Abstract

Imaging of planets is very difficult, due to the glare from their nearby, much brighter suns. Static and slowly-evolving aberrations are the limiting factors, even after application of adaptive optics. The residual speckle pattern is highly symmetrical due to diffraction from the telescope’s aperture. We suggest to break this symmetry and thus to locate planets hidden beneath it. An eccentric pupil mask is rotated to modulate the residual light pattern not removed by other means. This modulation is then exploited to reveal the planet’s constant signal. In well-corrected ground-based observations we can reach planets six stellar magnitudes fainter than their sun, and only 2-3 times the diffraction limit from it. At ten times the diffraction limit, we detect planets 16 magnitudes fainter. The stellar background drops by five magnitudes.

©2008 Optical Society of America

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References

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  6. C. Cavarroc, A. Boccaletti, P. Baudoz, T. Fusco, and D. Rouan, “Fundamental limitations on Earth-like planet detection with extremely large telescopes,” Astron. Astrophys. 447, 397–403 (2006).
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    [Crossref]
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    [Crossref]
  25. W. B. Sparks and H. C. Ford, “Imaging spectroscopy for extrasolar planet detection,” Astrophys. J. 578, 543–564 (2002).
    [Crossref]
  26. N. Thatte, R. Abuter, M. Tecza, E. L. Nielsen, F. J. Clarke, and L. M. Close, “Very high contrast integral field spectroscopy of AB Doradus C: 9-mag contrast at 0.2 arcsec without a coronagraph using spectral deconvolution,” Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 378, 1229–1236 (2007).
    [Crossref]
  27. P. Nisenson and C. Papaliolios, “Detection of Earth-like planets using apodized telescopes,” Astrophys. J. 548, L201–L205 (2001).
    [Crossref]
  28. N. J. Kasdin, R. J. Vanderbei, D. N. Spergel, and M. G. Littman, “Extrasolar planet finding via optimal apodized-pupil and shaped-pupil coronagraphs,” Astrophys. J. 582, 1147–1161 (2003).
    [Crossref]
  29. J. T. Trauger and W. A. Traub, “A laboratory demonstration of the capability to image an Earth-like extrasolar planet,” Nature 44, 771–773 (2007).
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  30. O. Guyon, E. A. Pluzhnik, M. J. Kuchner, B. Collins, and S. T. Ridgway, “Theoretical limits on extrasolar terrestrial planet detection with coronagraphs,” Astrophys. J. Suppl. 167, 8199 (2006).
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2008 (4)

R. B. Makidon, A. Sivaramakrishnan, and R. van der Marel, “Observing extra-solar giant planet environments with JWST,” Proc. SPIE 7010, 7010–7024 (2008).

S. Gladysz and J. C. Christou, “Detection of faint companions through stochastic speckle discrimination,” Astrophys. J. 684, 1486–1495 (2008).
[Crossref]

A. Boccaletti, M. Carbillet, T. Fusco, D. Mouillet, M. Langlois, C. Moutou, and K. Dohlen, “End-to-end simulation of AO-assisted coronagraphic differential imaging: estimation of performance for SPHERE,” Proc. SPIE 7015, 7015–7234 (2008).

G. A. Swartzlander, R. L. Ford, R. S. Abdul-Malik, L. M. Close, M. A. Peters, D. M. Palacios, and D. W. Wilson, “Astronomical demonstration of an optical vortex coronagraph,” Opt. Express 16, 10200–10207 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2007 (4)

J. T. Trauger and W. A. Traub, “A laboratory demonstration of the capability to image an Earth-like extrasolar planet,” Nature 44, 771–773 (2007).
[Crossref]

A. Give’on, R. Belikov, S. Shaklan, and J. Kasdin, “Closed loop, DM diversity-based, wavefront correction algorithm for high contrast imaging systems,” Opt. Express 15, 12338–12343 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

N. Thatte, R. Abuter, M. Tecza, E. L. Nielsen, F. J. Clarke, and L. M. Close, “Very high contrast integral field spectroscopy of AB Doradus C: 9-mag contrast at 0.2 arcsec without a coronagraph using spectral deconvolution,” Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 378, 1229–1236 (2007).
[Crossref]

S. Hinkley, B. R. Oppenheimer, R. Soummer, A. Sivaramakrishnan, L. C. Roberts, J. Kuhn, R. B. Makidon, M. D. Perrin, J. P. Lloyd, K. Kratter, and D. Brenner, “Temporal evolution of coronagraphic dynamic range and constraints on companions to Vega,” Astrophys. J. 654, 633–640 (2007).
[Crossref]

2006 (8)

C. Marois, D. Lafrenière, R. Doyon, B. Macintosh, and D. Nadeau, “Angular differential imaging: a powerful high-contrast imaging technique,” Astrophys. J. 641, 556–559 (2006).
[Crossref]

M. A. Kenworthy, P. M. Hinz, J. R. P. Angel, A. N. Heinze, and S. Sivanandam, “Whack-a-speckle: focal plane wavefront sensing in theory and practice with a deformable secondary mirror and 5-micron camera,” Proc. SPIE 6272, 62723B1-7 (2006).

B. Macintosh, J. Graham, D. Palmer, R. Doyon, D. Gavel, J. Larkin, B. Oppenheimer, L. Saddlemyer, J. K. Wallace, B. Bauman, J. Evans, D. Erikson, K. Morzinski, D. Phillion, L. Poyneer, A. Sivaramakrishnan, R. Soummer, S. Thibault, and J.-P. Veran, “The Gemini Planet Imager,” Proc. SPIE 6272, 62720L1-12 (2006).

J.-L. Beuzit, M. Feldt, K. Dohlen, D. Mouillet, P. Puget, J. Antici, A. Baruffolo, P. Baudoz, A. Berton, A. Boccaletti, M. Carbillet, J. Charton, R. Claudi, M. Downing, P. Feautrier, E. Fedrigo, T. Fusco, R. Gratton, N. Hubin, M. Kasper, M. Langlois, C. Moutou, L. Mugnier, J. Pragt, P. Rabou, M. Saisse, H. M. Schmid, E. Stadler, M. Turrato, S. Udry, R. Waters, and F. Wildi, “SPHERE: a ‘Planet Finder’ Instrument for the VLT,” The Messenger 125, 29–34 (2006).

C. Cavarroc, A. Boccaletti, P. Baudoz, T. Fusco, and D. Rouan, “Fundamental limitations on Earth-like planet detection with extremely large telescopes,” Astron. Astrophys. 447, 397–403 (2006).
[Crossref]

P. J. Bordé and W. A. Traub, “High-contrast imaging from space: speckle nulling in a low-aberration regime,” Astrophys. J. 638, 488–498 (2006).
[Crossref]

O. Guyon, E. A. Pluzhnik, M. J. Kuchner, B. Collins, and S. T. Ridgway, “Theoretical limits on extrasolar terrestrial planet detection with coronagraphs,” Astrophys. J. Suppl. 167, 8199 (2006).
[Crossref]

L. Jolissaint, J.-P. Véran, and R. Conan, “Analytical modeling of adaptive optics: foundations of the phase spatial power spectrum approach,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 23, 382–394 (2006).
[Crossref]

2005 (1)

A. Burrows, “A theoretical look at the direct detection of giant planets outside the Solar System,” Nature 433, 261–268 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2004 (2)

J. L. Codona and R. Angel, “Imaging extrasolar planets by stellar halo suppression in separately corrected color bands,” Astrophys. J. 604, L117–L120 (2004).
[Crossref]

D. Gisler, H. M. Schmid, C. Thalmann, H. P. Povel, J. O. Stenflo, F. Joos, M. Feldt, R. Lenzen, J. Tinbergen, R. Gratton, R. Stuik, D. M. Stam, W. Brandner, S. Hippler, M. Turatto, R. Neuhauser, C. Dominik, A. Hatzes, T. Henning, J. Lima, A. Quirrenbach, L. B. F. M. Waters, G. Wuchterl, and H. Zinnecker, “CHEOPS/ZIMPOL: a VLT instrument study for the polarimetric search of scattered light from extrasolar planets,” Proc. SPIE 5492, 463–474 (2004).
[Crossref]

2003 (1)

N. J. Kasdin, R. J. Vanderbei, D. N. Spergel, and M. G. Littman, “Extrasolar planet finding via optimal apodized-pupil and shaped-pupil coronagraphs,” Astrophys. J. 582, 1147–1161 (2003).
[Crossref]

2002 (1)

W. B. Sparks and H. C. Ford, “Imaging spectroscopy for extrasolar planet detection,” Astrophys. J. 578, 543–564 (2002).
[Crossref]

2001 (3)

A. Boccaletti, C. Moutou, D. Mouillet, A.-M. Lagrange, and J.-C. Augereau, “Dark-speckle coronagraphic detection of binary stars in the near-IR,” Astron. Astrophys. 367, 371–380 (2001).
[Crossref]

P. Nisenson and C. Papaliolios, “Detection of Earth-like planets using apodized telescopes,” Astrophys. J. 548, L201–L205 (2001).
[Crossref]

E. E. Bloemhof, R. D. Dekany, M. Troy, and B. R. Oppenheimer, “Behavior of remnant speckles in an adaptively corrected imaging system,” Astrophys. J. 558, L71–L74 (2001).
[Crossref]

1999 (1)

R. Racine, G. A. H. Walker, D. Nadeau, Doyon R., and C. Marois, “Speckle noise and the detection of faint companions,” Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 111, 587–594 (1999).
[Crossref]

1997 (1)

P. Dierickx, D. Enard, R. Geyl, J. Paseri, M. Cayrel, and P. Béraud, “The VLT primary mirrors: mirror production and measured performance,” Proc. SPIE 2871, 385–392 (1997).
[Crossref]

1995 (2)

F. Malbet, J. W. Yu, and M. Shao, “High dynamic range imaging using a deformable mirror for space coronography,” Pub. Astron. Soc. Pac. 107, 386–398 (1995).
[Crossref]

A. Labeyrie, “Images of exo-planets obtainable from dark speckles in adaptive telescopes,” Astron. Astrophys. 298, 544–548 (1995).

1988 (1)

K. Creath, “Phase measurement interferometry,” Prog. Opt. 25, 349–393 (1988);
[Crossref]

1985 (1)

Abdul-Malik, R. S.

Abuter, R.

N. Thatte, R. Abuter, M. Tecza, E. L. Nielsen, F. J. Clarke, and L. M. Close, “Very high contrast integral field spectroscopy of AB Doradus C: 9-mag contrast at 0.2 arcsec without a coronagraph using spectral deconvolution,” Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 378, 1229–1236 (2007).
[Crossref]

Angel, J. R. P.

M. A. Kenworthy, P. M. Hinz, J. R. P. Angel, A. N. Heinze, and S. Sivanandam, “Whack-a-speckle: focal plane wavefront sensing in theory and practice with a deformable secondary mirror and 5-micron camera,” Proc. SPIE 6272, 62723B1-7 (2006).

Angel, R.

J. L. Codona and R. Angel, “Imaging extrasolar planets by stellar halo suppression in separately corrected color bands,” Astrophys. J. 604, L117–L120 (2004).
[Crossref]

Antici, J.

J.-L. Beuzit, M. Feldt, K. Dohlen, D. Mouillet, P. Puget, J. Antici, A. Baruffolo, P. Baudoz, A. Berton, A. Boccaletti, M. Carbillet, J. Charton, R. Claudi, M. Downing, P. Feautrier, E. Fedrigo, T. Fusco, R. Gratton, N. Hubin, M. Kasper, M. Langlois, C. Moutou, L. Mugnier, J. Pragt, P. Rabou, M. Saisse, H. M. Schmid, E. Stadler, M. Turrato, S. Udry, R. Waters, and F. Wildi, “SPHERE: a ‘Planet Finder’ Instrument for the VLT,” The Messenger 125, 29–34 (2006).

Augereau, J.-C.

A. Boccaletti, C. Moutou, D. Mouillet, A.-M. Lagrange, and J.-C. Augereau, “Dark-speckle coronagraphic detection of binary stars in the near-IR,” Astron. Astrophys. 367, 371–380 (2001).
[Crossref]

Baruffolo, A.

J.-L. Beuzit, M. Feldt, K. Dohlen, D. Mouillet, P. Puget, J. Antici, A. Baruffolo, P. Baudoz, A. Berton, A. Boccaletti, M. Carbillet, J. Charton, R. Claudi, M. Downing, P. Feautrier, E. Fedrigo, T. Fusco, R. Gratton, N. Hubin, M. Kasper, M. Langlois, C. Moutou, L. Mugnier, J. Pragt, P. Rabou, M. Saisse, H. M. Schmid, E. Stadler, M. Turrato, S. Udry, R. Waters, and F. Wildi, “SPHERE: a ‘Planet Finder’ Instrument for the VLT,” The Messenger 125, 29–34 (2006).

Baudoz, P.

J.-L. Beuzit, M. Feldt, K. Dohlen, D. Mouillet, P. Puget, J. Antici, A. Baruffolo, P. Baudoz, A. Berton, A. Boccaletti, M. Carbillet, J. Charton, R. Claudi, M. Downing, P. Feautrier, E. Fedrigo, T. Fusco, R. Gratton, N. Hubin, M. Kasper, M. Langlois, C. Moutou, L. Mugnier, J. Pragt, P. Rabou, M. Saisse, H. M. Schmid, E. Stadler, M. Turrato, S. Udry, R. Waters, and F. Wildi, “SPHERE: a ‘Planet Finder’ Instrument for the VLT,” The Messenger 125, 29–34 (2006).

C. Cavarroc, A. Boccaletti, P. Baudoz, T. Fusco, and D. Rouan, “Fundamental limitations on Earth-like planet detection with extremely large telescopes,” Astron. Astrophys. 447, 397–403 (2006).
[Crossref]

Bauman, B.

B. Macintosh, J. Graham, D. Palmer, R. Doyon, D. Gavel, J. Larkin, B. Oppenheimer, L. Saddlemyer, J. K. Wallace, B. Bauman, J. Evans, D. Erikson, K. Morzinski, D. Phillion, L. Poyneer, A. Sivaramakrishnan, R. Soummer, S. Thibault, and J.-P. Veran, “The Gemini Planet Imager,” Proc. SPIE 6272, 62720L1-12 (2006).

Belikov, R.

Béraud, P.

P. Dierickx, D. Enard, R. Geyl, J. Paseri, M. Cayrel, and P. Béraud, “The VLT primary mirrors: mirror production and measured performance,” Proc. SPIE 2871, 385–392 (1997).
[Crossref]

Berton, A.

J.-L. Beuzit, M. Feldt, K. Dohlen, D. Mouillet, P. Puget, J. Antici, A. Baruffolo, P. Baudoz, A. Berton, A. Boccaletti, M. Carbillet, J. Charton, R. Claudi, M. Downing, P. Feautrier, E. Fedrigo, T. Fusco, R. Gratton, N. Hubin, M. Kasper, M. Langlois, C. Moutou, L. Mugnier, J. Pragt, P. Rabou, M. Saisse, H. M. Schmid, E. Stadler, M. Turrato, S. Udry, R. Waters, and F. Wildi, “SPHERE: a ‘Planet Finder’ Instrument for the VLT,” The Messenger 125, 29–34 (2006).

Beuzit, J.-L.

J.-L. Beuzit, M. Feldt, K. Dohlen, D. Mouillet, P. Puget, J. Antici, A. Baruffolo, P. Baudoz, A. Berton, A. Boccaletti, M. Carbillet, J. Charton, R. Claudi, M. Downing, P. Feautrier, E. Fedrigo, T. Fusco, R. Gratton, N. Hubin, M. Kasper, M. Langlois, C. Moutou, L. Mugnier, J. Pragt, P. Rabou, M. Saisse, H. M. Schmid, E. Stadler, M. Turrato, S. Udry, R. Waters, and F. Wildi, “SPHERE: a ‘Planet Finder’ Instrument for the VLT,” The Messenger 125, 29–34 (2006).

Bloemhof, E. E.

E. E. Bloemhof, R. D. Dekany, M. Troy, and B. R. Oppenheimer, “Behavior of remnant speckles in an adaptively corrected imaging system,” Astrophys. J. 558, L71–L74 (2001).
[Crossref]

Boccaletti, A.

A. Boccaletti, M. Carbillet, T. Fusco, D. Mouillet, M. Langlois, C. Moutou, and K. Dohlen, “End-to-end simulation of AO-assisted coronagraphic differential imaging: estimation of performance for SPHERE,” Proc. SPIE 7015, 7015–7234 (2008).

J.-L. Beuzit, M. Feldt, K. Dohlen, D. Mouillet, P. Puget, J. Antici, A. Baruffolo, P. Baudoz, A. Berton, A. Boccaletti, M. Carbillet, J. Charton, R. Claudi, M. Downing, P. Feautrier, E. Fedrigo, T. Fusco, R. Gratton, N. Hubin, M. Kasper, M. Langlois, C. Moutou, L. Mugnier, J. Pragt, P. Rabou, M. Saisse, H. M. Schmid, E. Stadler, M. Turrato, S. Udry, R. Waters, and F. Wildi, “SPHERE: a ‘Planet Finder’ Instrument for the VLT,” The Messenger 125, 29–34 (2006).

C. Cavarroc, A. Boccaletti, P. Baudoz, T. Fusco, and D. Rouan, “Fundamental limitations on Earth-like planet detection with extremely large telescopes,” Astron. Astrophys. 447, 397–403 (2006).
[Crossref]

A. Boccaletti, C. Moutou, D. Mouillet, A.-M. Lagrange, and J.-C. Augereau, “Dark-speckle coronagraphic detection of binary stars in the near-IR,” Astron. Astrophys. 367, 371–380 (2001).
[Crossref]

Bordé, P. J.

P. J. Bordé and W. A. Traub, “High-contrast imaging from space: speckle nulling in a low-aberration regime,” Astrophys. J. 638, 488–498 (2006).
[Crossref]

Brandner, W.

D. Gisler, H. M. Schmid, C. Thalmann, H. P. Povel, J. O. Stenflo, F. Joos, M. Feldt, R. Lenzen, J. Tinbergen, R. Gratton, R. Stuik, D. M. Stam, W. Brandner, S. Hippler, M. Turatto, R. Neuhauser, C. Dominik, A. Hatzes, T. Henning, J. Lima, A. Quirrenbach, L. B. F. M. Waters, G. Wuchterl, and H. Zinnecker, “CHEOPS/ZIMPOL: a VLT instrument study for the polarimetric search of scattered light from extrasolar planets,” Proc. SPIE 5492, 463–474 (2004).
[Crossref]

Brenner, D.

S. Hinkley, B. R. Oppenheimer, R. Soummer, A. Sivaramakrishnan, L. C. Roberts, J. Kuhn, R. B. Makidon, M. D. Perrin, J. P. Lloyd, K. Kratter, and D. Brenner, “Temporal evolution of coronagraphic dynamic range and constraints on companions to Vega,” Astrophys. J. 654, 633–640 (2007).
[Crossref]

Burrows, A.

A. Burrows, “A theoretical look at the direct detection of giant planets outside the Solar System,” Nature 433, 261–268 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Carbillet, M.

A. Boccaletti, M. Carbillet, T. Fusco, D. Mouillet, M. Langlois, C. Moutou, and K. Dohlen, “End-to-end simulation of AO-assisted coronagraphic differential imaging: estimation of performance for SPHERE,” Proc. SPIE 7015, 7015–7234 (2008).

J.-L. Beuzit, M. Feldt, K. Dohlen, D. Mouillet, P. Puget, J. Antici, A. Baruffolo, P. Baudoz, A. Berton, A. Boccaletti, M. Carbillet, J. Charton, R. Claudi, M. Downing, P. Feautrier, E. Fedrigo, T. Fusco, R. Gratton, N. Hubin, M. Kasper, M. Langlois, C. Moutou, L. Mugnier, J. Pragt, P. Rabou, M. Saisse, H. M. Schmid, E. Stadler, M. Turrato, S. Udry, R. Waters, and F. Wildi, “SPHERE: a ‘Planet Finder’ Instrument for the VLT,” The Messenger 125, 29–34 (2006).

Carmon, Y.

Y. Carmon and E. N. Ribak, “Diffraction symmetries of a field of slowly varying phase,” submitted (2008).

Cavarroc, C.

C. Cavarroc, A. Boccaletti, P. Baudoz, T. Fusco, and D. Rouan, “Fundamental limitations on Earth-like planet detection with extremely large telescopes,” Astron. Astrophys. 447, 397–403 (2006).
[Crossref]

Cayrel, M.

P. Dierickx, D. Enard, R. Geyl, J. Paseri, M. Cayrel, and P. Béraud, “The VLT primary mirrors: mirror production and measured performance,” Proc. SPIE 2871, 385–392 (1997).
[Crossref]

Charton, J.

J.-L. Beuzit, M. Feldt, K. Dohlen, D. Mouillet, P. Puget, J. Antici, A. Baruffolo, P. Baudoz, A. Berton, A. Boccaletti, M. Carbillet, J. Charton, R. Claudi, M. Downing, P. Feautrier, E. Fedrigo, T. Fusco, R. Gratton, N. Hubin, M. Kasper, M. Langlois, C. Moutou, L. Mugnier, J. Pragt, P. Rabou, M. Saisse, H. M. Schmid, E. Stadler, M. Turrato, S. Udry, R. Waters, and F. Wildi, “SPHERE: a ‘Planet Finder’ Instrument for the VLT,” The Messenger 125, 29–34 (2006).

Christou, J. C.

S. Gladysz and J. C. Christou, “Detection of faint companions through stochastic speckle discrimination,” Astrophys. J. 684, 1486–1495 (2008).
[Crossref]

Clarke, F. J.

N. Thatte, R. Abuter, M. Tecza, E. L. Nielsen, F. J. Clarke, and L. M. Close, “Very high contrast integral field spectroscopy of AB Doradus C: 9-mag contrast at 0.2 arcsec without a coronagraph using spectral deconvolution,” Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 378, 1229–1236 (2007).
[Crossref]

Claudi, R.

J.-L. Beuzit, M. Feldt, K. Dohlen, D. Mouillet, P. Puget, J. Antici, A. Baruffolo, P. Baudoz, A. Berton, A. Boccaletti, M. Carbillet, J. Charton, R. Claudi, M. Downing, P. Feautrier, E. Fedrigo, T. Fusco, R. Gratton, N. Hubin, M. Kasper, M. Langlois, C. Moutou, L. Mugnier, J. Pragt, P. Rabou, M. Saisse, H. M. Schmid, E. Stadler, M. Turrato, S. Udry, R. Waters, and F. Wildi, “SPHERE: a ‘Planet Finder’ Instrument for the VLT,” The Messenger 125, 29–34 (2006).

Close, L. M.

G. A. Swartzlander, R. L. Ford, R. S. Abdul-Malik, L. M. Close, M. A. Peters, D. M. Palacios, and D. W. Wilson, “Astronomical demonstration of an optical vortex coronagraph,” Opt. Express 16, 10200–10207 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

N. Thatte, R. Abuter, M. Tecza, E. L. Nielsen, F. J. Clarke, and L. M. Close, “Very high contrast integral field spectroscopy of AB Doradus C: 9-mag contrast at 0.2 arcsec without a coronagraph using spectral deconvolution,” Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 378, 1229–1236 (2007).
[Crossref]

Codona, J. L.

J. L. Codona and R. Angel, “Imaging extrasolar planets by stellar halo suppression in separately corrected color bands,” Astrophys. J. 604, L117–L120 (2004).
[Crossref]

Collins, B.

O. Guyon, E. A. Pluzhnik, M. J. Kuchner, B. Collins, and S. T. Ridgway, “Theoretical limits on extrasolar terrestrial planet detection with coronagraphs,” Astrophys. J. Suppl. 167, 8199 (2006).
[Crossref]

Conan, R.

L. Jolissaint, J.-P. Véran, and R. Conan, “Analytical modeling of adaptive optics: foundations of the phase spatial power spectrum approach,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 23, 382–394 (2006).
[Crossref]

Creath, K.

K. Creath, “Phase measurement interferometry,” Prog. Opt. 25, 349–393 (1988);
[Crossref]

Dekany, R. D.

E. E. Bloemhof, R. D. Dekany, M. Troy, and B. R. Oppenheimer, “Behavior of remnant speckles in an adaptively corrected imaging system,” Astrophys. J. 558, L71–L74 (2001).
[Crossref]

Dierickx, P.

P. Dierickx, D. Enard, R. Geyl, J. Paseri, M. Cayrel, and P. Béraud, “The VLT primary mirrors: mirror production and measured performance,” Proc. SPIE 2871, 385–392 (1997).
[Crossref]

Dohlen, K.

A. Boccaletti, M. Carbillet, T. Fusco, D. Mouillet, M. Langlois, C. Moutou, and K. Dohlen, “End-to-end simulation of AO-assisted coronagraphic differential imaging: estimation of performance for SPHERE,” Proc. SPIE 7015, 7015–7234 (2008).

J.-L. Beuzit, M. Feldt, K. Dohlen, D. Mouillet, P. Puget, J. Antici, A. Baruffolo, P. Baudoz, A. Berton, A. Boccaletti, M. Carbillet, J. Charton, R. Claudi, M. Downing, P. Feautrier, E. Fedrigo, T. Fusco, R. Gratton, N. Hubin, M. Kasper, M. Langlois, C. Moutou, L. Mugnier, J. Pragt, P. Rabou, M. Saisse, H. M. Schmid, E. Stadler, M. Turrato, S. Udry, R. Waters, and F. Wildi, “SPHERE: a ‘Planet Finder’ Instrument for the VLT,” The Messenger 125, 29–34 (2006).

Dominik, C.

D. Gisler, H. M. Schmid, C. Thalmann, H. P. Povel, J. O. Stenflo, F. Joos, M. Feldt, R. Lenzen, J. Tinbergen, R. Gratton, R. Stuik, D. M. Stam, W. Brandner, S. Hippler, M. Turatto, R. Neuhauser, C. Dominik, A. Hatzes, T. Henning, J. Lima, A. Quirrenbach, L. B. F. M. Waters, G. Wuchterl, and H. Zinnecker, “CHEOPS/ZIMPOL: a VLT instrument study for the polarimetric search of scattered light from extrasolar planets,” Proc. SPIE 5492, 463–474 (2004).
[Crossref]

Downing, M.

J.-L. Beuzit, M. Feldt, K. Dohlen, D. Mouillet, P. Puget, J. Antici, A. Baruffolo, P. Baudoz, A. Berton, A. Boccaletti, M. Carbillet, J. Charton, R. Claudi, M. Downing, P. Feautrier, E. Fedrigo, T. Fusco, R. Gratton, N. Hubin, M. Kasper, M. Langlois, C. Moutou, L. Mugnier, J. Pragt, P. Rabou, M. Saisse, H. M. Schmid, E. Stadler, M. Turrato, S. Udry, R. Waters, and F. Wildi, “SPHERE: a ‘Planet Finder’ Instrument for the VLT,” The Messenger 125, 29–34 (2006).

Doyon, R.

C. Marois, D. Lafrenière, R. Doyon, B. Macintosh, and D. Nadeau, “Angular differential imaging: a powerful high-contrast imaging technique,” Astrophys. J. 641, 556–559 (2006).
[Crossref]

B. Macintosh, J. Graham, D. Palmer, R. Doyon, D. Gavel, J. Larkin, B. Oppenheimer, L. Saddlemyer, J. K. Wallace, B. Bauman, J. Evans, D. Erikson, K. Morzinski, D. Phillion, L. Poyneer, A. Sivaramakrishnan, R. Soummer, S. Thibault, and J.-P. Veran, “The Gemini Planet Imager,” Proc. SPIE 6272, 62720L1-12 (2006).

Enard, D.

P. Dierickx, D. Enard, R. Geyl, J. Paseri, M. Cayrel, and P. Béraud, “The VLT primary mirrors: mirror production and measured performance,” Proc. SPIE 2871, 385–392 (1997).
[Crossref]

Erikson, D.

B. Macintosh, J. Graham, D. Palmer, R. Doyon, D. Gavel, J. Larkin, B. Oppenheimer, L. Saddlemyer, J. K. Wallace, B. Bauman, J. Evans, D. Erikson, K. Morzinski, D. Phillion, L. Poyneer, A. Sivaramakrishnan, R. Soummer, S. Thibault, and J.-P. Veran, “The Gemini Planet Imager,” Proc. SPIE 6272, 62720L1-12 (2006).

Evans, J.

B. Macintosh, J. Graham, D. Palmer, R. Doyon, D. Gavel, J. Larkin, B. Oppenheimer, L. Saddlemyer, J. K. Wallace, B. Bauman, J. Evans, D. Erikson, K. Morzinski, D. Phillion, L. Poyneer, A. Sivaramakrishnan, R. Soummer, S. Thibault, and J.-P. Veran, “The Gemini Planet Imager,” Proc. SPIE 6272, 62720L1-12 (2006).

Feautrier, P.

J.-L. Beuzit, M. Feldt, K. Dohlen, D. Mouillet, P. Puget, J. Antici, A. Baruffolo, P. Baudoz, A. Berton, A. Boccaletti, M. Carbillet, J. Charton, R. Claudi, M. Downing, P. Feautrier, E. Fedrigo, T. Fusco, R. Gratton, N. Hubin, M. Kasper, M. Langlois, C. Moutou, L. Mugnier, J. Pragt, P. Rabou, M. Saisse, H. M. Schmid, E. Stadler, M. Turrato, S. Udry, R. Waters, and F. Wildi, “SPHERE: a ‘Planet Finder’ Instrument for the VLT,” The Messenger 125, 29–34 (2006).

Fedrigo, E.

J.-L. Beuzit, M. Feldt, K. Dohlen, D. Mouillet, P. Puget, J. Antici, A. Baruffolo, P. Baudoz, A. Berton, A. Boccaletti, M. Carbillet, J. Charton, R. Claudi, M. Downing, P. Feautrier, E. Fedrigo, T. Fusco, R. Gratton, N. Hubin, M. Kasper, M. Langlois, C. Moutou, L. Mugnier, J. Pragt, P. Rabou, M. Saisse, H. M. Schmid, E. Stadler, M. Turrato, S. Udry, R. Waters, and F. Wildi, “SPHERE: a ‘Planet Finder’ Instrument for the VLT,” The Messenger 125, 29–34 (2006).

Feldt, M.

J.-L. Beuzit, M. Feldt, K. Dohlen, D. Mouillet, P. Puget, J. Antici, A. Baruffolo, P. Baudoz, A. Berton, A. Boccaletti, M. Carbillet, J. Charton, R. Claudi, M. Downing, P. Feautrier, E. Fedrigo, T. Fusco, R. Gratton, N. Hubin, M. Kasper, M. Langlois, C. Moutou, L. Mugnier, J. Pragt, P. Rabou, M. Saisse, H. M. Schmid, E. Stadler, M. Turrato, S. Udry, R. Waters, and F. Wildi, “SPHERE: a ‘Planet Finder’ Instrument for the VLT,” The Messenger 125, 29–34 (2006).

D. Gisler, H. M. Schmid, C. Thalmann, H. P. Povel, J. O. Stenflo, F. Joos, M. Feldt, R. Lenzen, J. Tinbergen, R. Gratton, R. Stuik, D. M. Stam, W. Brandner, S. Hippler, M. Turatto, R. Neuhauser, C. Dominik, A. Hatzes, T. Henning, J. Lima, A. Quirrenbach, L. B. F. M. Waters, G. Wuchterl, and H. Zinnecker, “CHEOPS/ZIMPOL: a VLT instrument study for the polarimetric search of scattered light from extrasolar planets,” Proc. SPIE 5492, 463–474 (2004).
[Crossref]

Ford, H. C.

W. B. Sparks and H. C. Ford, “Imaging spectroscopy for extrasolar planet detection,” Astrophys. J. 578, 543–564 (2002).
[Crossref]

Ford, R. L.

Fusco, T.

A. Boccaletti, M. Carbillet, T. Fusco, D. Mouillet, M. Langlois, C. Moutou, and K. Dohlen, “End-to-end simulation of AO-assisted coronagraphic differential imaging: estimation of performance for SPHERE,” Proc. SPIE 7015, 7015–7234 (2008).

J.-L. Beuzit, M. Feldt, K. Dohlen, D. Mouillet, P. Puget, J. Antici, A. Baruffolo, P. Baudoz, A. Berton, A. Boccaletti, M. Carbillet, J. Charton, R. Claudi, M. Downing, P. Feautrier, E. Fedrigo, T. Fusco, R. Gratton, N. Hubin, M. Kasper, M. Langlois, C. Moutou, L. Mugnier, J. Pragt, P. Rabou, M. Saisse, H. M. Schmid, E. Stadler, M. Turrato, S. Udry, R. Waters, and F. Wildi, “SPHERE: a ‘Planet Finder’ Instrument for the VLT,” The Messenger 125, 29–34 (2006).

C. Cavarroc, A. Boccaletti, P. Baudoz, T. Fusco, and D. Rouan, “Fundamental limitations on Earth-like planet detection with extremely large telescopes,” Astron. Astrophys. 447, 397–403 (2006).
[Crossref]

Gavel, D.

B. Macintosh, J. Graham, D. Palmer, R. Doyon, D. Gavel, J. Larkin, B. Oppenheimer, L. Saddlemyer, J. K. Wallace, B. Bauman, J. Evans, D. Erikson, K. Morzinski, D. Phillion, L. Poyneer, A. Sivaramakrishnan, R. Soummer, S. Thibault, and J.-P. Veran, “The Gemini Planet Imager,” Proc. SPIE 6272, 62720L1-12 (2006).

Geyl, R.

P. Dierickx, D. Enard, R. Geyl, J. Paseri, M. Cayrel, and P. Béraud, “The VLT primary mirrors: mirror production and measured performance,” Proc. SPIE 2871, 385–392 (1997).
[Crossref]

Gisler, D.

D. Gisler, H. M. Schmid, C. Thalmann, H. P. Povel, J. O. Stenflo, F. Joos, M. Feldt, R. Lenzen, J. Tinbergen, R. Gratton, R. Stuik, D. M. Stam, W. Brandner, S. Hippler, M. Turatto, R. Neuhauser, C. Dominik, A. Hatzes, T. Henning, J. Lima, A. Quirrenbach, L. B. F. M. Waters, G. Wuchterl, and H. Zinnecker, “CHEOPS/ZIMPOL: a VLT instrument study for the polarimetric search of scattered light from extrasolar planets,” Proc. SPIE 5492, 463–474 (2004).
[Crossref]

Give’on, A.

Gladysz, S.

S. Gladysz and J. C. Christou, “Detection of faint companions through stochastic speckle discrimination,” Astrophys. J. 684, 1486–1495 (2008).
[Crossref]

Goodman, J. W.

J. W. Goodman, Statistical optics (Wiley2000).

Graham, J.

B. Macintosh, J. Graham, D. Palmer, R. Doyon, D. Gavel, J. Larkin, B. Oppenheimer, L. Saddlemyer, J. K. Wallace, B. Bauman, J. Evans, D. Erikson, K. Morzinski, D. Phillion, L. Poyneer, A. Sivaramakrishnan, R. Soummer, S. Thibault, and J.-P. Veran, “The Gemini Planet Imager,” Proc. SPIE 6272, 62720L1-12 (2006).

Gratton, R.

J.-L. Beuzit, M. Feldt, K. Dohlen, D. Mouillet, P. Puget, J. Antici, A. Baruffolo, P. Baudoz, A. Berton, A. Boccaletti, M. Carbillet, J. Charton, R. Claudi, M. Downing, P. Feautrier, E. Fedrigo, T. Fusco, R. Gratton, N. Hubin, M. Kasper, M. Langlois, C. Moutou, L. Mugnier, J. Pragt, P. Rabou, M. Saisse, H. M. Schmid, E. Stadler, M. Turrato, S. Udry, R. Waters, and F. Wildi, “SPHERE: a ‘Planet Finder’ Instrument for the VLT,” The Messenger 125, 29–34 (2006).

D. Gisler, H. M. Schmid, C. Thalmann, H. P. Povel, J. O. Stenflo, F. Joos, M. Feldt, R. Lenzen, J. Tinbergen, R. Gratton, R. Stuik, D. M. Stam, W. Brandner, S. Hippler, M. Turatto, R. Neuhauser, C. Dominik, A. Hatzes, T. Henning, J. Lima, A. Quirrenbach, L. B. F. M. Waters, G. Wuchterl, and H. Zinnecker, “CHEOPS/ZIMPOL: a VLT instrument study for the polarimetric search of scattered light from extrasolar planets,” Proc. SPIE 5492, 463–474 (2004).
[Crossref]

Guyon, O.

O. Guyon, E. A. Pluzhnik, M. J. Kuchner, B. Collins, and S. T. Ridgway, “Theoretical limits on extrasolar terrestrial planet detection with coronagraphs,” Astrophys. J. Suppl. 167, 8199 (2006).
[Crossref]

Hatzes, A.

D. Gisler, H. M. Schmid, C. Thalmann, H. P. Povel, J. O. Stenflo, F. Joos, M. Feldt, R. Lenzen, J. Tinbergen, R. Gratton, R. Stuik, D. M. Stam, W. Brandner, S. Hippler, M. Turatto, R. Neuhauser, C. Dominik, A. Hatzes, T. Henning, J. Lima, A. Quirrenbach, L. B. F. M. Waters, G. Wuchterl, and H. Zinnecker, “CHEOPS/ZIMPOL: a VLT instrument study for the polarimetric search of scattered light from extrasolar planets,” Proc. SPIE 5492, 463–474 (2004).
[Crossref]

Heinze, A. N.

M. A. Kenworthy, P. M. Hinz, J. R. P. Angel, A. N. Heinze, and S. Sivanandam, “Whack-a-speckle: focal plane wavefront sensing in theory and practice with a deformable secondary mirror and 5-micron camera,” Proc. SPIE 6272, 62723B1-7 (2006).

Henning, T.

D. Gisler, H. M. Schmid, C. Thalmann, H. P. Povel, J. O. Stenflo, F. Joos, M. Feldt, R. Lenzen, J. Tinbergen, R. Gratton, R. Stuik, D. M. Stam, W. Brandner, S. Hippler, M. Turatto, R. Neuhauser, C. Dominik, A. Hatzes, T. Henning, J. Lima, A. Quirrenbach, L. B. F. M. Waters, G. Wuchterl, and H. Zinnecker, “CHEOPS/ZIMPOL: a VLT instrument study for the polarimetric search of scattered light from extrasolar planets,” Proc. SPIE 5492, 463–474 (2004).
[Crossref]

Hinkley, S.

S. Hinkley, B. R. Oppenheimer, R. Soummer, A. Sivaramakrishnan, L. C. Roberts, J. Kuhn, R. B. Makidon, M. D. Perrin, J. P. Lloyd, K. Kratter, and D. Brenner, “Temporal evolution of coronagraphic dynamic range and constraints on companions to Vega,” Astrophys. J. 654, 633–640 (2007).
[Crossref]

Hinz, P. M.

M. A. Kenworthy, P. M. Hinz, J. R. P. Angel, A. N. Heinze, and S. Sivanandam, “Whack-a-speckle: focal plane wavefront sensing in theory and practice with a deformable secondary mirror and 5-micron camera,” Proc. SPIE 6272, 62723B1-7 (2006).

Hippler, S.

D. Gisler, H. M. Schmid, C. Thalmann, H. P. Povel, J. O. Stenflo, F. Joos, M. Feldt, R. Lenzen, J. Tinbergen, R. Gratton, R. Stuik, D. M. Stam, W. Brandner, S. Hippler, M. Turatto, R. Neuhauser, C. Dominik, A. Hatzes, T. Henning, J. Lima, A. Quirrenbach, L. B. F. M. Waters, G. Wuchterl, and H. Zinnecker, “CHEOPS/ZIMPOL: a VLT instrument study for the polarimetric search of scattered light from extrasolar planets,” Proc. SPIE 5492, 463–474 (2004).
[Crossref]

Hubin, N.

J.-L. Beuzit, M. Feldt, K. Dohlen, D. Mouillet, P. Puget, J. Antici, A. Baruffolo, P. Baudoz, A. Berton, A. Boccaletti, M. Carbillet, J. Charton, R. Claudi, M. Downing, P. Feautrier, E. Fedrigo, T. Fusco, R. Gratton, N. Hubin, M. Kasper, M. Langlois, C. Moutou, L. Mugnier, J. Pragt, P. Rabou, M. Saisse, H. M. Schmid, E. Stadler, M. Turrato, S. Udry, R. Waters, and F. Wildi, “SPHERE: a ‘Planet Finder’ Instrument for the VLT,” The Messenger 125, 29–34 (2006).

Jolissaint, L.

L. Jolissaint, J.-P. Véran, and R. Conan, “Analytical modeling of adaptive optics: foundations of the phase spatial power spectrum approach,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 23, 382–394 (2006).
[Crossref]

Joos, F.

D. Gisler, H. M. Schmid, C. Thalmann, H. P. Povel, J. O. Stenflo, F. Joos, M. Feldt, R. Lenzen, J. Tinbergen, R. Gratton, R. Stuik, D. M. Stam, W. Brandner, S. Hippler, M. Turatto, R. Neuhauser, C. Dominik, A. Hatzes, T. Henning, J. Lima, A. Quirrenbach, L. B. F. M. Waters, G. Wuchterl, and H. Zinnecker, “CHEOPS/ZIMPOL: a VLT instrument study for the polarimetric search of scattered light from extrasolar planets,” Proc. SPIE 5492, 463–474 (2004).
[Crossref]

Kasdin, J.

Kasdin, N. J.

N. J. Kasdin, R. J. Vanderbei, D. N. Spergel, and M. G. Littman, “Extrasolar planet finding via optimal apodized-pupil and shaped-pupil coronagraphs,” Astrophys. J. 582, 1147–1161 (2003).
[Crossref]

Kasper, M.

J.-L. Beuzit, M. Feldt, K. Dohlen, D. Mouillet, P. Puget, J. Antici, A. Baruffolo, P. Baudoz, A. Berton, A. Boccaletti, M. Carbillet, J. Charton, R. Claudi, M. Downing, P. Feautrier, E. Fedrigo, T. Fusco, R. Gratton, N. Hubin, M. Kasper, M. Langlois, C. Moutou, L. Mugnier, J. Pragt, P. Rabou, M. Saisse, H. M. Schmid, E. Stadler, M. Turrato, S. Udry, R. Waters, and F. Wildi, “SPHERE: a ‘Planet Finder’ Instrument for the VLT,” The Messenger 125, 29–34 (2006).

Kenworthy, M. A.

M. A. Kenworthy, P. M. Hinz, J. R. P. Angel, A. N. Heinze, and S. Sivanandam, “Whack-a-speckle: focal plane wavefront sensing in theory and practice with a deformable secondary mirror and 5-micron camera,” Proc. SPIE 6272, 62723B1-7 (2006).

Kratter, K.

S. Hinkley, B. R. Oppenheimer, R. Soummer, A. Sivaramakrishnan, L. C. Roberts, J. Kuhn, R. B. Makidon, M. D. Perrin, J. P. Lloyd, K. Kratter, and D. Brenner, “Temporal evolution of coronagraphic dynamic range and constraints on companions to Vega,” Astrophys. J. 654, 633–640 (2007).
[Crossref]

Kuchner, M. J.

O. Guyon, E. A. Pluzhnik, M. J. Kuchner, B. Collins, and S. T. Ridgway, “Theoretical limits on extrasolar terrestrial planet detection with coronagraphs,” Astrophys. J. Suppl. 167, 8199 (2006).
[Crossref]

Kuhn, J.

S. Hinkley, B. R. Oppenheimer, R. Soummer, A. Sivaramakrishnan, L. C. Roberts, J. Kuhn, R. B. Makidon, M. D. Perrin, J. P. Lloyd, K. Kratter, and D. Brenner, “Temporal evolution of coronagraphic dynamic range and constraints on companions to Vega,” Astrophys. J. 654, 633–640 (2007).
[Crossref]

Labeyrie, A.

A. Labeyrie, “Images of exo-planets obtainable from dark speckles in adaptive telescopes,” Astron. Astrophys. 298, 544–548 (1995).

Lafrenière, D.

C. Marois, D. Lafrenière, R. Doyon, B. Macintosh, and D. Nadeau, “Angular differential imaging: a powerful high-contrast imaging technique,” Astrophys. J. 641, 556–559 (2006).
[Crossref]

Lagrange, A.-M.

A. Boccaletti, C. Moutou, D. Mouillet, A.-M. Lagrange, and J.-C. Augereau, “Dark-speckle coronagraphic detection of binary stars in the near-IR,” Astron. Astrophys. 367, 371–380 (2001).
[Crossref]

Langlois, M.

A. Boccaletti, M. Carbillet, T. Fusco, D. Mouillet, M. Langlois, C. Moutou, and K. Dohlen, “End-to-end simulation of AO-assisted coronagraphic differential imaging: estimation of performance for SPHERE,” Proc. SPIE 7015, 7015–7234 (2008).

J.-L. Beuzit, M. Feldt, K. Dohlen, D. Mouillet, P. Puget, J. Antici, A. Baruffolo, P. Baudoz, A. Berton, A. Boccaletti, M. Carbillet, J. Charton, R. Claudi, M. Downing, P. Feautrier, E. Fedrigo, T. Fusco, R. Gratton, N. Hubin, M. Kasper, M. Langlois, C. Moutou, L. Mugnier, J. Pragt, P. Rabou, M. Saisse, H. M. Schmid, E. Stadler, M. Turrato, S. Udry, R. Waters, and F. Wildi, “SPHERE: a ‘Planet Finder’ Instrument for the VLT,” The Messenger 125, 29–34 (2006).

Larkin, J.

B. Macintosh, J. Graham, D. Palmer, R. Doyon, D. Gavel, J. Larkin, B. Oppenheimer, L. Saddlemyer, J. K. Wallace, B. Bauman, J. Evans, D. Erikson, K. Morzinski, D. Phillion, L. Poyneer, A. Sivaramakrishnan, R. Soummer, S. Thibault, and J.-P. Veran, “The Gemini Planet Imager,” Proc. SPIE 6272, 62720L1-12 (2006).

Leibowitz, E.

Lenzen, R.

D. Gisler, H. M. Schmid, C. Thalmann, H. P. Povel, J. O. Stenflo, F. Joos, M. Feldt, R. Lenzen, J. Tinbergen, R. Gratton, R. Stuik, D. M. Stam, W. Brandner, S. Hippler, M. Turatto, R. Neuhauser, C. Dominik, A. Hatzes, T. Henning, J. Lima, A. Quirrenbach, L. B. F. M. Waters, G. Wuchterl, and H. Zinnecker, “CHEOPS/ZIMPOL: a VLT instrument study for the polarimetric search of scattered light from extrasolar planets,” Proc. SPIE 5492, 463–474 (2004).
[Crossref]

Lima, J.

D. Gisler, H. M. Schmid, C. Thalmann, H. P. Povel, J. O. Stenflo, F. Joos, M. Feldt, R. Lenzen, J. Tinbergen, R. Gratton, R. Stuik, D. M. Stam, W. Brandner, S. Hippler, M. Turatto, R. Neuhauser, C. Dominik, A. Hatzes, T. Henning, J. Lima, A. Quirrenbach, L. B. F. M. Waters, G. Wuchterl, and H. Zinnecker, “CHEOPS/ZIMPOL: a VLT instrument study for the polarimetric search of scattered light from extrasolar planets,” Proc. SPIE 5492, 463–474 (2004).
[Crossref]

Littman, M. G.

N. J. Kasdin, R. J. Vanderbei, D. N. Spergel, and M. G. Littman, “Extrasolar planet finding via optimal apodized-pupil and shaped-pupil coronagraphs,” Astrophys. J. 582, 1147–1161 (2003).
[Crossref]

Lloyd, J. P.

S. Hinkley, B. R. Oppenheimer, R. Soummer, A. Sivaramakrishnan, L. C. Roberts, J. Kuhn, R. B. Makidon, M. D. Perrin, J. P. Lloyd, K. Kratter, and D. Brenner, “Temporal evolution of coronagraphic dynamic range and constraints on companions to Vega,” Astrophys. J. 654, 633–640 (2007).
[Crossref]

Macintosh, B.

C. Marois, D. Lafrenière, R. Doyon, B. Macintosh, and D. Nadeau, “Angular differential imaging: a powerful high-contrast imaging technique,” Astrophys. J. 641, 556–559 (2006).
[Crossref]

B. Macintosh, J. Graham, D. Palmer, R. Doyon, D. Gavel, J. Larkin, B. Oppenheimer, L. Saddlemyer, J. K. Wallace, B. Bauman, J. Evans, D. Erikson, K. Morzinski, D. Phillion, L. Poyneer, A. Sivaramakrishnan, R. Soummer, S. Thibault, and J.-P. Veran, “The Gemini Planet Imager,” Proc. SPIE 6272, 62720L1-12 (2006).

Makidon, R. B.

R. B. Makidon, A. Sivaramakrishnan, and R. van der Marel, “Observing extra-solar giant planet environments with JWST,” Proc. SPIE 7010, 7010–7024 (2008).

S. Hinkley, B. R. Oppenheimer, R. Soummer, A. Sivaramakrishnan, L. C. Roberts, J. Kuhn, R. B. Makidon, M. D. Perrin, J. P. Lloyd, K. Kratter, and D. Brenner, “Temporal evolution of coronagraphic dynamic range and constraints on companions to Vega,” Astrophys. J. 654, 633–640 (2007).
[Crossref]

Malbet, F.

F. Malbet, J. W. Yu, and M. Shao, “High dynamic range imaging using a deformable mirror for space coronography,” Pub. Astron. Soc. Pac. 107, 386–398 (1995).
[Crossref]

Marel, R. van der

R. B. Makidon, A. Sivaramakrishnan, and R. van der Marel, “Observing extra-solar giant planet environments with JWST,” Proc. SPIE 7010, 7010–7024 (2008).

Marois, C.

C. Marois, D. Lafrenière, R. Doyon, B. Macintosh, and D. Nadeau, “Angular differential imaging: a powerful high-contrast imaging technique,” Astrophys. J. 641, 556–559 (2006).
[Crossref]

R. Racine, G. A. H. Walker, D. Nadeau, Doyon R., and C. Marois, “Speckle noise and the detection of faint companions,” Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 111, 587–594 (1999).
[Crossref]

Morzinski, K.

B. Macintosh, J. Graham, D. Palmer, R. Doyon, D. Gavel, J. Larkin, B. Oppenheimer, L. Saddlemyer, J. K. Wallace, B. Bauman, J. Evans, D. Erikson, K. Morzinski, D. Phillion, L. Poyneer, A. Sivaramakrishnan, R. Soummer, S. Thibault, and J.-P. Veran, “The Gemini Planet Imager,” Proc. SPIE 6272, 62720L1-12 (2006).

Mouillet, D.

A. Boccaletti, M. Carbillet, T. Fusco, D. Mouillet, M. Langlois, C. Moutou, and K. Dohlen, “End-to-end simulation of AO-assisted coronagraphic differential imaging: estimation of performance for SPHERE,” Proc. SPIE 7015, 7015–7234 (2008).

J.-L. Beuzit, M. Feldt, K. Dohlen, D. Mouillet, P. Puget, J. Antici, A. Baruffolo, P. Baudoz, A. Berton, A. Boccaletti, M. Carbillet, J. Charton, R. Claudi, M. Downing, P. Feautrier, E. Fedrigo, T. Fusco, R. Gratton, N. Hubin, M. Kasper, M. Langlois, C. Moutou, L. Mugnier, J. Pragt, P. Rabou, M. Saisse, H. M. Schmid, E. Stadler, M. Turrato, S. Udry, R. Waters, and F. Wildi, “SPHERE: a ‘Planet Finder’ Instrument for the VLT,” The Messenger 125, 29–34 (2006).

A. Boccaletti, C. Moutou, D. Mouillet, A.-M. Lagrange, and J.-C. Augereau, “Dark-speckle coronagraphic detection of binary stars in the near-IR,” Astron. Astrophys. 367, 371–380 (2001).
[Crossref]

Moutou, C.

A. Boccaletti, M. Carbillet, T. Fusco, D. Mouillet, M. Langlois, C. Moutou, and K. Dohlen, “End-to-end simulation of AO-assisted coronagraphic differential imaging: estimation of performance for SPHERE,” Proc. SPIE 7015, 7015–7234 (2008).

J.-L. Beuzit, M. Feldt, K. Dohlen, D. Mouillet, P. Puget, J. Antici, A. Baruffolo, P. Baudoz, A. Berton, A. Boccaletti, M. Carbillet, J. Charton, R. Claudi, M. Downing, P. Feautrier, E. Fedrigo, T. Fusco, R. Gratton, N. Hubin, M. Kasper, M. Langlois, C. Moutou, L. Mugnier, J. Pragt, P. Rabou, M. Saisse, H. M. Schmid, E. Stadler, M. Turrato, S. Udry, R. Waters, and F. Wildi, “SPHERE: a ‘Planet Finder’ Instrument for the VLT,” The Messenger 125, 29–34 (2006).

A. Boccaletti, C. Moutou, D. Mouillet, A.-M. Lagrange, and J.-C. Augereau, “Dark-speckle coronagraphic detection of binary stars in the near-IR,” Astron. Astrophys. 367, 371–380 (2001).
[Crossref]

Mugnier, L.

J.-L. Beuzit, M. Feldt, K. Dohlen, D. Mouillet, P. Puget, J. Antici, A. Baruffolo, P. Baudoz, A. Berton, A. Boccaletti, M. Carbillet, J. Charton, R. Claudi, M. Downing, P. Feautrier, E. Fedrigo, T. Fusco, R. Gratton, N. Hubin, M. Kasper, M. Langlois, C. Moutou, L. Mugnier, J. Pragt, P. Rabou, M. Saisse, H. M. Schmid, E. Stadler, M. Turrato, S. Udry, R. Waters, and F. Wildi, “SPHERE: a ‘Planet Finder’ Instrument for the VLT,” The Messenger 125, 29–34 (2006).

Nadeau, D.

C. Marois, D. Lafrenière, R. Doyon, B. Macintosh, and D. Nadeau, “Angular differential imaging: a powerful high-contrast imaging technique,” Astrophys. J. 641, 556–559 (2006).
[Crossref]

R. Racine, G. A. H. Walker, D. Nadeau, Doyon R., and C. Marois, “Speckle noise and the detection of faint companions,” Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 111, 587–594 (1999).
[Crossref]

Neuhauser, R.

D. Gisler, H. M. Schmid, C. Thalmann, H. P. Povel, J. O. Stenflo, F. Joos, M. Feldt, R. Lenzen, J. Tinbergen, R. Gratton, R. Stuik, D. M. Stam, W. Brandner, S. Hippler, M. Turatto, R. Neuhauser, C. Dominik, A. Hatzes, T. Henning, J. Lima, A. Quirrenbach, L. B. F. M. Waters, G. Wuchterl, and H. Zinnecker, “CHEOPS/ZIMPOL: a VLT instrument study for the polarimetric search of scattered light from extrasolar planets,” Proc. SPIE 5492, 463–474 (2004).
[Crossref]

Nielsen, E. L.

N. Thatte, R. Abuter, M. Tecza, E. L. Nielsen, F. J. Clarke, and L. M. Close, “Very high contrast integral field spectroscopy of AB Doradus C: 9-mag contrast at 0.2 arcsec without a coronagraph using spectral deconvolution,” Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 378, 1229–1236 (2007).
[Crossref]

Nisenson, P.

P. Nisenson and C. Papaliolios, “Detection of Earth-like planets using apodized telescopes,” Astrophys. J. 548, L201–L205 (2001).
[Crossref]

Oppenheimer, B.

B. Macintosh, J. Graham, D. Palmer, R. Doyon, D. Gavel, J. Larkin, B. Oppenheimer, L. Saddlemyer, J. K. Wallace, B. Bauman, J. Evans, D. Erikson, K. Morzinski, D. Phillion, L. Poyneer, A. Sivaramakrishnan, R. Soummer, S. Thibault, and J.-P. Veran, “The Gemini Planet Imager,” Proc. SPIE 6272, 62720L1-12 (2006).

Oppenheimer, B. R.

S. Hinkley, B. R. Oppenheimer, R. Soummer, A. Sivaramakrishnan, L. C. Roberts, J. Kuhn, R. B. Makidon, M. D. Perrin, J. P. Lloyd, K. Kratter, and D. Brenner, “Temporal evolution of coronagraphic dynamic range and constraints on companions to Vega,” Astrophys. J. 654, 633–640 (2007).
[Crossref]

E. E. Bloemhof, R. D. Dekany, M. Troy, and B. R. Oppenheimer, “Behavior of remnant speckles in an adaptively corrected imaging system,” Astrophys. J. 558, L71–L74 (2001).
[Crossref]

Palacios, D. M.

Palmer, D.

B. Macintosh, J. Graham, D. Palmer, R. Doyon, D. Gavel, J. Larkin, B. Oppenheimer, L. Saddlemyer, J. K. Wallace, B. Bauman, J. Evans, D. Erikson, K. Morzinski, D. Phillion, L. Poyneer, A. Sivaramakrishnan, R. Soummer, S. Thibault, and J.-P. Veran, “The Gemini Planet Imager,” Proc. SPIE 6272, 62720L1-12 (2006).

Papaliolios, C.

P. Nisenson and C. Papaliolios, “Detection of Earth-like planets using apodized telescopes,” Astrophys. J. 548, L201–L205 (2001).
[Crossref]

Paseri, J.

P. Dierickx, D. Enard, R. Geyl, J. Paseri, M. Cayrel, and P. Béraud, “The VLT primary mirrors: mirror production and measured performance,” Proc. SPIE 2871, 385–392 (1997).
[Crossref]

Perrin, M. D.

S. Hinkley, B. R. Oppenheimer, R. Soummer, A. Sivaramakrishnan, L. C. Roberts, J. Kuhn, R. B. Makidon, M. D. Perrin, J. P. Lloyd, K. Kratter, and D. Brenner, “Temporal evolution of coronagraphic dynamic range and constraints on companions to Vega,” Astrophys. J. 654, 633–640 (2007).
[Crossref]

Peters, M. A.

Phillion, D.

B. Macintosh, J. Graham, D. Palmer, R. Doyon, D. Gavel, J. Larkin, B. Oppenheimer, L. Saddlemyer, J. K. Wallace, B. Bauman, J. Evans, D. Erikson, K. Morzinski, D. Phillion, L. Poyneer, A. Sivaramakrishnan, R. Soummer, S. Thibault, and J.-P. Veran, “The Gemini Planet Imager,” Proc. SPIE 6272, 62720L1-12 (2006).

Pluzhnik, E. A.

O. Guyon, E. A. Pluzhnik, M. J. Kuchner, B. Collins, and S. T. Ridgway, “Theoretical limits on extrasolar terrestrial planet detection with coronagraphs,” Astrophys. J. Suppl. 167, 8199 (2006).
[Crossref]

Povel, H. P.

D. Gisler, H. M. Schmid, C. Thalmann, H. P. Povel, J. O. Stenflo, F. Joos, M. Feldt, R. Lenzen, J. Tinbergen, R. Gratton, R. Stuik, D. M. Stam, W. Brandner, S. Hippler, M. Turatto, R. Neuhauser, C. Dominik, A. Hatzes, T. Henning, J. Lima, A. Quirrenbach, L. B. F. M. Waters, G. Wuchterl, and H. Zinnecker, “CHEOPS/ZIMPOL: a VLT instrument study for the polarimetric search of scattered light from extrasolar planets,” Proc. SPIE 5492, 463–474 (2004).
[Crossref]

Poyneer, L.

B. Macintosh, J. Graham, D. Palmer, R. Doyon, D. Gavel, J. Larkin, B. Oppenheimer, L. Saddlemyer, J. K. Wallace, B. Bauman, J. Evans, D. Erikson, K. Morzinski, D. Phillion, L. Poyneer, A. Sivaramakrishnan, R. Soummer, S. Thibault, and J.-P. Veran, “The Gemini Planet Imager,” Proc. SPIE 6272, 62720L1-12 (2006).

Pragt, J.

J.-L. Beuzit, M. Feldt, K. Dohlen, D. Mouillet, P. Puget, J. Antici, A. Baruffolo, P. Baudoz, A. Berton, A. Boccaletti, M. Carbillet, J. Charton, R. Claudi, M. Downing, P. Feautrier, E. Fedrigo, T. Fusco, R. Gratton, N. Hubin, M. Kasper, M. Langlois, C. Moutou, L. Mugnier, J. Pragt, P. Rabou, M. Saisse, H. M. Schmid, E. Stadler, M. Turrato, S. Udry, R. Waters, and F. Wildi, “SPHERE: a ‘Planet Finder’ Instrument for the VLT,” The Messenger 125, 29–34 (2006).

Puget, P.

J.-L. Beuzit, M. Feldt, K. Dohlen, D. Mouillet, P. Puget, J. Antici, A. Baruffolo, P. Baudoz, A. Berton, A. Boccaletti, M. Carbillet, J. Charton, R. Claudi, M. Downing, P. Feautrier, E. Fedrigo, T. Fusco, R. Gratton, N. Hubin, M. Kasper, M. Langlois, C. Moutou, L. Mugnier, J. Pragt, P. Rabou, M. Saisse, H. M. Schmid, E. Stadler, M. Turrato, S. Udry, R. Waters, and F. Wildi, “SPHERE: a ‘Planet Finder’ Instrument for the VLT,” The Messenger 125, 29–34 (2006).

Quirrenbach, A.

D. Gisler, H. M. Schmid, C. Thalmann, H. P. Povel, J. O. Stenflo, F. Joos, M. Feldt, R. Lenzen, J. Tinbergen, R. Gratton, R. Stuik, D. M. Stam, W. Brandner, S. Hippler, M. Turatto, R. Neuhauser, C. Dominik, A. Hatzes, T. Henning, J. Lima, A. Quirrenbach, L. B. F. M. Waters, G. Wuchterl, and H. Zinnecker, “CHEOPS/ZIMPOL: a VLT instrument study for the polarimetric search of scattered light from extrasolar planets,” Proc. SPIE 5492, 463–474 (2004).
[Crossref]

R., Doyon

R. Racine, G. A. H. Walker, D. Nadeau, Doyon R., and C. Marois, “Speckle noise and the detection of faint companions,” Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 111, 587–594 (1999).
[Crossref]

Rabou, P.

J.-L. Beuzit, M. Feldt, K. Dohlen, D. Mouillet, P. Puget, J. Antici, A. Baruffolo, P. Baudoz, A. Berton, A. Boccaletti, M. Carbillet, J. Charton, R. Claudi, M. Downing, P. Feautrier, E. Fedrigo, T. Fusco, R. Gratton, N. Hubin, M. Kasper, M. Langlois, C. Moutou, L. Mugnier, J. Pragt, P. Rabou, M. Saisse, H. M. Schmid, E. Stadler, M. Turrato, S. Udry, R. Waters, and F. Wildi, “SPHERE: a ‘Planet Finder’ Instrument for the VLT,” The Messenger 125, 29–34 (2006).

Racine, R.

R. Racine, G. A. H. Walker, D. Nadeau, Doyon R., and C. Marois, “Speckle noise and the detection of faint companions,” Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 111, 587–594 (1999).
[Crossref]

Ribak, E.

Ribak, E. N.

Y. Carmon and E. N. Ribak, “Diffraction symmetries of a field of slowly varying phase,” submitted (2008).

Ridgway, S. T.

O. Guyon, E. A. Pluzhnik, M. J. Kuchner, B. Collins, and S. T. Ridgway, “Theoretical limits on extrasolar terrestrial planet detection with coronagraphs,” Astrophys. J. Suppl. 167, 8199 (2006).
[Crossref]

Roberts, L. C.

S. Hinkley, B. R. Oppenheimer, R. Soummer, A. Sivaramakrishnan, L. C. Roberts, J. Kuhn, R. B. Makidon, M. D. Perrin, J. P. Lloyd, K. Kratter, and D. Brenner, “Temporal evolution of coronagraphic dynamic range and constraints on companions to Vega,” Astrophys. J. 654, 633–640 (2007).
[Crossref]

Rouan, D.

C. Cavarroc, A. Boccaletti, P. Baudoz, T. Fusco, and D. Rouan, “Fundamental limitations on Earth-like planet detection with extremely large telescopes,” Astron. Astrophys. 447, 397–403 (2006).
[Crossref]

Saddlemyer, L.

B. Macintosh, J. Graham, D. Palmer, R. Doyon, D. Gavel, J. Larkin, B. Oppenheimer, L. Saddlemyer, J. K. Wallace, B. Bauman, J. Evans, D. Erikson, K. Morzinski, D. Phillion, L. Poyneer, A. Sivaramakrishnan, R. Soummer, S. Thibault, and J.-P. Veran, “The Gemini Planet Imager,” Proc. SPIE 6272, 62720L1-12 (2006).

Saisse, M.

J.-L. Beuzit, M. Feldt, K. Dohlen, D. Mouillet, P. Puget, J. Antici, A. Baruffolo, P. Baudoz, A. Berton, A. Boccaletti, M. Carbillet, J. Charton, R. Claudi, M. Downing, P. Feautrier, E. Fedrigo, T. Fusco, R. Gratton, N. Hubin, M. Kasper, M. Langlois, C. Moutou, L. Mugnier, J. Pragt, P. Rabou, M. Saisse, H. M. Schmid, E. Stadler, M. Turrato, S. Udry, R. Waters, and F. Wildi, “SPHERE: a ‘Planet Finder’ Instrument for the VLT,” The Messenger 125, 29–34 (2006).

Schmid, H. M.

J.-L. Beuzit, M. Feldt, K. Dohlen, D. Mouillet, P. Puget, J. Antici, A. Baruffolo, P. Baudoz, A. Berton, A. Boccaletti, M. Carbillet, J. Charton, R. Claudi, M. Downing, P. Feautrier, E. Fedrigo, T. Fusco, R. Gratton, N. Hubin, M. Kasper, M. Langlois, C. Moutou, L. Mugnier, J. Pragt, P. Rabou, M. Saisse, H. M. Schmid, E. Stadler, M. Turrato, S. Udry, R. Waters, and F. Wildi, “SPHERE: a ‘Planet Finder’ Instrument for the VLT,” The Messenger 125, 29–34 (2006).

D. Gisler, H. M. Schmid, C. Thalmann, H. P. Povel, J. O. Stenflo, F. Joos, M. Feldt, R. Lenzen, J. Tinbergen, R. Gratton, R. Stuik, D. M. Stam, W. Brandner, S. Hippler, M. Turatto, R. Neuhauser, C. Dominik, A. Hatzes, T. Henning, J. Lima, A. Quirrenbach, L. B. F. M. Waters, G. Wuchterl, and H. Zinnecker, “CHEOPS/ZIMPOL: a VLT instrument study for the polarimetric search of scattered light from extrasolar planets,” Proc. SPIE 5492, 463–474 (2004).
[Crossref]

Shaklan, S.

Shao, M.

F. Malbet, J. W. Yu, and M. Shao, “High dynamic range imaging using a deformable mirror for space coronography,” Pub. Astron. Soc. Pac. 107, 386–398 (1995).
[Crossref]

Sivanandam, S.

M. A. Kenworthy, P. M. Hinz, J. R. P. Angel, A. N. Heinze, and S. Sivanandam, “Whack-a-speckle: focal plane wavefront sensing in theory and practice with a deformable secondary mirror and 5-micron camera,” Proc. SPIE 6272, 62723B1-7 (2006).

Sivaramakrishnan, A.

R. B. Makidon, A. Sivaramakrishnan, and R. van der Marel, “Observing extra-solar giant planet environments with JWST,” Proc. SPIE 7010, 7010–7024 (2008).

S. Hinkley, B. R. Oppenheimer, R. Soummer, A. Sivaramakrishnan, L. C. Roberts, J. Kuhn, R. B. Makidon, M. D. Perrin, J. P. Lloyd, K. Kratter, and D. Brenner, “Temporal evolution of coronagraphic dynamic range and constraints on companions to Vega,” Astrophys. J. 654, 633–640 (2007).
[Crossref]

B. Macintosh, J. Graham, D. Palmer, R. Doyon, D. Gavel, J. Larkin, B. Oppenheimer, L. Saddlemyer, J. K. Wallace, B. Bauman, J. Evans, D. Erikson, K. Morzinski, D. Phillion, L. Poyneer, A. Sivaramakrishnan, R. Soummer, S. Thibault, and J.-P. Veran, “The Gemini Planet Imager,” Proc. SPIE 6272, 62720L1-12 (2006).

Soummer, R.

S. Hinkley, B. R. Oppenheimer, R. Soummer, A. Sivaramakrishnan, L. C. Roberts, J. Kuhn, R. B. Makidon, M. D. Perrin, J. P. Lloyd, K. Kratter, and D. Brenner, “Temporal evolution of coronagraphic dynamic range and constraints on companions to Vega,” Astrophys. J. 654, 633–640 (2007).
[Crossref]

B. Macintosh, J. Graham, D. Palmer, R. Doyon, D. Gavel, J. Larkin, B. Oppenheimer, L. Saddlemyer, J. K. Wallace, B. Bauman, J. Evans, D. Erikson, K. Morzinski, D. Phillion, L. Poyneer, A. Sivaramakrishnan, R. Soummer, S. Thibault, and J.-P. Veran, “The Gemini Planet Imager,” Proc. SPIE 6272, 62720L1-12 (2006).

Sparks, W. B.

W. B. Sparks and H. C. Ford, “Imaging spectroscopy for extrasolar planet detection,” Astrophys. J. 578, 543–564 (2002).
[Crossref]

Spergel, D. N.

N. J. Kasdin, R. J. Vanderbei, D. N. Spergel, and M. G. Littman, “Extrasolar planet finding via optimal apodized-pupil and shaped-pupil coronagraphs,” Astrophys. J. 582, 1147–1161 (2003).
[Crossref]

Stadler, E.

J.-L. Beuzit, M. Feldt, K. Dohlen, D. Mouillet, P. Puget, J. Antici, A. Baruffolo, P. Baudoz, A. Berton, A. Boccaletti, M. Carbillet, J. Charton, R. Claudi, M. Downing, P. Feautrier, E. Fedrigo, T. Fusco, R. Gratton, N. Hubin, M. Kasper, M. Langlois, C. Moutou, L. Mugnier, J. Pragt, P. Rabou, M. Saisse, H. M. Schmid, E. Stadler, M. Turrato, S. Udry, R. Waters, and F. Wildi, “SPHERE: a ‘Planet Finder’ Instrument for the VLT,” The Messenger 125, 29–34 (2006).

Stam, D. M.

D. Gisler, H. M. Schmid, C. Thalmann, H. P. Povel, J. O. Stenflo, F. Joos, M. Feldt, R. Lenzen, J. Tinbergen, R. Gratton, R. Stuik, D. M. Stam, W. Brandner, S. Hippler, M. Turatto, R. Neuhauser, C. Dominik, A. Hatzes, T. Henning, J. Lima, A. Quirrenbach, L. B. F. M. Waters, G. Wuchterl, and H. Zinnecker, “CHEOPS/ZIMPOL: a VLT instrument study for the polarimetric search of scattered light from extrasolar planets,” Proc. SPIE 5492, 463–474 (2004).
[Crossref]

Stenflo, J. O.

D. Gisler, H. M. Schmid, C. Thalmann, H. P. Povel, J. O. Stenflo, F. Joos, M. Feldt, R. Lenzen, J. Tinbergen, R. Gratton, R. Stuik, D. M. Stam, W. Brandner, S. Hippler, M. Turatto, R. Neuhauser, C. Dominik, A. Hatzes, T. Henning, J. Lima, A. Quirrenbach, L. B. F. M. Waters, G. Wuchterl, and H. Zinnecker, “CHEOPS/ZIMPOL: a VLT instrument study for the polarimetric search of scattered light from extrasolar planets,” Proc. SPIE 5492, 463–474 (2004).
[Crossref]

Stuik, R.

D. Gisler, H. M. Schmid, C. Thalmann, H. P. Povel, J. O. Stenflo, F. Joos, M. Feldt, R. Lenzen, J. Tinbergen, R. Gratton, R. Stuik, D. M. Stam, W. Brandner, S. Hippler, M. Turatto, R. Neuhauser, C. Dominik, A. Hatzes, T. Henning, J. Lima, A. Quirrenbach, L. B. F. M. Waters, G. Wuchterl, and H. Zinnecker, “CHEOPS/ZIMPOL: a VLT instrument study for the polarimetric search of scattered light from extrasolar planets,” Proc. SPIE 5492, 463–474 (2004).
[Crossref]

Swartzlander, G. A.

Tecza, M.

N. Thatte, R. Abuter, M. Tecza, E. L. Nielsen, F. J. Clarke, and L. M. Close, “Very high contrast integral field spectroscopy of AB Doradus C: 9-mag contrast at 0.2 arcsec without a coronagraph using spectral deconvolution,” Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 378, 1229–1236 (2007).
[Crossref]

Thalmann, C.

D. Gisler, H. M. Schmid, C. Thalmann, H. P. Povel, J. O. Stenflo, F. Joos, M. Feldt, R. Lenzen, J. Tinbergen, R. Gratton, R. Stuik, D. M. Stam, W. Brandner, S. Hippler, M. Turatto, R. Neuhauser, C. Dominik, A. Hatzes, T. Henning, J. Lima, A. Quirrenbach, L. B. F. M. Waters, G. Wuchterl, and H. Zinnecker, “CHEOPS/ZIMPOL: a VLT instrument study for the polarimetric search of scattered light from extrasolar planets,” Proc. SPIE 5492, 463–474 (2004).
[Crossref]

Thatte, N.

N. Thatte, R. Abuter, M. Tecza, E. L. Nielsen, F. J. Clarke, and L. M. Close, “Very high contrast integral field spectroscopy of AB Doradus C: 9-mag contrast at 0.2 arcsec without a coronagraph using spectral deconvolution,” Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 378, 1229–1236 (2007).
[Crossref]

Thibault, S.

B. Macintosh, J. Graham, D. Palmer, R. Doyon, D. Gavel, J. Larkin, B. Oppenheimer, L. Saddlemyer, J. K. Wallace, B. Bauman, J. Evans, D. Erikson, K. Morzinski, D. Phillion, L. Poyneer, A. Sivaramakrishnan, R. Soummer, S. Thibault, and J.-P. Veran, “The Gemini Planet Imager,” Proc. SPIE 6272, 62720L1-12 (2006).

Tinbergen, J.

D. Gisler, H. M. Schmid, C. Thalmann, H. P. Povel, J. O. Stenflo, F. Joos, M. Feldt, R. Lenzen, J. Tinbergen, R. Gratton, R. Stuik, D. M. Stam, W. Brandner, S. Hippler, M. Turatto, R. Neuhauser, C. Dominik, A. Hatzes, T. Henning, J. Lima, A. Quirrenbach, L. B. F. M. Waters, G. Wuchterl, and H. Zinnecker, “CHEOPS/ZIMPOL: a VLT instrument study for the polarimetric search of scattered light from extrasolar planets,” Proc. SPIE 5492, 463–474 (2004).
[Crossref]

Traub, W. A.

J. T. Trauger and W. A. Traub, “A laboratory demonstration of the capability to image an Earth-like extrasolar planet,” Nature 44, 771–773 (2007).
[Crossref]

P. J. Bordé and W. A. Traub, “High-contrast imaging from space: speckle nulling in a low-aberration regime,” Astrophys. J. 638, 488–498 (2006).
[Crossref]

Trauger, J. T.

J. T. Trauger and W. A. Traub, “A laboratory demonstration of the capability to image an Earth-like extrasolar planet,” Nature 44, 771–773 (2007).
[Crossref]

Troy, M.

E. E. Bloemhof, R. D. Dekany, M. Troy, and B. R. Oppenheimer, “Behavior of remnant speckles in an adaptively corrected imaging system,” Astrophys. J. 558, L71–L74 (2001).
[Crossref]

Turatto, M.

D. Gisler, H. M. Schmid, C. Thalmann, H. P. Povel, J. O. Stenflo, F. Joos, M. Feldt, R. Lenzen, J. Tinbergen, R. Gratton, R. Stuik, D. M. Stam, W. Brandner, S. Hippler, M. Turatto, R. Neuhauser, C. Dominik, A. Hatzes, T. Henning, J. Lima, A. Quirrenbach, L. B. F. M. Waters, G. Wuchterl, and H. Zinnecker, “CHEOPS/ZIMPOL: a VLT instrument study for the polarimetric search of scattered light from extrasolar planets,” Proc. SPIE 5492, 463–474 (2004).
[Crossref]

Turrato, M.

J.-L. Beuzit, M. Feldt, K. Dohlen, D. Mouillet, P. Puget, J. Antici, A. Baruffolo, P. Baudoz, A. Berton, A. Boccaletti, M. Carbillet, J. Charton, R. Claudi, M. Downing, P. Feautrier, E. Fedrigo, T. Fusco, R. Gratton, N. Hubin, M. Kasper, M. Langlois, C. Moutou, L. Mugnier, J. Pragt, P. Rabou, M. Saisse, H. M. Schmid, E. Stadler, M. Turrato, S. Udry, R. Waters, and F. Wildi, “SPHERE: a ‘Planet Finder’ Instrument for the VLT,” The Messenger 125, 29–34 (2006).

Udry, S.

J.-L. Beuzit, M. Feldt, K. Dohlen, D. Mouillet, P. Puget, J. Antici, A. Baruffolo, P. Baudoz, A. Berton, A. Boccaletti, M. Carbillet, J. Charton, R. Claudi, M. Downing, P. Feautrier, E. Fedrigo, T. Fusco, R. Gratton, N. Hubin, M. Kasper, M. Langlois, C. Moutou, L. Mugnier, J. Pragt, P. Rabou, M. Saisse, H. M. Schmid, E. Stadler, M. Turrato, S. Udry, R. Waters, and F. Wildi, “SPHERE: a ‘Planet Finder’ Instrument for the VLT,” The Messenger 125, 29–34 (2006).

Vanderbei, R. J.

N. J. Kasdin, R. J. Vanderbei, D. N. Spergel, and M. G. Littman, “Extrasolar planet finding via optimal apodized-pupil and shaped-pupil coronagraphs,” Astrophys. J. 582, 1147–1161 (2003).
[Crossref]

Veran, J.-P.

B. Macintosh, J. Graham, D. Palmer, R. Doyon, D. Gavel, J. Larkin, B. Oppenheimer, L. Saddlemyer, J. K. Wallace, B. Bauman, J. Evans, D. Erikson, K. Morzinski, D. Phillion, L. Poyneer, A. Sivaramakrishnan, R. Soummer, S. Thibault, and J.-P. Veran, “The Gemini Planet Imager,” Proc. SPIE 6272, 62720L1-12 (2006).

Véran, J.-P.

L. Jolissaint, J.-P. Véran, and R. Conan, “Analytical modeling of adaptive optics: foundations of the phase spatial power spectrum approach,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 23, 382–394 (2006).
[Crossref]

Walker, G. A. H.

R. Racine, G. A. H. Walker, D. Nadeau, Doyon R., and C. Marois, “Speckle noise and the detection of faint companions,” Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 111, 587–594 (1999).
[Crossref]

Wallace, J. K.

B. Macintosh, J. Graham, D. Palmer, R. Doyon, D. Gavel, J. Larkin, B. Oppenheimer, L. Saddlemyer, J. K. Wallace, B. Bauman, J. Evans, D. Erikson, K. Morzinski, D. Phillion, L. Poyneer, A. Sivaramakrishnan, R. Soummer, S. Thibault, and J.-P. Veran, “The Gemini Planet Imager,” Proc. SPIE 6272, 62720L1-12 (2006).

Waters, L. B. F. M.

D. Gisler, H. M. Schmid, C. Thalmann, H. P. Povel, J. O. Stenflo, F. Joos, M. Feldt, R. Lenzen, J. Tinbergen, R. Gratton, R. Stuik, D. M. Stam, W. Brandner, S. Hippler, M. Turatto, R. Neuhauser, C. Dominik, A. Hatzes, T. Henning, J. Lima, A. Quirrenbach, L. B. F. M. Waters, G. Wuchterl, and H. Zinnecker, “CHEOPS/ZIMPOL: a VLT instrument study for the polarimetric search of scattered light from extrasolar planets,” Proc. SPIE 5492, 463–474 (2004).
[Crossref]

Waters, R.

J.-L. Beuzit, M. Feldt, K. Dohlen, D. Mouillet, P. Puget, J. Antici, A. Baruffolo, P. Baudoz, A. Berton, A. Boccaletti, M. Carbillet, J. Charton, R. Claudi, M. Downing, P. Feautrier, E. Fedrigo, T. Fusco, R. Gratton, N. Hubin, M. Kasper, M. Langlois, C. Moutou, L. Mugnier, J. Pragt, P. Rabou, M. Saisse, H. M. Schmid, E. Stadler, M. Turrato, S. Udry, R. Waters, and F. Wildi, “SPHERE: a ‘Planet Finder’ Instrument for the VLT,” The Messenger 125, 29–34 (2006).

Wildi, F.

J.-L. Beuzit, M. Feldt, K. Dohlen, D. Mouillet, P. Puget, J. Antici, A. Baruffolo, P. Baudoz, A. Berton, A. Boccaletti, M. Carbillet, J. Charton, R. Claudi, M. Downing, P. Feautrier, E. Fedrigo, T. Fusco, R. Gratton, N. Hubin, M. Kasper, M. Langlois, C. Moutou, L. Mugnier, J. Pragt, P. Rabou, M. Saisse, H. M. Schmid, E. Stadler, M. Turrato, S. Udry, R. Waters, and F. Wildi, “SPHERE: a ‘Planet Finder’ Instrument for the VLT,” The Messenger 125, 29–34 (2006).

Wilson, D. W.

Wuchterl, G.

D. Gisler, H. M. Schmid, C. Thalmann, H. P. Povel, J. O. Stenflo, F. Joos, M. Feldt, R. Lenzen, J. Tinbergen, R. Gratton, R. Stuik, D. M. Stam, W. Brandner, S. Hippler, M. Turatto, R. Neuhauser, C. Dominik, A. Hatzes, T. Henning, J. Lima, A. Quirrenbach, L. B. F. M. Waters, G. Wuchterl, and H. Zinnecker, “CHEOPS/ZIMPOL: a VLT instrument study for the polarimetric search of scattered light from extrasolar planets,” Proc. SPIE 5492, 463–474 (2004).
[Crossref]

Yu, J. W.

F. Malbet, J. W. Yu, and M. Shao, “High dynamic range imaging using a deformable mirror for space coronography,” Pub. Astron. Soc. Pac. 107, 386–398 (1995).
[Crossref]

Zinnecker, H.

D. Gisler, H. M. Schmid, C. Thalmann, H. P. Povel, J. O. Stenflo, F. Joos, M. Feldt, R. Lenzen, J. Tinbergen, R. Gratton, R. Stuik, D. M. Stam, W. Brandner, S. Hippler, M. Turatto, R. Neuhauser, C. Dominik, A. Hatzes, T. Henning, J. Lima, A. Quirrenbach, L. B. F. M. Waters, G. Wuchterl, and H. Zinnecker, “CHEOPS/ZIMPOL: a VLT instrument study for the polarimetric search of scattered light from extrasolar planets,” Proc. SPIE 5492, 463–474 (2004).
[Crossref]

Appl. Opt. (1)

Astron. Astrophys. (3)

C. Cavarroc, A. Boccaletti, P. Baudoz, T. Fusco, and D. Rouan, “Fundamental limitations on Earth-like planet detection with extremely large telescopes,” Astron. Astrophys. 447, 397–403 (2006).
[Crossref]

A. Labeyrie, “Images of exo-planets obtainable from dark speckles in adaptive telescopes,” Astron. Astrophys. 298, 544–548 (1995).

A. Boccaletti, C. Moutou, D. Mouillet, A.-M. Lagrange, and J.-C. Augereau, “Dark-speckle coronagraphic detection of binary stars in the near-IR,” Astron. Astrophys. 367, 371–380 (2001).
[Crossref]

Astrophys. J. (9)

W. B. Sparks and H. C. Ford, “Imaging spectroscopy for extrasolar planet detection,” Astrophys. J. 578, 543–564 (2002).
[Crossref]

J. L. Codona and R. Angel, “Imaging extrasolar planets by stellar halo suppression in separately corrected color bands,” Astrophys. J. 604, L117–L120 (2004).
[Crossref]

S. Gladysz and J. C. Christou, “Detection of faint companions through stochastic speckle discrimination,” Astrophys. J. 684, 1486–1495 (2008).
[Crossref]

P. J. Bordé and W. A. Traub, “High-contrast imaging from space: speckle nulling in a low-aberration regime,” Astrophys. J. 638, 488–498 (2006).
[Crossref]

S. Hinkley, B. R. Oppenheimer, R. Soummer, A. Sivaramakrishnan, L. C. Roberts, J. Kuhn, R. B. Makidon, M. D. Perrin, J. P. Lloyd, K. Kratter, and D. Brenner, “Temporal evolution of coronagraphic dynamic range and constraints on companions to Vega,” Astrophys. J. 654, 633–640 (2007).
[Crossref]

C. Marois, D. Lafrenière, R. Doyon, B. Macintosh, and D. Nadeau, “Angular differential imaging: a powerful high-contrast imaging technique,” Astrophys. J. 641, 556–559 (2006).
[Crossref]

P. Nisenson and C. Papaliolios, “Detection of Earth-like planets using apodized telescopes,” Astrophys. J. 548, L201–L205 (2001).
[Crossref]

N. J. Kasdin, R. J. Vanderbei, D. N. Spergel, and M. G. Littman, “Extrasolar planet finding via optimal apodized-pupil and shaped-pupil coronagraphs,” Astrophys. J. 582, 1147–1161 (2003).
[Crossref]

E. E. Bloemhof, R. D. Dekany, M. Troy, and B. R. Oppenheimer, “Behavior of remnant speckles in an adaptively corrected imaging system,” Astrophys. J. 558, L71–L74 (2001).
[Crossref]

Astrophys. J. Suppl. (1)

O. Guyon, E. A. Pluzhnik, M. J. Kuchner, B. Collins, and S. T. Ridgway, “Theoretical limits on extrasolar terrestrial planet detection with coronagraphs,” Astrophys. J. Suppl. 167, 8199 (2006).
[Crossref]

J. Opt. Soc. Am. (1)

L. Jolissaint, J.-P. Véran, and R. Conan, “Analytical modeling of adaptive optics: foundations of the phase spatial power spectrum approach,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 23, 382–394 (2006).
[Crossref]

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (1)

N. Thatte, R. Abuter, M. Tecza, E. L. Nielsen, F. J. Clarke, and L. M. Close, “Very high contrast integral field spectroscopy of AB Doradus C: 9-mag contrast at 0.2 arcsec without a coronagraph using spectral deconvolution,” Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 378, 1229–1236 (2007).
[Crossref]

Nature (2)

A. Burrows, “A theoretical look at the direct detection of giant planets outside the Solar System,” Nature 433, 261–268 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. T. Trauger and W. A. Traub, “A laboratory demonstration of the capability to image an Earth-like extrasolar planet,” Nature 44, 771–773 (2007).
[Crossref]

Opt. Express (2)

Proc. SPIE (6)

P. Dierickx, D. Enard, R. Geyl, J. Paseri, M. Cayrel, and P. Béraud, “The VLT primary mirrors: mirror production and measured performance,” Proc. SPIE 2871, 385–392 (1997).
[Crossref]

A. Boccaletti, M. Carbillet, T. Fusco, D. Mouillet, M. Langlois, C. Moutou, and K. Dohlen, “End-to-end simulation of AO-assisted coronagraphic differential imaging: estimation of performance for SPHERE,” Proc. SPIE 7015, 7015–7234 (2008).

M. A. Kenworthy, P. M. Hinz, J. R. P. Angel, A. N. Heinze, and S. Sivanandam, “Whack-a-speckle: focal plane wavefront sensing in theory and practice with a deformable secondary mirror and 5-micron camera,” Proc. SPIE 6272, 62723B1-7 (2006).

B. Macintosh, J. Graham, D. Palmer, R. Doyon, D. Gavel, J. Larkin, B. Oppenheimer, L. Saddlemyer, J. K. Wallace, B. Bauman, J. Evans, D. Erikson, K. Morzinski, D. Phillion, L. Poyneer, A. Sivaramakrishnan, R. Soummer, S. Thibault, and J.-P. Veran, “The Gemini Planet Imager,” Proc. SPIE 6272, 62720L1-12 (2006).

R. B. Makidon, A. Sivaramakrishnan, and R. van der Marel, “Observing extra-solar giant planet environments with JWST,” Proc. SPIE 7010, 7010–7024 (2008).

D. Gisler, H. M. Schmid, C. Thalmann, H. P. Povel, J. O. Stenflo, F. Joos, M. Feldt, R. Lenzen, J. Tinbergen, R. Gratton, R. Stuik, D. M. Stam, W. Brandner, S. Hippler, M. Turatto, R. Neuhauser, C. Dominik, A. Hatzes, T. Henning, J. Lima, A. Quirrenbach, L. B. F. M. Waters, G. Wuchterl, and H. Zinnecker, “CHEOPS/ZIMPOL: a VLT instrument study for the polarimetric search of scattered light from extrasolar planets,” Proc. SPIE 5492, 463–474 (2004).
[Crossref]

Prog. Opt. (1)

K. Creath, “Phase measurement interferometry,” Prog. Opt. 25, 349–393 (1988);
[Crossref]

Pub. Astron. Soc. Pac. (1)

F. Malbet, J. W. Yu, and M. Shao, “High dynamic range imaging using a deformable mirror for space coronography,” Pub. Astron. Soc. Pac. 107, 386–398 (1995).
[Crossref]

Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. (1)

R. Racine, G. A. H. Walker, D. Nadeau, Doyon R., and C. Marois, “Speckle noise and the detection of faint companions,” Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 111, 587–594 (1999).
[Crossref]

The Messenger (1)

J.-L. Beuzit, M. Feldt, K. Dohlen, D. Mouillet, P. Puget, J. Antici, A. Baruffolo, P. Baudoz, A. Berton, A. Boccaletti, M. Carbillet, J. Charton, R. Claudi, M. Downing, P. Feautrier, E. Fedrigo, T. Fusco, R. Gratton, N. Hubin, M. Kasper, M. Langlois, C. Moutou, L. Mugnier, J. Pragt, P. Rabou, M. Saisse, H. M. Schmid, E. Stadler, M. Turrato, S. Udry, R. Waters, and F. Wildi, “SPHERE: a ‘Planet Finder’ Instrument for the VLT,” The Messenger 125, 29–34 (2006).

Other (2)

J. W. Goodman, Statistical optics (Wiley2000).

Y. Carmon and E. N. Ribak, “Diffraction symmetries of a field of slowly varying phase,” submitted (2008).

Supplementary Material (1)

» Media 1: AVI (1313 KB)     

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Figures (9)

Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Simulated stellar diffraction pattern (left), including residual adaptive optics and polishing errors from a VLT 8 m mirror (right). This diffraction pattern is the sum of 200 exposures, each 0.1 s long, shown in stellar magnitudes (negative logarithmic scale, base 2.5) to reveal the faint off-axis structure. The Strehl ratio in this image is 85%. The scale on all images is λ/D=4 pixels.

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Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. Breaking the symmetry of a telescope by masking 20% of its pupil (both in area and diameter) at eight orientations. Notice the typical residual aberrations, on the scale of a few nanometers (SOAR telescope, courtesy A. Tokovinin).

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Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. Rotation of the diffraction pattern with the rotation of the aperture mask. A spatial light modulator imposed the masks as in Fig. 2 (inset), and we took the corresponding images of the laser diffraction pattern (log scale). The residual system and turbulence aberrations were slightly more than one wave length. (Media 1)

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Fig. 4.
Fig. 4. Part of the Airy pattern: the first to third rings move as the width of the aperture changes from 100% to 80% during the rotation of the masking pupil. The zero-intensity areas between the successive rings sweep larger and larger swaths (bars at bottom) allowing for faint planets to show up beneath them.

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Fig. 5.
Fig. 5. Intensity in two pixels near the star during three pupil revolutions. One trace is elevated due to the presence of a relatively bright planet. The periodicity is not perfect due to residual tip-tilt errors, Poisson, sky, and read out noise.

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Fig. 6.
Fig. 6. The minima in every image position near a 4th magnitude star during five cycles of pupil rotation. Nine planets of magnitudes 12 to 20 were placed on four sides of the star (compare to Fig. 1). (Left) The absolute minimum in each image pixel; (Right) The average of the four faintest measurements. The image is smoother but contains more speckles.

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Fig. 7.
Fig. 7. (Left) The same image as in Fig. 6 Left. (Right) Many persistent speckles have now disappeared, by adding to the 31% diameter obscuration also 26%, 21%, 16%, and 11% obscurations, each 200 measurements lasting 0.1s every 9° rotation.

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Fig. 8.
Fig. 8. For comparison, we take the long-exposure adaptively-corrected pattern (Fig. 1, Left), and calculate the radial mean (average over angles) and cross cuts through the Airy rings (top three curves). Then we do the same for the pattern of minima after aperture rotations at different obscurations (Fig. 7, Right). The residual Airy rings have nearly disappeared (bottom three curves). The horizontal and vertical cuts are very similar (middle two curves), and stand out against the radial mean (bottom curve). The planets are clearly visible even though we set them almost on top of the Airy rings, every 2.5λ/D. The difference between radial means shows that the persistent speckle is reduced by 5 magnitudes.

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Fig. 9.
Fig. 9. Changing the occulting aperture size and rotating it at the same time. In this example, the blocked portion grew from 0 up to 24% of the diameter, repeating cyclically 7/3 times the rotation speed.

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Equations (4)

Equations on this page are rendered with MathJax. Learn more.

I ( x , y , t ) = I p ( x , y ) + I s ( x , y , t )
= I p ( x , y ) + I m ( x , y ) { 1 + cos [ ω t + φ ( x , y ) ] } ,
I m 2 = ( I a − I c ) 2 + ( I b − I d ) 2 − I t ; I t = I a + I b + I c + I d ,
I ( x , y , t ) = I p ( x , y ) + I m ( x , y ) { 1 + P [ ω t + φ ( x , y ) ] } ,

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