

Jin, S.

Y. Tu, S. Jin, Y. Wang, and L. Dou, “Color uniformity and data simulation in High-Power RGB LED modules using different LED-chips arrays,” SPIE 6828, 682816 (2007).
[Crossref]

Jongewaard, M.

M. Jongewaard, “Guide to selecting the appropriate type of light source model,” Proc. SPIE 4775, 86–98 (2002).
[Crossref]

Kahn, J. M.

J. M. Kahn and J. R. Barry, “Wireless infrared communications,” Proc. IEEE 85, 265–298 (1997).
[Crossref]

Kaminski, M. S.

M. S. Kaminski, K. J. Garcia, M. A. Stevenson, M. Frate, and R. J. Koshel, “Advanced Topics in Source Modeling,” Proc. SPIE 4775, 46 (2002).
[Crossref]

Kärhä, P.

P. Manninen, J. Hovila, P. Kärhä, and E. Ikonen, “Method for analysing luminous intensity of light-emitting diodes,” Meas. Sci. Technol. 18, 223–229 (2007).
[Crossref]

Kim, D. H.

C. G. Lee, C. S. Park, J. H. Kim, and D. H. Kim, “Experimental verification of optical wireless communication link using high-brightness illumination light-emitting diodes,” Opt. Eng. 46, 125005 (2007).
[Crossref]

Kim, J. H.

C. G. Lee, C. S. Park, J. H. Kim, and D. H. Kim, “Experimental verification of optical wireless communication link using high-brightness illumination light-emitting diodes,” Opt. Eng. 46, 125005 (2007).
[Crossref]

Kim, J. K.

E. F. Schubert, J. K. Kim, H. Luo, and J. Q. Xi, “Solid-state lighting—a benevolent technology,” Rep. Prog. Phys. 69, 3069–3099 (2006).
[Crossref]

E. F. Schubert and J. K. Kim, “Solid-state light sources getting smart,” Science 308, 1274–1278 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Kogan, L. M.

Koshel, R. J.

M. S. Kaminski, K. J. Garcia, M. A. Stevenson, M. Frate, and R. J. Koshel, “Advanced Topics in Source Modeling,” Proc. SPIE 4775, 46 (2002).
[Crossref]

Krames, M. R.

Lee, C. G.

C. G. Lee, C. S. Park, J. H. Kim, and D. H. Kim, “Experimental verification of optical wireless communication link using high-brightness illumination light-emitting diodes,” Opt. Eng. 46, 125005 (2007).
[Crossref]

Lee, T. X.

C. C. Sun, T. X. Lee, S. H. Ma, Y. L. Lee, and S.M Huang, “Precise optical modeling for LED lighting verified by cross correlation in the midfield region,” Opt. Lett. 31, 2193–2195 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

C. C. Sun, C. Y. Lin, T. X. Lee, and T. H. Yang, “Enhancement of light extraction of GaN-based light-emitting diodes with a microstructure array,” Opt. Eng. 43, 1700–1701 (2004).
[Crossref]

Lee, Y. L.

Leutz, R.

L. Fu, R. Leutz, and H. Ries, “Physical modeling of filament light sources,” J. Appl. Phys. 100, 103528 (2006).
[Crossref]

Lin, C. Y.

C. C. Sun, C. Y. Lin, T. X. Lee, and T. H. Yang, “Enhancement of light extraction of GaN-based light-emitting diodes with a microstructure array,” Opt. Eng. 43, 1700–1701 (2004).
[Crossref]

Lin, T.

J. Xu, Z. Xiao, and T. Lin, “The Design of Microscope Field Illumination System Based on LED” SPIE 6841, 68410U (2007).
[Crossref]

Lischka, K.

S. Preuss, D. Potthoff, T. Preuss, and K. Lischka, “LED encapsulation- a new approach of rear light design,” SPIE 6198, 61980I (2006).
[Crossref]

Liu, Y.

C. Ye, Y. Liu, and F. Yu, “New Illumination Patterns in Microscopes” SPIE 6033, 60330L (2005).
[Crossref]

Luo, H.

E. F. Schubert, J. K. Kim, H. Luo, and J. Q. Xi, “Solid-state lighting—a benevolent technology,” Rep. Prog. Phys. 69, 3069–3099 (2006).
[Crossref]

Ma, S. H.

Man, K.

K. Man and I. Ashdown, “Accurate colorimetric feedback for RGB LED clusters,” SPIE 6337, 633702 (2006).
[Crossref]

Manninen, P.

P. Manninen, J. Hovila, P. Kärhä, and E. Ikonen, “Method for analysing luminous intensity of light-emitting diodes,” Meas. Sci. Technol. 18, 223–229 (2007).
[Crossref]

Marti, A.

J. L. Balenzategui and A. Marti, “Design of hemispherical cavities for LED-based illumination devices,” Appl. Phys. B 82, 75–80 (2006).
[Crossref]

Martinez, J.

Matsumoto, T.

T. Matsumoto, N. Inoue, and M. Suzuki, “Optimum arrangement of LEDs in base station of optical wireless LANs,” SPIE 6134, 613403 (2006).
[Crossref]

Min?ano, J. C.

P. Benitez and J. C. Min͂ano, “The Future of illumination design,” Optics & Photonics News 18, 20–25 (2007).
[Crossref]

Monch, H.

D. R. Jenkins and H. Monch, “Source Imaging Goniometer Method of Light Source Characterization for Accurate Projection System Design,” SID Symposium Digest 31, 862–865 (2000).
[Crossref]

Moreno, I.

I. Moreno and U. Contreras, “Color distribution of multicolor LED arrays,” Opt. Express 15, 3607–3618 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

W. T. Chien, C. C. Sun, and I. Moreno, “Precise optical model of multi-chip white LEDs,” Opt. Express 15, 7572–7577 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

I. Moreno, “Color tunable hybrid lamp: LED-incandescent and LED-fluorescent,” SPIE 6422, 64220N (2007).
[Crossref]

I. Moreno, J. Muñoz, and R. Ivanov, “Uniform illumination of distant targets using a spherical light-emitting diode array,” Opt. Eng. 46, 033001 (2007).
[Crossref]

C. C. Sun, I. Moreno, S. H. Chung, W. T. Chien, C. T. Hsieh, and T. H. Yang, “Brightness management in a direct LED backlight for LCD TVs,” J. Soc. Inf. Disp. In press (2007).

I. Moreno, M. Avendan͂o-Alejo, and R. I. Tzonchev, “Designing light-emitting diode arrays for uniform nearfield irradiance,” Appl. Opt. 45, 2265–2272 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

I. Moreno, “Spatial distribution of LED radiation,” Proc. SPIE 6342, 634216 (2006).
[Crossref]

Muñoz, J.

I. Moreno, J. Muñoz, and R. Ivanov, “Uniform illumination of distant targets using a spherical light-emitting diode array,” Opt. Eng. 46, 033001 (2007).
[Crossref]

Nakagawa, M.

M. Akanegawa, Y. Tanaka, and M. Nakagawa, “Basic study on traffic information system using LED traffic lights,” IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems 2, 197–203 (2001).
[Crossref]

Narukawa, Y.

Y. Narukawa, “White-light LEDs,” Opt. Photon. News 15, 24–29 (2004).

Natarovskii, S. N.

Nemkova, O. N.

Papchenko, B. P.

Park, C. S.

C. G. Lee, C. S. Park, J. H. Kim, and D. H. Kim, “Experimental verification of optical wireless communication link using high-brightness illumination light-emitting diodes,” Opt. Eng. 46, 125005 (2007).
[Crossref]

Pizarro, C.

Potthoff, D.

S. Preuss, D. Potthoff, T. Preuss, and K. Lischka, “LED encapsulation- a new approach of rear light design,” SPIE 6198, 61980I (2006).
[Crossref]

Pradhan, R.

M. Bennahmias, E. Arik, K. Yu, D. Voloshenko, K. Chua, R. Pradhan, T. Forrester, and T. Jannson, “Modeling of non-Lambertian sources in lighting applications,” SPIE 6669, 66691A (2007).
[Crossref]

Preuss, S.

S. Preuss, D. Potthoff, T. Preuss, and K. Lischka, “LED encapsulation- a new approach of rear light design,” SPIE 6198, 61980I (2006).
[Crossref]

Preuss, T.

S. Preuss, D. Potthoff, T. Preuss, and K. Lischka, “LED encapsulation- a new approach of rear light design,” SPIE 6198, 61980I (2006).
[Crossref]

Repin, S. S.

Ries, H.

L. Fu, R. Leutz, and H. Ries, “Physical modeling of filament light sources,” J. Appl. Phys. 100, 103528 (2006).
[Crossref]

Rosas, E.

A. Estrada-Hernandez, L. P. Gonzalez-Galvan, H. Zarate-Hernandez, R. Cardoso, and E. Rosas, “Luminous flux and correlated color temperature determination for LED sources,” SPIE 6422, 64220O (2007).
[Crossref]

Royo, S.

Schubert, E. F.

E. F. Schubert, J. K. Kim, H. Luo, and J. Q. Xi, “Solid-state lighting—a benevolent technology,” Rep. Prog. Phys. 69, 3069–3099 (2006).
[Crossref]

E. F. Schubert and J. K. Kim, “Solid-state light sources getting smart,” Science 308, 1274–1278 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Schur, M. S.

A. Zukauskas, M. S. Schur, and R. Gaska, Introduction to Solid State Lighting (Wiley-Interscience, NY, 2002).

Selezneva, T. F.

Siegel, M. W.

M. W. Siegel and R. D. Stock, “General near-zone light source model and its application to computerautomated reflector design,” Opt. Eng. 35, 2661–2679 (1996).
[Crossref]

R. D. Stock and M. W. Siegel, “Orientation invariant light source parameters,” Opt. Eng. 35, 2651 (1996).
[Crossref]

Skobeleva, N. B.

Smith, G.

Smith, G. B.

C. A. Deller, J. B. Franklin, and G. B. Smith, “Lighting simulations using smoothed LED profiles compared with measured profiles,” SPIE 6337, 63370X (2006).
[Crossref]

Steckl, A. J.

Stevenson, M. A.

M. S. Kaminski, K. J. Garcia, M. A. Stevenson, M. Frate, and R. J. Koshel, “Advanced Topics in Source Modeling,” Proc. SPIE 4775, 46 (2002).
[Crossref]

Stock, R. D.

M. W. Siegel and R. D. Stock, “General near-zone light source model and its application to computerautomated reflector design,” Opt. Eng. 35, 2661–2679 (1996).
[Crossref]

R. D. Stock and M. W. Siegel, “Orientation invariant light source parameters,” Opt. Eng. 35, 2651 (1996).
[Crossref]

Sun, C. C.

W. T. Chien, C. C. Sun, and I. Moreno, “Precise optical model of multi-chip white LEDs,” Opt. Express 15, 7572–7577 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

C. C. Sun, I. Moreno, S. H. Chung, W. T. Chien, C. T. Hsieh, and T. H. Yang, “Brightness management in a direct LED backlight for LCD TVs,” J. Soc. Inf. Disp. In press (2007).

C. C. Sun, T. X. Lee, S. H. Ma, Y. L. Lee, and S.M Huang, “Precise optical modeling for LED lighting verified by cross correlation in the midfield region,” Opt. Lett. 31, 2193–2195 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

C. C. Sun, C. Y. Lin, T. X. Lee, and T. H. Yang, “Enhancement of light extraction of GaN-based light-emitting diodes with a microstructure array,” Opt. Eng. 43, 1700–1701 (2004).
[Crossref]

Suzuki, M.

T. Matsumoto, N. Inoue, and M. Suzuki, “Optimum arrangement of LEDs in base station of optical wireless LANs,” SPIE 6134, 613403 (2006).
[Crossref]

Svilainis, L.

L. Svilainis and V. Dumbrava, “LED Far Field Pattern Approximation Performance Study,” Information Technology Interfaces, 2007. ITI 2007. 29th International Conference on, 645–649 (2007).

Taguchi, T.

Y. Uchida and T. Taguchi, “Lighting theory and luminous characteristics of white light-emitting diodes,” Opt. Eng. 44, 124003 (2005).
[Crossref]

Tanaka, Y.

M. Akanegawa, Y. Tanaka, and M. Nakagawa, “Basic study on traffic information system using LED traffic lights,” IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems 2, 197–203 (2001).
[Crossref]

Teng, Y. T.

J. W. Whang and Y. T. Teng, “Uniform illumination system with desired emitting angle,” SID Conf. Rec. Int. Display Res. Conf., 100–103 (2006).

Tryka, S.

Tu, Y.

Y. Tu, S. Jin, Y. Wang, and L. Dou, “Color uniformity and data simulation in High-Power RGB LED modules using different LED-chips arrays,” SPIE 6828, 682816 (2007).
[Crossref]

Tzonchev, R. I.

Uchida, Y.

Y. Uchida and T. Taguchi, “Lighting theory and luminous characteristics of white light-emitting diodes,” Opt. Eng. 44, 124003 (2005).
[Crossref]

Volkova, M. A.

Voloshenko, D.

M. Bennahmias, E. Arik, K. Yu, D. Voloshenko, K. Chua, R. Pradhan, T. Forrester, and T. Jannson, “Modeling of non-Lambertian sources in lighting applications,” SPIE 6669, 66691A (2007).
[Crossref]

Wang, Y.

Y. Tu, S. Jin, Y. Wang, and L. Dou, “Color uniformity and data simulation in High-Power RGB LED modules using different LED-chips arrays,” SPIE 6828, 682816 (2007).
[Crossref]

Weber, T.

H. Zerfhau-Dreihöfer, U. Haack, T. Weber, and D. Wendt, “Light source modeling for automotive lighting devices,” Proc. SPIE 4775, 58 (2002).
[Crossref]

Wendt, D.

H. Zerfhau-Dreihöfer, U. Haack, T. Weber, and D. Wendt, “Light source modeling for automotive lighting devices,” Proc. SPIE 4775, 58 (2002).
[Crossref]

Whang, J. W.

J. W. Whang and Y. T. Teng, “Uniform illumination system with desired emitting angle,” SID Conf. Rec. Int. Display Res. Conf., 100–103 (2006).

Wong, D. W. K.

D. W. K. Wong and G. Chen, “Illumination design of a white-light-emitting diode wireless transmission system,” Opt. Eng. 46, 085002 (2007).
[Crossref]

Wood, F. S.

C. Daniel and F. S. Wood, Fitting equations to data: computer analysis of multifactor data (2nd ed.), (Wiley, New York, 1999).

Xi, J. Q.

E. F. Schubert, J. K. Kim, H. Luo, and J. Q. Xi, “Solid-state lighting—a benevolent technology,” Rep. Prog. Phys. 69, 3069–3099 (2006).
[Crossref]

Xiao, Z.

J. Xu, Z. Xiao, and T. Lin, “The Design of Microscope Field Illumination System Based on LED” SPIE 6841, 68410U (2007).
[Crossref]

Xu, J.

J. Xu, Z. Xiao, and T. Lin, “The Design of Microscope Field Illumination System Based on LED” SPIE 6841, 68410U (2007).
[Crossref]

Yang, T. H.

C. C. Sun, I. Moreno, S. H. Chung, W. T. Chien, C. T. Hsieh, and T. H. Yang, “Brightness management in a direct LED backlight for LCD TVs,” J. Soc. Inf. Disp. In press (2007).

C. C. Sun, C. Y. Lin, T. X. Lee, and T. H. Yang, “Enhancement of light extraction of GaN-based light-emitting diodes with a microstructure array,” Opt. Eng. 43, 1700–1701 (2004).
[Crossref]

Ye, C.

C. Ye, Y. Liu, and F. Yu, “New Illumination Patterns in Microscopes” SPIE 6033, 60330L (2005).
[Crossref]

Young, R.

R. Young, “Measuring light emission from LEDs,” SPIE 6355, 63550H (2006).
[Crossref]

Yu, F.

C. Ye, Y. Liu, and F. Yu, “New Illumination Patterns in Microscopes” SPIE 6033, 60330L (2005).
[Crossref]

Yu, K.

M. Bennahmias, E. Arik, K. Yu, D. Voloshenko, K. Chua, R. Pradhan, T. Forrester, and T. Jannson, “Modeling of non-Lambertian sources in lighting applications,” SPIE 6669, 66691A (2007).
[Crossref]

Zarate-Hernandez, H.

A. Estrada-Hernandez, L. P. Gonzalez-Galvan, H. Zarate-Hernandez, R. Cardoso, and E. Rosas, “Luminous flux and correlated color temperature determination for LED sources,” SPIE 6422, 64220O (2007).
[Crossref]

Zerfhau-Dreihöfer, H.

H. Zerfhau-Dreihöfer, U. Haack, T. Weber, and D. Wendt, “Light source modeling for automotive lighting devices,” Proc. SPIE 4775, 58 (2002).
[Crossref]

Zlatina, S. V.

Zukauskas, A.

A. Zukauskas, M. S. Schur, and R. Gaska, Introduction to Solid State Lighting (Wiley-Interscience, NY, 2002).

Appl. Opt. (2)

Appl. Phys. B (1)

J. L. Balenzategui and A. Marti, “Design of hemispherical cavities for LED-based illumination devices,” Appl. Phys. B 82, 75–80 (2006).
[Crossref]

IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems (1)

M. Akanegawa, Y. Tanaka, and M. Nakagawa, “Basic study on traffic information system using LED traffic lights,” IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems 2, 197–203 (2001).
[Crossref]

J. Appl. Phys. (1)

L. Fu, R. Leutz, and H. Ries, “Physical modeling of filament light sources,” J. Appl. Phys. 100, 103528 (2006).
[Crossref]

J. Display Technol. (2)

J. Illum. Eng. Soc. (1)

I. Ashdown, “Near-field photometry: a new approach,” J. Illum. Eng. Soc. 22, 163–180 (1993).

J. Opt. Technol. (2)

J. Soc. Inf. Disp. (1)

C. C. Sun, I. Moreno, S. H. Chung, W. T. Chien, C. T. Hsieh, and T. H. Yang, “Brightness management in a direct LED backlight for LCD TVs,” J. Soc. Inf. Disp. In press (2007).

Meas. Sci. Technol. (1)

P. Manninen, J. Hovila, P. Kärhä, and E. Ikonen, “Method for analysing luminous intensity of light-emitting diodes,” Meas. Sci. Technol. 18, 223–229 (2007).
[Crossref]

Opt. Eng. (7)

M. W. Siegel and R. D. Stock, “General near-zone light source model and its application to computerautomated reflector design,” Opt. Eng. 35, 2661–2679 (1996).
[Crossref]

R. D. Stock and M. W. Siegel, “Orientation invariant light source parameters,” Opt. Eng. 35, 2651 (1996).
[Crossref]

C. G. Lee, C. S. Park, J. H. Kim, and D. H. Kim, “Experimental verification of optical wireless communication link using high-brightness illumination light-emitting diodes,” Opt. Eng. 46, 125005 (2007).
[Crossref]

C. C. Sun, C. Y. Lin, T. X. Lee, and T. H. Yang, “Enhancement of light extraction of GaN-based light-emitting diodes with a microstructure array,” Opt. Eng. 43, 1700–1701 (2004).
[Crossref]

D. W. K. Wong and G. Chen, “Illumination design of a white-light-emitting diode wireless transmission system,” Opt. Eng. 46, 085002 (2007).
[Crossref]

Y. Uchida and T. Taguchi, “Lighting theory and luminous characteristics of white light-emitting diodes,” Opt. Eng. 44, 124003 (2005).
[Crossref]

I. Moreno, J. Muñoz, and R. Ivanov, “Uniform illumination of distant targets using a spherical light-emitting diode array,” Opt. Eng. 46, 033001 (2007).
[Crossref]

Opt. Express (5)

Opt. Lett. (1)

Opt. Photon. News (1)

Y. Narukawa, “White-light LEDs,” Opt. Photon. News 15, 24–29 (2004).

Optics & Photonics News (1)

P. Benitez and J. C. Min͂ano, “The Future of illumination design,” Optics & Photonics News 18, 20–25 (2007).
[Crossref]

Photonics Spectra (1)

A. L. Fischer, “LEDs and displays: Analytical method for computing color patterns in LEDs,” Photonics Spectra 41, 87–88 (June 2007).

Proc. IEEE (1)

J. M. Kahn and J. R. Barry, “Wireless infrared communications,” Proc. IEEE 85, 265–298 (1997).
[Crossref]

Proc. SPIE (4)

M. S. Kaminski, K. J. Garcia, M. A. Stevenson, M. Frate, and R. J. Koshel, “Advanced Topics in Source Modeling,” Proc. SPIE 4775, 46 (2002).
[Crossref]

H. Zerfhau-Dreihöfer, U. Haack, T. Weber, and D. Wendt, “Light source modeling for automotive lighting devices,” Proc. SPIE 4775, 58 (2002).
[Crossref]

M. Jongewaard, “Guide to selecting the appropriate type of light source model,” Proc. SPIE 4775, 86–98 (2002).
[Crossref]

I. Moreno, “Spatial distribution of LED radiation,” Proc. SPIE 6342, 634216 (2006).
[Crossref]

Rep. Prog. Phys. (1)

E. F. Schubert, J. K. Kim, H. Luo, and J. Q. Xi, “Solid-state lighting—a benevolent technology,” Rep. Prog. Phys. 69, 3069–3099 (2006).
[Crossref]

Science (1)

E. F. Schubert and J. K. Kim, “Solid-state light sources getting smart,” Science 308, 1274–1278 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

SID Symposium Digest (1)

D. R. Jenkins and H. Monch, “Source Imaging Goniometer Method of Light Source Characterization for Accurate Projection System Design,” SID Symposium Digest 31, 862–865 (2000).
[Crossref]

SPIE (11)

S. Preuss, D. Potthoff, T. Preuss, and K. Lischka, “LED encapsulation- a new approach of rear light design,” SPIE 6198, 61980I (2006).
[Crossref]

A. Estrada-Hernandez, L. P. Gonzalez-Galvan, H. Zarate-Hernandez, R. Cardoso, and E. Rosas, “Luminous flux and correlated color temperature determination for LED sources,” SPIE 6422, 64220O (2007).
[Crossref]

R. Young, “Measuring light emission from LEDs,” SPIE 6355, 63550H (2006).
[Crossref]

T. Matsumoto, N. Inoue, and M. Suzuki, “Optimum arrangement of LEDs in base station of optical wireless LANs,” SPIE 6134, 613403 (2006).
[Crossref]

K. Man and I. Ashdown, “Accurate colorimetric feedback for RGB LED clusters,” SPIE 6337, 633702 (2006).
[Crossref]

C. A. Deller, J. B. Franklin, and G. B. Smith, “Lighting simulations using smoothed LED profiles compared with measured profiles,” SPIE 6337, 63370X (2006).
[Crossref]

C. Ye, Y. Liu, and F. Yu, “New Illumination Patterns in Microscopes” SPIE 6033, 60330L (2005).
[Crossref]

J. Xu, Z. Xiao, and T. Lin, “The Design of Microscope Field Illumination System Based on LED” SPIE 6841, 68410U (2007).
[Crossref]

I. Moreno, “Color tunable hybrid lamp: LED-incandescent and LED-fluorescent,” SPIE 6422, 64220N (2007).
[Crossref]

Y. Tu, S. Jin, Y. Wang, and L. Dou, “Color uniformity and data simulation in High-Power RGB LED modules using different LED-chips arrays,” SPIE 6828, 682816 (2007).
[Crossref]

M. Bennahmias, E. Arik, K. Yu, D. Voloshenko, K. Chua, R. Pradhan, T. Forrester, and T. Jannson, “Modeling of non-Lambertian sources in lighting applications,” SPIE 6669, 66691A (2007).
[Crossref]

Other (6)

L. Svilainis and V. Dumbrava, “LED Far Field Pattern Approximation Performance Study,” Information Technology Interfaces, 2007. ITI 2007. 29th International Conference on, 645–649 (2007).

J. W. Whang and Y. T. Teng, “Uniform illumination system with desired emitting angle,” SID Conf. Rec. Int. Display Res. Conf., 100–103 (2006).

C. Daniel and F. S. Wood, Fitting equations to data: computer analysis of multifactor data (2nd ed.), (Wiley, New York, 1999).

A. Zukauskas, M. S. Schur, and R. Gaska, Introduction to Solid State Lighting (Wiley-Interscience, NY, 2002).

W. J. Cassarly, “LED modelling: pros and cons of common methods,” Photon. Tech Briefs IIa-2a (April 2002), special supplement to NASA Tech Briefs.

Application brief AB20-5, “Secondary Optics Design Considerations for SuperFlux LEDs” Philips Lumileds.

Cited By

OSA participates in Crossref's Cited-By Linking service. Citing articles from OSA journals and other participating publishers are listed here.

Alert me when this article is cited.


Figures (3)

Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Three radiation patterns of some major manufacturers. (a) and (b) NSPW345CS from Nichia. (c) and (d) XLamp® XR-E LED from Cree. (e) and (f) LUXEON® Rebel from Lumileds Philips. (a), (c), and (e) are the modeled three-dimensional radiation patterns. (b), (d), and (f) are a comparison between modeled and manufacturer reported radiation pattern. UB-Upper bound, LB-Lower bound, and XX and YY are two perpendicular azimuthal directions.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. Other radiation patterns of some major manufacturers. (a) and (b) LUXEON® K2 from Lumileds Philips. (c) and (d) EdiPower™ Emitter 3-RD-01-H0001 LED from Edison. (e) and (f) FIREFLY® Hyper-Bright LB-V19G LED from OSRAM. (a), (c), and (e) are the modeled three-dimensional radiation patterns. (b), (d), and (f) are a comparison between modeled and manufacturer reported radiation pattern. UB-Upper bound, LB-Lower bound, and V and H are the vertical and horizontal directions.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. Other radiation patterns of some major manufacturers. (a) and (b) LUXEON® Side Emitter from Lumileds Philips. (c) and (d) LUXEON® Batwing from Lumileds Philips. (e) and (f) Z-Power Side Emitter LED from Seoul Semiconductor. (a), (c), and (e) are the modeled three-dimensional radiation patterns. (b), (d), and (f) are a comparison between modeled and manufacturer reported radiation pattern. UB-Upper bound, LB-Lower bound.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Equations (14)

Equations on this page are rendered with MathJax. Learn more.

I ( θ ) = ∑ i g 1 i exp ( − ln 2 ( ∣ θ ∣ − g 2 i g 3 i ) 2 ) ,
I ( θ ) = ∑ i c 1 i cos ( ∣ θ ∣ − c 2 i ) c 3 i .
I ( θ , ϕ ) = ∑ i g 1 i exp [ − ( ln 2 ) ( ∣ θ ∣ − g 2 i ) 2 ( cos 2 ϕ ( g 3 i ) 2 + sin 2 ϕ ( g 4 i ) 2 ) ] ,
I ( θ , ϕ ) = ∑ i c 1 i cos [ ∣ θ ∣ − ( c 2 i cos 2 ϕ + c 3 i sin 2 ϕ ) ] c 4 i .
I ( θ , ϕ ) A = [ Φ 0 ∫ 4 π I ( θ , ϕ ) d Ω ] I ( θ , ϕ ) .
RMS = 1 M ∑ i ∑ j [ I ( θ i , ϕ j ) m - I ( θ i , ϕ j ) e ] 2 .
NCC = ∑ i ∑ j ⌊ I ( θ i , ϕ j ) m − I ¯ m ⌋ ⌊ I ( θ i , ϕ j ) e − I ¯ e ⌋ ∑ i ∑ j [ I ( θ i , ϕ j ) m − I ¯ m ] 2 ∑ i ∑ j [ I ( θ i , ϕ j ) e − I ¯ e ] 2 ,
I ( θ ) = g 1 1 [ exp ( − ln 2 ( θ + g 2 1 g 3 1 ) 2 ) + exp ( − ln 2 ( θ − g 2 1 g 3 1 ) 2 ) ] + g 1 2 exp ( − ln 2 ( ∣ θ ∣ − g 2 2 g 3 2 ) 2 )
= h 1 1 exp [ − ln 2 ( θ h 3 1 ) 2 ] cosh ( h 2 1 θ ) + g 1 2 exp ( − ln 2 ( ∣ θ ∣ − g 2 2 g 3 2 ) 2 ) ,
E ( r , θ , ϕ ) = I ( θ , ϕ ) cos θ r 2 ,
E ( x , y , z ) = z ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 3 2 I [ θ ( x , y , z ) , ϕ ( x , y ) ] ,
θ ( x , y , z ) = arctan [ x 2 + y 2 z ] ,
ϕ ( x , y ) = arctan ( y x ) .
E ( x , y , z ) A = 120 z ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 3 2 ∑ i = 1 2 g 1 i exp { − ln 2 [ ∣ arctan ( z − 1 x 2 + y 2 ) ∣ − g 2 i g 3 i ] 2 } ,

Metrics