Abstract

An approach that uses an electro-optically tunable two dimensional phase grating to enhance the resolution in digital holographic microscopy is proposed. We show that, by means of a flexible hexagonal phase grating, it is possible to increase the numerical aperture of the imaging system, thus improving the spatial resolution of the images in two dimensions. The augment of the numerical aperture of the optical system is obtained by recording spatially multiplexed digital holograms. The grating tuneability allows one to adjust the intensity among the spatially multiplexed holograms maximizing the grating diffraction efficiency. Furthermore we demonstrate that the flexibility of the numerical reconstruction allows one to use selectively the diffraction orders carrying useful information for increasing the spatial resolution. The proposed approach can improve the capabilities of digital holography in three-dimensional imaging and microscopy.

©2008 Optical Society of America

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References

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  1. B. Kemper and G. von Bally, “Digital holographic microscopy for live cell applications and technical inspection,” Appl. Opt. 47, A52–A61 (2008)
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  2. B. Rappaz, F. Charrière, C. Depeursinge, P. J. Magistretti, and P. Marquet, “Simultaneous cell morphometry and refractive index measurement with dual-wavelength digital holographic microscopy and dye-enhanced dispersion of perfusion medium,” Opt. Lett. 33, 744–746 (2008)
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  3. P. Ferraro, D. Alferi, S. De Nicola, L. De Petrocellis, A. Finizio, and G. Pierattini, “Quantitative phase-contrast microscopy by a lateral shear approach to digital holographic image reconstruction,” Opt. Lett. 31, 1405–1407 (2006)
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  4. W. M. Ash III and M. K. Kim, “A Demonstration of Total Internal Reflection Holographic Microscopy for the Study of Cellular Motion,” in Digital Holography and Three-Dimensional Imaging, OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2008), paper DTuB6.
  5. L. Xu, X. Peng, J. Miao, and A. K. Asundi, “Studies of Digital Microscopic Holography with Applications to Microstructure Testing,” Appl. Opt. 40, 5046–5051 (2001)
    [Crossref]
  6. P. Ferraro, S. Grilli, D. Alfieri, S. De Nicola, A. Finizio, G. Pierattini, B. Javidi, G. Coppola, and V. Striano, “Extended focused image in microscopy by digital Holography,” Opt. Express 13, 6738–6749 (2005)
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  7. F. Dubois, N. Callens, C. Yourassowsky, M. Hoyos, P. Kurowski, and O. Monnom, “Digital holographic microscopy with reduced spatial coherence for three-dimensional particle flow analysis,” Appl. Opt. 45, 864–871 (2006)
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  8. J. Garcia-Sucerquia, W. Xu, S. K. Jericho, P. Klages, M. H. Jericho, and H. J. Kreuzer, “Digital in-line holographic microscopy,” Appl. Opt. 45, 836–850 (2006)
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  9. Y. Park, G. Popescu, K. Badizadegan, R. R. Dasari, and M. S. Feld, “Fresnel particle tracing in three dimensions using diffraction phase microscopy,” Opt. Lett. 32, 811–813 (2007)
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  10. L. Repetto, E. Piano, and C. Pontiggia, “Lensless digital holographic microscope with light-emitting diode illumination,” Opt. Lett. 29, 1132–1134 (2004)
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  11. P. Picart, J. Leval, D. Mounier, and S. Gougeon, “Time-averaged digital holography,” Opt. Lett. 28, 1900–1902 (2003)
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  12. N. Demoli and I. Demoli, “Dynamic modal characterization of musical instruments using digital holography,” Opt. Express 13, 4812–4817 (2005) http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-13-13-4812
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  13. S. De Nicola, P. Ferraro, S. Grilli, L. Miccio, R. Meucci, P. K. Buah-Bassuahc, and F. T. Arecchi, “Infrared digital reflective-holographic 3D shape measurements,” Opt. Commun. 281, 1445–1449 (2008).
    [Crossref]
  14. N. George, K. Khare, and W. Chi, “Infrared holography using a microbolometer array,” Appl. Opt. 47, A7–A12 (2008)
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  15. L. Repetto, R. Chittofrati, E. Piano, and C. Pontiggia, “Infrared lensless holographic microscope with a vidicon camera for inspection of metallic evaporations on silicon wafers” Opt. Commun. 251, 44–50 (2005)
    [Crossref]
  16. G. Pedrini, F. Zhang, and W. Osten, “Digital holographic microscopy in the deep (193 nm) ultraviolet,” Appl. Opt. 46, 7829–7835 (2007)
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  17. J. H. Massig, “Digital off-axis holography with a synthetic aperture,” Opt. Lett. 27, 2179–2181 (2002).
    [Crossref]
  18. A. Alexandrov Sergey, R. Hillman Timothy, Thomas Gutzler, and D. Sampson David, “Synthetic Aperture Fourier Holographic Optical Microscopy,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 168102 (2006)
    [Crossref]
  19. Y. Kuznetsova, A. Neumann, and S. R. Brueck, “Imaging interferometric microscopy-approaching the linear systems limits of optical resolution,” Opt. Express 15, 6651–6663 (2007) http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-15-11-6651
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  20. Vicente Mico, Zeev Zalevsky, Pascuala García-Martínez, and Javier García, “Superresolved imaging in digital holography by superposition of tilted wavefronts, ” Appl. Opt. 45, 822–828 (2006)
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  21. L. Martínez-León and B. Javidi, “Synthetic aperture single-exposure on-axis digital holography,” Opt. Express 16, 161–169 (2008) http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-16-1-161
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  22. F. Le Clerc, M. Gross, and L. Collot, “Synthetic-aperture experiment in the visible with on-axis digital heterodyne holography,” Opt. Lett. 26, 1550–1552 (2001)
    [Crossref]
  23. Renaud Binet, Joseph Colineau, and Jean-Claude Lehureau, “Short-Range Synthetic Aperture Imaging at 633 nm by Digital Holography,” Appl. Opt. 41, 4775–4782 (2002)
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  24. C. Liu, Z. Liu, F. Bo, Y. Wang, and J. Zhu, “Super-resolution digital holographic imaging method,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 81, 3143 (2002).
    [Crossref]
  25. S. Grilli, M. Paturzo, L. Miccio, and P. Ferraro, “In situ investigation of periodic poling in congruent LiNbO3 by quantitative interference microscopy,” Measurement and Science Technology, (in press) (June 2008)
  26. M. Paturzo, P. De Natale, S. De Nicola, P. Ferraro, S. Mailis, R. W. Eason, G. Coppola, M. Iodice, and M. Gioffré, “Tunable two-dimensional hexagonal phase array in domain-engineered Z-cut lithium niobate crystal,” Opt. Lett. 31, 3164–3166 (2006)
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  27. M. Paturzo, S. Grilli, S. Mailis, G. Coppola, M. Iodice, M. Gioffré, and P. Ferraro, “Flexible coherent diffraction lithography by tunable phase arrays in lithium niobate crystals,” Opt. Commun. 281, 1950–1953 (2008)
    [Crossref]
  28. F. Zhang, I. Yamaguchi, and L. P. Yaroslavsky, “Algorithm for reconstruction of digital holograms with adjustable magnification,” Opt. Lett. 29, 1668–1670 (2004).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  29. F. Zhang, G. Pedrini, and W. Osten, “ Reconstruction algorithm for high-numerical-aperture holograms with diffraction-limited resolution,” Opt. Lett. 31, 1633–1635 (2006).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]

2008 (6)

2007 (3)

2006 (7)

A. Alexandrov Sergey, R. Hillman Timothy, Thomas Gutzler, and D. Sampson David, “Synthetic Aperture Fourier Holographic Optical Microscopy,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 168102 (2006)
[Crossref]

Vicente Mico, Zeev Zalevsky, Pascuala García-Martínez, and Javier García, “Superresolved imaging in digital holography by superposition of tilted wavefronts, ” Appl. Opt. 45, 822–828 (2006)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Garcia-Sucerquia, W. Xu, S. K. Jericho, P. Klages, M. H. Jericho, and H. J. Kreuzer, “Digital in-line holographic microscopy,” Appl. Opt. 45, 836–850 (2006)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

F. Dubois, N. Callens, C. Yourassowsky, M. Hoyos, P. Kurowski, and O. Monnom, “Digital holographic microscopy with reduced spatial coherence for three-dimensional particle flow analysis,” Appl. Opt. 45, 864–871 (2006)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

P. Ferraro, D. Alferi, S. De Nicola, L. De Petrocellis, A. Finizio, and G. Pierattini, “Quantitative phase-contrast microscopy by a lateral shear approach to digital holographic image reconstruction,” Opt. Lett. 31, 1405–1407 (2006)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

F. Zhang, G. Pedrini, and W. Osten, “ Reconstruction algorithm for high-numerical-aperture holograms with diffraction-limited resolution,” Opt. Lett. 31, 1633–1635 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Paturzo, P. De Natale, S. De Nicola, P. Ferraro, S. Mailis, R. W. Eason, G. Coppola, M. Iodice, and M. Gioffré, “Tunable two-dimensional hexagonal phase array in domain-engineered Z-cut lithium niobate crystal,” Opt. Lett. 31, 3164–3166 (2006)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2005 (3)

2004 (2)

2003 (1)

2002 (3)

2001 (2)

Alferi, D.

Alfieri, D.

Arecchi, F. T.

S. De Nicola, P. Ferraro, S. Grilli, L. Miccio, R. Meucci, P. K. Buah-Bassuahc, and F. T. Arecchi, “Infrared digital reflective-holographic 3D shape measurements,” Opt. Commun. 281, 1445–1449 (2008).
[Crossref]

Ash III, W. M.

W. M. Ash III and M. K. Kim, “A Demonstration of Total Internal Reflection Holographic Microscopy for the Study of Cellular Motion,” in Digital Holography and Three-Dimensional Imaging, OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2008), paper DTuB6.

Asundi, A. K.

Badizadegan, K.

Binet, Renaud

Bo, F.

C. Liu, Z. Liu, F. Bo, Y. Wang, and J. Zhu, “Super-resolution digital holographic imaging method,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 81, 3143 (2002).
[Crossref]

Brueck, S. R.

Buah-Bassuahc, P. K.

S. De Nicola, P. Ferraro, S. Grilli, L. Miccio, R. Meucci, P. K. Buah-Bassuahc, and F. T. Arecchi, “Infrared digital reflective-holographic 3D shape measurements,” Opt. Commun. 281, 1445–1449 (2008).
[Crossref]

Callens, N.

Charrière, F.

Chi, W.

Chittofrati, R.

L. Repetto, R. Chittofrati, E. Piano, and C. Pontiggia, “Infrared lensless holographic microscope with a vidicon camera for inspection of metallic evaporations on silicon wafers” Opt. Commun. 251, 44–50 (2005)
[Crossref]

Colineau, Joseph

Collot, L.

Coppola, G.

Dasari, R. R.

David, D. Sampson

A. Alexandrov Sergey, R. Hillman Timothy, Thomas Gutzler, and D. Sampson David, “Synthetic Aperture Fourier Holographic Optical Microscopy,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 168102 (2006)
[Crossref]

De Natale, P.

De Nicola, S.

De Petrocellis, L.

Demoli, I.

Demoli, N.

Depeursinge, C.

Dubois, F.

Eason, R. W.

Feld, M. S.

Ferraro, P.

S. De Nicola, P. Ferraro, S. Grilli, L. Miccio, R. Meucci, P. K. Buah-Bassuahc, and F. T. Arecchi, “Infrared digital reflective-holographic 3D shape measurements,” Opt. Commun. 281, 1445–1449 (2008).
[Crossref]

M. Paturzo, S. Grilli, S. Mailis, G. Coppola, M. Iodice, M. Gioffré, and P. Ferraro, “Flexible coherent diffraction lithography by tunable phase arrays in lithium niobate crystals,” Opt. Commun. 281, 1950–1953 (2008)
[Crossref]

M. Paturzo, P. De Natale, S. De Nicola, P. Ferraro, S. Mailis, R. W. Eason, G. Coppola, M. Iodice, and M. Gioffré, “Tunable two-dimensional hexagonal phase array in domain-engineered Z-cut lithium niobate crystal,” Opt. Lett. 31, 3164–3166 (2006)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

P. Ferraro, D. Alferi, S. De Nicola, L. De Petrocellis, A. Finizio, and G. Pierattini, “Quantitative phase-contrast microscopy by a lateral shear approach to digital holographic image reconstruction,” Opt. Lett. 31, 1405–1407 (2006)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

P. Ferraro, S. Grilli, D. Alfieri, S. De Nicola, A. Finizio, G. Pierattini, B. Javidi, G. Coppola, and V. Striano, “Extended focused image in microscopy by digital Holography,” Opt. Express 13, 6738–6749 (2005)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. Grilli, M. Paturzo, L. Miccio, and P. Ferraro, “In situ investigation of periodic poling in congruent LiNbO3 by quantitative interference microscopy,” Measurement and Science Technology, (in press) (June 2008)

Finizio, A.

García, Javier

García-Martínez, Pascuala

Garcia-Sucerquia, J.

George, N.

Gioffré, M.

M. Paturzo, S. Grilli, S. Mailis, G. Coppola, M. Iodice, M. Gioffré, and P. Ferraro, “Flexible coherent diffraction lithography by tunable phase arrays in lithium niobate crystals,” Opt. Commun. 281, 1950–1953 (2008)
[Crossref]

M. Paturzo, P. De Natale, S. De Nicola, P. Ferraro, S. Mailis, R. W. Eason, G. Coppola, M. Iodice, and M. Gioffré, “Tunable two-dimensional hexagonal phase array in domain-engineered Z-cut lithium niobate crystal,” Opt. Lett. 31, 3164–3166 (2006)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Gougeon, S.

Grilli, S.

M. Paturzo, S. Grilli, S. Mailis, G. Coppola, M. Iodice, M. Gioffré, and P. Ferraro, “Flexible coherent diffraction lithography by tunable phase arrays in lithium niobate crystals,” Opt. Commun. 281, 1950–1953 (2008)
[Crossref]

S. De Nicola, P. Ferraro, S. Grilli, L. Miccio, R. Meucci, P. K. Buah-Bassuahc, and F. T. Arecchi, “Infrared digital reflective-holographic 3D shape measurements,” Opt. Commun. 281, 1445–1449 (2008).
[Crossref]

P. Ferraro, S. Grilli, D. Alfieri, S. De Nicola, A. Finizio, G. Pierattini, B. Javidi, G. Coppola, and V. Striano, “Extended focused image in microscopy by digital Holography,” Opt. Express 13, 6738–6749 (2005)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. Grilli, M. Paturzo, L. Miccio, and P. Ferraro, “In situ investigation of periodic poling in congruent LiNbO3 by quantitative interference microscopy,” Measurement and Science Technology, (in press) (June 2008)

Gross, M.

Gutzler, Thomas

A. Alexandrov Sergey, R. Hillman Timothy, Thomas Gutzler, and D. Sampson David, “Synthetic Aperture Fourier Holographic Optical Microscopy,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 168102 (2006)
[Crossref]

Hoyos, M.

Iodice, M.

M. Paturzo, S. Grilli, S. Mailis, G. Coppola, M. Iodice, M. Gioffré, and P. Ferraro, “Flexible coherent diffraction lithography by tunable phase arrays in lithium niobate crystals,” Opt. Commun. 281, 1950–1953 (2008)
[Crossref]

M. Paturzo, P. De Natale, S. De Nicola, P. Ferraro, S. Mailis, R. W. Eason, G. Coppola, M. Iodice, and M. Gioffré, “Tunable two-dimensional hexagonal phase array in domain-engineered Z-cut lithium niobate crystal,” Opt. Lett. 31, 3164–3166 (2006)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Javidi, B.

Jericho, M. H.

Jericho, S. K.

Kemper, B.

Khare, K.

Kim, M. K.

W. M. Ash III and M. K. Kim, “A Demonstration of Total Internal Reflection Holographic Microscopy for the Study of Cellular Motion,” in Digital Holography and Three-Dimensional Imaging, OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2008), paper DTuB6.

Klages, P.

Kreuzer, H. J.

Kurowski, P.

Kuznetsova, Y.

Le Clerc, F.

Lehureau, Jean-Claude

Leval, J.

Liu, C.

C. Liu, Z. Liu, F. Bo, Y. Wang, and J. Zhu, “Super-resolution digital holographic imaging method,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 81, 3143 (2002).
[Crossref]

Liu, Z.

C. Liu, Z. Liu, F. Bo, Y. Wang, and J. Zhu, “Super-resolution digital holographic imaging method,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 81, 3143 (2002).
[Crossref]

Magistretti, P. J.

Mailis, S.

M. Paturzo, S. Grilli, S. Mailis, G. Coppola, M. Iodice, M. Gioffré, and P. Ferraro, “Flexible coherent diffraction lithography by tunable phase arrays in lithium niobate crystals,” Opt. Commun. 281, 1950–1953 (2008)
[Crossref]

M. Paturzo, P. De Natale, S. De Nicola, P. Ferraro, S. Mailis, R. W. Eason, G. Coppola, M. Iodice, and M. Gioffré, “Tunable two-dimensional hexagonal phase array in domain-engineered Z-cut lithium niobate crystal,” Opt. Lett. 31, 3164–3166 (2006)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Marquet, P.

Martínez-León, L.

Massig, J. H.

Meucci, R.

S. De Nicola, P. Ferraro, S. Grilli, L. Miccio, R. Meucci, P. K. Buah-Bassuahc, and F. T. Arecchi, “Infrared digital reflective-holographic 3D shape measurements,” Opt. Commun. 281, 1445–1449 (2008).
[Crossref]

Miao, J.

Miccio, L.

S. De Nicola, P. Ferraro, S. Grilli, L. Miccio, R. Meucci, P. K. Buah-Bassuahc, and F. T. Arecchi, “Infrared digital reflective-holographic 3D shape measurements,” Opt. Commun. 281, 1445–1449 (2008).
[Crossref]

S. Grilli, M. Paturzo, L. Miccio, and P. Ferraro, “In situ investigation of periodic poling in congruent LiNbO3 by quantitative interference microscopy,” Measurement and Science Technology, (in press) (June 2008)

Mico, Vicente

Monnom, O.

Mounier, D.

Neumann, A.

Osten, W.

Park, Y.

Paturzo, M.

M. Paturzo, S. Grilli, S. Mailis, G. Coppola, M. Iodice, M. Gioffré, and P. Ferraro, “Flexible coherent diffraction lithography by tunable phase arrays in lithium niobate crystals,” Opt. Commun. 281, 1950–1953 (2008)
[Crossref]

M. Paturzo, P. De Natale, S. De Nicola, P. Ferraro, S. Mailis, R. W. Eason, G. Coppola, M. Iodice, and M. Gioffré, “Tunable two-dimensional hexagonal phase array in domain-engineered Z-cut lithium niobate crystal,” Opt. Lett. 31, 3164–3166 (2006)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. Grilli, M. Paturzo, L. Miccio, and P. Ferraro, “In situ investigation of periodic poling in congruent LiNbO3 by quantitative interference microscopy,” Measurement and Science Technology, (in press) (June 2008)

Pedrini, G.

Peng, X.

Piano, E.

L. Repetto, R. Chittofrati, E. Piano, and C. Pontiggia, “Infrared lensless holographic microscope with a vidicon camera for inspection of metallic evaporations on silicon wafers” Opt. Commun. 251, 44–50 (2005)
[Crossref]

L. Repetto, E. Piano, and C. Pontiggia, “Lensless digital holographic microscope with light-emitting diode illumination,” Opt. Lett. 29, 1132–1134 (2004)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Picart, P.

Pierattini, G.

Pontiggia, C.

L. Repetto, R. Chittofrati, E. Piano, and C. Pontiggia, “Infrared lensless holographic microscope with a vidicon camera for inspection of metallic evaporations on silicon wafers” Opt. Commun. 251, 44–50 (2005)
[Crossref]

L. Repetto, E. Piano, and C. Pontiggia, “Lensless digital holographic microscope with light-emitting diode illumination,” Opt. Lett. 29, 1132–1134 (2004)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Popescu, G.

Rappaz, B.

Repetto, L.

L. Repetto, R. Chittofrati, E. Piano, and C. Pontiggia, “Infrared lensless holographic microscope with a vidicon camera for inspection of metallic evaporations on silicon wafers” Opt. Commun. 251, 44–50 (2005)
[Crossref]

L. Repetto, E. Piano, and C. Pontiggia, “Lensless digital holographic microscope with light-emitting diode illumination,” Opt. Lett. 29, 1132–1134 (2004)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Sergey, A. Alexandrov

A. Alexandrov Sergey, R. Hillman Timothy, Thomas Gutzler, and D. Sampson David, “Synthetic Aperture Fourier Holographic Optical Microscopy,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 168102 (2006)
[Crossref]

Striano, V.

Timothy, R. Hillman

A. Alexandrov Sergey, R. Hillman Timothy, Thomas Gutzler, and D. Sampson David, “Synthetic Aperture Fourier Holographic Optical Microscopy,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 168102 (2006)
[Crossref]

von Bally, G.

Wang, Y.

C. Liu, Z. Liu, F. Bo, Y. Wang, and J. Zhu, “Super-resolution digital holographic imaging method,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 81, 3143 (2002).
[Crossref]

Xu, L.

Xu, W.

Yamaguchi, I.

Yaroslavsky, L. P.

Yourassowsky, C.

Zalevsky, Zeev

Zhang, F.

Zhu, J.

C. Liu, Z. Liu, F. Bo, Y. Wang, and J. Zhu, “Super-resolution digital holographic imaging method,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 81, 3143 (2002).
[Crossref]

Appl. Opt. (8)

Appl. Phys. Lett. (1)

C. Liu, Z. Liu, F. Bo, Y. Wang, and J. Zhu, “Super-resolution digital holographic imaging method,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 81, 3143 (2002).
[Crossref]

Opt. Commun. (3)

M. Paturzo, S. Grilli, S. Mailis, G. Coppola, M. Iodice, M. Gioffré, and P. Ferraro, “Flexible coherent diffraction lithography by tunable phase arrays in lithium niobate crystals,” Opt. Commun. 281, 1950–1953 (2008)
[Crossref]

L. Repetto, R. Chittofrati, E. Piano, and C. Pontiggia, “Infrared lensless holographic microscope with a vidicon camera for inspection of metallic evaporations on silicon wafers” Opt. Commun. 251, 44–50 (2005)
[Crossref]

S. De Nicola, P. Ferraro, S. Grilli, L. Miccio, R. Meucci, P. K. Buah-Bassuahc, and F. T. Arecchi, “Infrared digital reflective-holographic 3D shape measurements,” Opt. Commun. 281, 1445–1449 (2008).
[Crossref]

Opt. Express (4)

Opt. Lett. (10)

F. Le Clerc, M. Gross, and L. Collot, “Synthetic-aperture experiment in the visible with on-axis digital heterodyne holography,” Opt. Lett. 26, 1550–1552 (2001)
[Crossref]

M. Paturzo, P. De Natale, S. De Nicola, P. Ferraro, S. Mailis, R. W. Eason, G. Coppola, M. Iodice, and M. Gioffré, “Tunable two-dimensional hexagonal phase array in domain-engineered Z-cut lithium niobate crystal,” Opt. Lett. 31, 3164–3166 (2006)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

F. Zhang, I. Yamaguchi, and L. P. Yaroslavsky, “Algorithm for reconstruction of digital holograms with adjustable magnification,” Opt. Lett. 29, 1668–1670 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

F. Zhang, G. Pedrini, and W. Osten, “ Reconstruction algorithm for high-numerical-aperture holograms with diffraction-limited resolution,” Opt. Lett. 31, 1633–1635 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. H. Massig, “Digital off-axis holography with a synthetic aperture,” Opt. Lett. 27, 2179–2181 (2002).
[Crossref]

Y. Park, G. Popescu, K. Badizadegan, R. R. Dasari, and M. S. Feld, “Fresnel particle tracing in three dimensions using diffraction phase microscopy,” Opt. Lett. 32, 811–813 (2007)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

L. Repetto, E. Piano, and C. Pontiggia, “Lensless digital holographic microscope with light-emitting diode illumination,” Opt. Lett. 29, 1132–1134 (2004)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

P. Picart, J. Leval, D. Mounier, and S. Gougeon, “Time-averaged digital holography,” Opt. Lett. 28, 1900–1902 (2003)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

B. Rappaz, F. Charrière, C. Depeursinge, P. J. Magistretti, and P. Marquet, “Simultaneous cell morphometry and refractive index measurement with dual-wavelength digital holographic microscopy and dye-enhanced dispersion of perfusion medium,” Opt. Lett. 33, 744–746 (2008)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

P. Ferraro, D. Alferi, S. De Nicola, L. De Petrocellis, A. Finizio, and G. Pierattini, “Quantitative phase-contrast microscopy by a lateral shear approach to digital holographic image reconstruction,” Opt. Lett. 31, 1405–1407 (2006)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Phys. Rev. Lett. (1)

A. Alexandrov Sergey, R. Hillman Timothy, Thomas Gutzler, and D. Sampson David, “Synthetic Aperture Fourier Holographic Optical Microscopy,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 168102 (2006)
[Crossref]

Other (2)

W. M. Ash III and M. K. Kim, “A Demonstration of Total Internal Reflection Holographic Microscopy for the Study of Cellular Motion,” in Digital Holography and Three-Dimensional Imaging, OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2008), paper DTuB6.

S. Grilli, M. Paturzo, L. Miccio, and P. Ferraro, “In situ investigation of periodic poling in congruent LiNbO3 by quantitative interference microscopy,” Measurement and Science Technology, (in press) (June 2008)

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Figures (6)

Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. (a). Scheme of the DH recording setup: Fourier configuration in off-axis mode; the ray diagrams of the object waves: (b) without the grating in the setup and (c) with the grating in the setup.

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Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. (a). Amplitude reconstruction of the digital hologram when no voltage is applied to the electro-optic grating; (b) magnified view showing the reticules with the shortest pitches (31.6 µm, 25.1 µm, 20.0 µm, 15.8 µm).

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Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. Amplitude reconstruction of the multiplexed digital hologram when the phase grating is switched-on (applied voltage of 2.5 kV). This numerical reconstruction has been obtained without introducing the transmission function of the phase diffraction grating in the reconstruction algorithm (i.e. T(x,y)=1). The labels of the reconstructed images indicates the corresponding diffraction orders.

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Fig. 4.
Fig. 4. (a). The coloured ellipses encircle the reconstructed images along the three typical directions of the hexagonal grating. Magnified view of the image obtained by superimposing only the -1a, 0th, +1a diffraction orders (blue ellipse in (a)); (c) the -1b, 0th, +1b orders (red ellipse); (d) the -1c, 0th, +1c orders (yellow ellipse). The reticule with a pitch of 25.1 µm, completely blurred in (b), is resolved in (c) and (d) thanks to an improvement of the optical resolution. Plot of intensity profile along the white lines in the images (b), (c) and (d) are shown in (e), (f) and (g), respectively. Axes of the plots have a.u. for intensities on ordinates while pixel number on abscissa.

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Fig. 5.
Fig. 5. (a). Amplitude reconstruction of the target obtained by superimposing all the first diffraction orders, ±1a, ±1b and ±1c, on the zero order 0th; (c), (e) amplitude reconstruction obtained by ignoring the ±1a orders and by using different or same weight for the orders ±1b, ±1c, respectively; (b), (d), (f) corresponding profiles calculated along the ruling with 25.1 µm pitch.

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Fig. 6.
Fig. 6. (a, b). Super-resolved images optimized as to the geometrical issues, (c,d) their magnified view concerning the reticules with the shortest pitches and (e,f) the profile of the 25.1 µm pitch grating (along the white line) for Δφ=3π/5 and Δφ=π, respectively. By Fig. 6(e), (f) it is clear that the increase of the optical resolution is higher when the phase step is Δφ=π ; (g) the profile of the 20.0 µm pitch grating, clearly resolved for Δφ=π.

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Equations (3)

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b ( x 1 , y 1 ) = 1 i λ d 2 e i π λ d 2 ( x 1 2 + y 1 2 ) ∬ r ( x 2 , y 2 ) h ( x 2 , y 2 ) e i π d 2 λ [ x 2 2 + y 2 2 ] e − 2 i π λ d 2 [ x 2 x 1 + y 2 y 1 ] d x 2 d y 2
T ( x 1 , y 1 ) = 1 + a cos ⁡ ( 2 π x 1 p ) + b cos ⁡ ( ( x 1 + 3 y 1 ) π p ) + c cos ⁡ ( ( x 1 + 3 y 1 ) π p )
b ( x 0 , y 0 ) = 1 i λ d 1 e i π λ d 1 ( x 0 2 + y 0 2 ) ∬ r ( x 1 , y 1 ) h ( x 1 , y 1 ) e i π d 1 λ [ x 1 2 + y 1 2 ] e − 2 i π λ d 1 [ x 1 x 0 + y 1 y 0 ] d x 1 d y 1

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