Abstract

Supercontinuum radiation sources are attractive for spectroscopic applications owing to their broad wavelength coverage, which enables spectral signatures of multiple species to be detected simultaneously. Here we report the first use of a supercontinuum radiation source for broadband trace gas detection using a cavity enhanced absorption technique. Spectra were recorded at bandwidths of up to 100 nm, encompassing multiple absorption bands of H2O, O2 and O2-O2. The same instrument was also used to make quantitative measurements of NO2 and NO3. For NO3 a detection limit of 3 parts-per-trillion in 2 s was achieved, which corresponds to an effective 3σ sensitivity of 2.4×10-9 cm-1Hz-1/2. Our results demonstrate that a conceptually simple and robust instrument is capable of highly sensitive broadband absorption measurements.

©2008 Optical Society of America

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  1. Th. Udem, R. Holzwarth, and T. Hänsch, “Optical frequency metrology,” Nature 416, 233–237 (2002).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  2. J. Kasparian, M. Rodriguez, G. Méjean, J. Yu, E. Salmon, H. Wille, R. Bourayou, S. Frey, Y.-B. André, A. Mysyrowicz, R. Sauerbrey, J.-P. Wolf, and L. Wöste, “White-Light Filaments for Atmospheric Analysis,” Science 301, 61–64 (2003).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  3. M. Y. Sfeir, F. Wang, L. Huang, C.-C. Chuang, J. Hone, S. P. O’Brien, T. F. Heinz, and L. E. Brus, “Probing Electronic Transitions in Individual Carbon Nanotubes by Rayleigh Scattering,” Science 306, 1540–1543 (2004).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  4. A. Unterhuber, B. Považay, K. Bizheva, B. Hermann, H. Sattmann, A. Stingl, T. Le, M. Seefeld, R. Menzel, M. Preusser, H. Budka, C. Schubert, H. Reitsamer, P. K. Ahnelt, J. E. Morgan, A. Cowey, and W. Drexler, “Advances in broad bandwidth light sources for ultrahigh resolution optical coherence tomography,” Phys. Med. Biol. 49, 1235–1246 (2004).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  5. R. R. Alfano, The Supercontinuum Laser Source, 2nd ed. (Springer, New York, 2006).
    [PubMed]
  6. W. H. Reeves, D. V. Skryabin, F. Biancalana, J. C. Knight, P. St. J. Russell, F. G. Omenetto, A. Efimov, and A. J. Taylor, “Transformation and control of ultra-short pulses in dispersion-engineered photonic crystal fibres,” Nature 424, 511–515 (2003).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  7. P. V. Kelkar, F. Coppinger, A. S. Bhushan, and B. Jalali, “Time-domain optical sensing,” Electron. Lett. 35, 1661–1662 (1999).
    [Crossref]
  8. S. T. Sanders, “Wavelength-agile fiber laser using group-velocity dispersion of pulsed super-continua and application to broadband absorption spectroscopy,” Appl. Phys. B 75, 799–802 (2002).
    [Crossref]
  9. J. Hult, R. S. Watt, and C. F. Kaminski, “High bandwidth absorption spectroscopy with a dispersed supercontinuum source,” Opt. Express 15, 11385–11395 (2007).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  10. M. J. Thorpe, K. D. Moll, R. J. Jones, B. Safdi, and J. Ye, “Broadband cavity ringdown spectroscopy for sensitive and rapid molecular detection,” Science 311, 1595–1599 (2006).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  11. R. Engeln, G. Berden, R. Peeters, and G. Meijer, “Cavity enhanced absorption and cavity enhanced magnetic rotation spectroscopy,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 69, 3763–3769 (1998).
    [Crossref]
  12. A. O’Keefe and D. A. G. Deacon, “Cavity ring-down optical spectrometer for absorption-measurements using pulsed laser sources,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 59, 2544–2551 (1988).
    [Crossref]
  13. J. Ye and J. L. Hall, “Cavity ringdown heterodyne spectroscopy: High sensitivity with microwatt power light power,” Phys. Rev A 61, 061802 (2000).
    [Crossref]
  14. J. Ye and J. L. Hall, “Ultrasensitive detection in atomic and molecular physics: demonstration in molecular overtone spectroscopy,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 15, 6–15 (1998).
    [Crossref]
  15. S.M. Ball and R.L. Jones, “Broad-band cavity ring-down spectroscopy,” Chem. Rev. 103, 5239–5262 (2003).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  16. J. J. Scherer, J. B. Paul, H. Jiao, and A. O’Keefe, “Broadband ringdown spectral photography,” Appl. Opt. 40, 6725–6732 (2001).
    [Crossref]
  17. S. M. Ball, I. M. Povey, E. G. Norton, and R. L. Jones, “Broadband cavity ringdown spectroscopy of the NO3 radical,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 342, 113–120 (2001).
    [Crossref]
  18. M. J. Thorpe, D. D. Hudson, K. D. Moll, J. Lasri, and J. Ye, “Cavity-ringdown molecular spectroscopy based on an optical frequency comb at 1.45–1.65 µm,” Opt. Lett. 32, 307–309 (2007).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  19. M. J. Thorpe, D. Balslev-Clausen, M. S. Kirchner, and J. Ye, “Cavity-enhanced optical frequency comb spectroscopy: application to human breath analysis,” Opt. Express 16, 2387–2397 (2008).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  20. T. Gherman and D. Romanini, “Mode-locked cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy,” Opt. Express 10, 1033–1042 (2002).
    [PubMed]
  21. T. Gherman, E. Eslami, D. Romanini, S. Kassi, J-C. Vial, and N. Sadeghi, “High sensitivity broad-band modelocked cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy: measurement of Ar*(3P2) atom and N2+ ion densities”, J. Phys. D 37, 2408–2415 (2004).
    [Crossref]
  22. C. Gohle, B. Stein, A. Schliesser, T. Udem, and T. W. Hänsch, “Frequency comb vernier spectroscopy for broadband, high-resolution, high-sensitivity absorption and dispersion spectra,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 263902 (2007).
    [Crossref]
  23. S.E. Fiedler, A. Hese, and A. A. Ruth, “Incoherent broad-band cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 371, 284–294 (2003).
    [Crossref]
  24. D. S. Venables, T. Gherman, J. Orphal, J. C. Wenger, and A. A. Ruth, “High sensitivity in situ monitoring of NO3 in an atmospheric simulation chamber using incoherent broadband cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy,” Environ. Sci. Technol. 40, 6758–6763 (2006).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  25. S. M. Ball, J. M. Langridge, and R. L. Jones, “Broadband cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy using light emitting diodes,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 398, 68–74 (2004).
    [Crossref]
  26. G. Meijer, M. G. H. Boogaarts, R. T. Jongma, D. H. Parker, and A. M. Wodtke, “Coherent cavity ringdown spectroscopy,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 217, 112–116 (1994).
    [Crossref]
  27. M. Triki, P. Cermak, G. Méjean, and D. Romanini, “Cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy with a red LED source for NOx trace analysis,” Appl. Phys. B 91, 195–201 (2008).
    [Crossref]
  28. J. M. Langridge, S. M. Ball, and R. L. Jones, “A compact broadband cavity enhanced absorption spectrometer for detection of atmospheric NO2,” Analyst 131, 916–922 (2006).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  29. T. Gherman, D. S. Venables, S. Vaughan, J. Orphal, and A. A. Ruth, “Incoherent broadband cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy in the near-ultaviolet: application to HONO and NO2,” Environ. Sci. Technol. 42, 890–895 (2008).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  30. G. D. Greenblatt, J. J. Orlando, J. B. Burkholder, and A. R. Ravishankara, “Absorption measurements of oxygen between 330nm and 1140nm,” J. Geophy.Res. 95, 18577–18582 (1990).
    [Crossref]
  31. A.C. Vandaele, C. Hermans, P. C. Simon, M. Carleer, R. Colin, S. Fally, M. F. Mérienne, A. Jenouvrier, and B. Coquart, “Measurements of the NO2 absorption cross-section from 42000 cm-1 to 10000 cm-1 (238–1000 nm) at 220 K and 294 K,” J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer. 59, 171–184 (1998).
    [Crossref]
  32. J. Orphal, C. E. Fellows, and P. -M. Flaud, “The visible absorption spectrum of NO3 measured by highresolution Fourier transform spectroscopy,” J. Geophys. Res. 108, 4077 (2003).
    [Crossref]
  33. U. Platt, “Modern methods of the measurement of atmospheric trace gases,” Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 24, 5409–5415 (1999).
    [Crossref]
  34. E. J. Dunlea, S. C. Herndon, D. D. Nelson, R. M. Volkamer, F. San Martini, P. M. Sheehy, M. S. Zahniser, J. H. Shorter, J. C. Wormhoudt, B. K. Lamb, E. J. Allwine, J. S. Gaffney, N. A. Marley, M. Grutter, C. Marquez, S. Blanco, B. Cardenas, A. Retama, C. R. Ramos Villegas, C. E. Kolb, L. T. Molina, and M. J. Molina, “Evaluation of nitrogen dioxide chemiluminescence monitors in a polluted urban environment,” Atmos. Chem. Phys. 7, 2691–2704 (2007).
    [Crossref]
  35. W. R. Simpson, “Continuous wave cavity ring-down spectroscopy applied to in situ detection of dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5),” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 74, 3442–3452 (2003).
    [Crossref]
  36. J. D. Ayers, R. L. Apodaca, W. R. Simpson, and D. S. Baer, “Off-axis cavity ringdown spectroscopy: application to atmospheric nitrate radical detection,” Appl. Opt. 44, 7239–7242 (2005).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  37. W. P. Dubé, S. S. Brown, H. D. Osthoff, M. R. Nunley, S. J. Ciciora, M. W. Paris, R. J. McLaughlin, and A. R. Ravishankara, “Aircraft instrument for simultaneous, in situ measurement of NO3 and N2O5 via pulsed cavity ring-down spectroscopy,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 77, 034101 (2006).
    [Crossref]
  38. C. Vallance, “Innovations in cavity ringdown spectroscopy,” New J. Chem. 29, 867–874 (2005).
    [Crossref]
  39. S. A. Diddams, L. Hollberg, and V. Mbele, “Molecular fingerprinting with the resolved modes of a femtosecond laser frequency comb,” Nature 445, 627–630 (2007).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  40. E. Sorokin, I. T. Sorokina, J. Mandon, G. Guelachvili, and N. Picque, “Sensitive multiplex spectroscopy in the molecular fingerprint 2.4 µm region with a Cr2+:ZnSe femtosecond laser,” Opt. Express 15, 16540–16545 (2007).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  41. A. A. Ruth, J. Orphal, and S. E. Fiedler, “Fourier-transform cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy using an incoherent broadband light source,” Appl. Opt. 46, 3611–3616 (2007)
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  42. A. Kudlinski, A. K. George, J. C. Knight, J. C. Travers, A. B. Rulkov, S. V. Popov, and J. R. Taylor, “Zerodispersion wavelength decreasing photonic crystal fibers for ultraviolet-extended supercontinuum generation,” Opt. Express 14, 5715–5722 (2006).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  43. C. Xia, M. Kumar, O. P. Kulkarni, M. N. Islam, F. L. Terry, M. J. Freeman, M. Poulain, and G. Mazé, “Power scalable mid-infrared supercontinuum generation in ZBLAN fluoride fibers with up to 1.3 watts timeaveraged power,” Opt. Express 15, 865–871 (2007).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  44. S. E. Fiedler, A. Hese, and A. A. Ruth, “Incoherent broad-band cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy of liquids” Rev. Sci. Instum. 76, 023107 (2005).
    [Crossref]
  45. M. Mazurenka, L. Wilkins, J. V. Macpherson, P. R. Unwin, and S. R. Mackenzie, “Evanescent Wave Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy in a Thin-Layer Electrochemical Cell,” Anal. Chem. 78, 6833–6839 (2006).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]

2008 (3)

M. Triki, P. Cermak, G. Méjean, and D. Romanini, “Cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy with a red LED source for NOx trace analysis,” Appl. Phys. B 91, 195–201 (2008).
[Crossref]

T. Gherman, D. S. Venables, S. Vaughan, J. Orphal, and A. A. Ruth, “Incoherent broadband cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy in the near-ultaviolet: application to HONO and NO2,” Environ. Sci. Technol. 42, 890–895 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. J. Thorpe, D. Balslev-Clausen, M. S. Kirchner, and J. Ye, “Cavity-enhanced optical frequency comb spectroscopy: application to human breath analysis,” Opt. Express 16, 2387–2397 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2007 (8)

M. J. Thorpe, D. D. Hudson, K. D. Moll, J. Lasri, and J. Ye, “Cavity-ringdown molecular spectroscopy based on an optical frequency comb at 1.45–1.65 µm,” Opt. Lett. 32, 307–309 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

C. Xia, M. Kumar, O. P. Kulkarni, M. N. Islam, F. L. Terry, M. J. Freeman, M. Poulain, and G. Mazé, “Power scalable mid-infrared supercontinuum generation in ZBLAN fluoride fibers with up to 1.3 watts timeaveraged power,” Opt. Express 15, 865–871 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. A. Ruth, J. Orphal, and S. E. Fiedler, “Fourier-transform cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy using an incoherent broadband light source,” Appl. Opt. 46, 3611–3616 (2007)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Hult, R. S. Watt, and C. F. Kaminski, “High bandwidth absorption spectroscopy with a dispersed supercontinuum source,” Opt. Express 15, 11385–11395 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

E. Sorokin, I. T. Sorokina, J. Mandon, G. Guelachvili, and N. Picque, “Sensitive multiplex spectroscopy in the molecular fingerprint 2.4 µm region with a Cr2+:ZnSe femtosecond laser,” Opt. Express 15, 16540–16545 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

E. J. Dunlea, S. C. Herndon, D. D. Nelson, R. M. Volkamer, F. San Martini, P. M. Sheehy, M. S. Zahniser, J. H. Shorter, J. C. Wormhoudt, B. K. Lamb, E. J. Allwine, J. S. Gaffney, N. A. Marley, M. Grutter, C. Marquez, S. Blanco, B. Cardenas, A. Retama, C. R. Ramos Villegas, C. E. Kolb, L. T. Molina, and M. J. Molina, “Evaluation of nitrogen dioxide chemiluminescence monitors in a polluted urban environment,” Atmos. Chem. Phys. 7, 2691–2704 (2007).
[Crossref]

S. A. Diddams, L. Hollberg, and V. Mbele, “Molecular fingerprinting with the resolved modes of a femtosecond laser frequency comb,” Nature 445, 627–630 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

C. Gohle, B. Stein, A. Schliesser, T. Udem, and T. W. Hänsch, “Frequency comb vernier spectroscopy for broadband, high-resolution, high-sensitivity absorption and dispersion spectra,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 263902 (2007).
[Crossref]

2006 (6)

D. S. Venables, T. Gherman, J. Orphal, J. C. Wenger, and A. A. Ruth, “High sensitivity in situ monitoring of NO3 in an atmospheric simulation chamber using incoherent broadband cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy,” Environ. Sci. Technol. 40, 6758–6763 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. J. Thorpe, K. D. Moll, R. J. Jones, B. Safdi, and J. Ye, “Broadband cavity ringdown spectroscopy for sensitive and rapid molecular detection,” Science 311, 1595–1599 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Mazurenka, L. Wilkins, J. V. Macpherson, P. R. Unwin, and S. R. Mackenzie, “Evanescent Wave Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy in a Thin-Layer Electrochemical Cell,” Anal. Chem. 78, 6833–6839 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

W. P. Dubé, S. S. Brown, H. D. Osthoff, M. R. Nunley, S. J. Ciciora, M. W. Paris, R. J. McLaughlin, and A. R. Ravishankara, “Aircraft instrument for simultaneous, in situ measurement of NO3 and N2O5 via pulsed cavity ring-down spectroscopy,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 77, 034101 (2006).
[Crossref]

J. M. Langridge, S. M. Ball, and R. L. Jones, “A compact broadband cavity enhanced absorption spectrometer for detection of atmospheric NO2,” Analyst 131, 916–922 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Kudlinski, A. K. George, J. C. Knight, J. C. Travers, A. B. Rulkov, S. V. Popov, and J. R. Taylor, “Zerodispersion wavelength decreasing photonic crystal fibers for ultraviolet-extended supercontinuum generation,” Opt. Express 14, 5715–5722 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2005 (3)

J. D. Ayers, R. L. Apodaca, W. R. Simpson, and D. S. Baer, “Off-axis cavity ringdown spectroscopy: application to atmospheric nitrate radical detection,” Appl. Opt. 44, 7239–7242 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

C. Vallance, “Innovations in cavity ringdown spectroscopy,” New J. Chem. 29, 867–874 (2005).
[Crossref]

S. E. Fiedler, A. Hese, and A. A. Ruth, “Incoherent broad-band cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy of liquids” Rev. Sci. Instum. 76, 023107 (2005).
[Crossref]

2004 (4)

T. Gherman, E. Eslami, D. Romanini, S. Kassi, J-C. Vial, and N. Sadeghi, “High sensitivity broad-band modelocked cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy: measurement of Ar*(3P2) atom and N2+ ion densities”, J. Phys. D 37, 2408–2415 (2004).
[Crossref]

M. Y. Sfeir, F. Wang, L. Huang, C.-C. Chuang, J. Hone, S. P. O’Brien, T. F. Heinz, and L. E. Brus, “Probing Electronic Transitions in Individual Carbon Nanotubes by Rayleigh Scattering,” Science 306, 1540–1543 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Unterhuber, B. Považay, K. Bizheva, B. Hermann, H. Sattmann, A. Stingl, T. Le, M. Seefeld, R. Menzel, M. Preusser, H. Budka, C. Schubert, H. Reitsamer, P. K. Ahnelt, J. E. Morgan, A. Cowey, and W. Drexler, “Advances in broad bandwidth light sources for ultrahigh resolution optical coherence tomography,” Phys. Med. Biol. 49, 1235–1246 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. M. Ball, J. M. Langridge, and R. L. Jones, “Broadband cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy using light emitting diodes,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 398, 68–74 (2004).
[Crossref]

2003 (6)

S.E. Fiedler, A. Hese, and A. A. Ruth, “Incoherent broad-band cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 371, 284–294 (2003).
[Crossref]

S.M. Ball and R.L. Jones, “Broad-band cavity ring-down spectroscopy,” Chem. Rev. 103, 5239–5262 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

W. H. Reeves, D. V. Skryabin, F. Biancalana, J. C. Knight, P. St. J. Russell, F. G. Omenetto, A. Efimov, and A. J. Taylor, “Transformation and control of ultra-short pulses in dispersion-engineered photonic crystal fibres,” Nature 424, 511–515 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Kasparian, M. Rodriguez, G. Méjean, J. Yu, E. Salmon, H. Wille, R. Bourayou, S. Frey, Y.-B. André, A. Mysyrowicz, R. Sauerbrey, J.-P. Wolf, and L. Wöste, “White-Light Filaments for Atmospheric Analysis,” Science 301, 61–64 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Orphal, C. E. Fellows, and P. -M. Flaud, “The visible absorption spectrum of NO3 measured by highresolution Fourier transform spectroscopy,” J. Geophys. Res. 108, 4077 (2003).
[Crossref]

W. R. Simpson, “Continuous wave cavity ring-down spectroscopy applied to in situ detection of dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5),” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 74, 3442–3452 (2003).
[Crossref]

2002 (3)

Th. Udem, R. Holzwarth, and T. Hänsch, “Optical frequency metrology,” Nature 416, 233–237 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. T. Sanders, “Wavelength-agile fiber laser using group-velocity dispersion of pulsed super-continua and application to broadband absorption spectroscopy,” Appl. Phys. B 75, 799–802 (2002).
[Crossref]

T. Gherman and D. Romanini, “Mode-locked cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy,” Opt. Express 10, 1033–1042 (2002).
[PubMed]

2001 (2)

J. J. Scherer, J. B. Paul, H. Jiao, and A. O’Keefe, “Broadband ringdown spectral photography,” Appl. Opt. 40, 6725–6732 (2001).
[Crossref]

S. M. Ball, I. M. Povey, E. G. Norton, and R. L. Jones, “Broadband cavity ringdown spectroscopy of the NO3 radical,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 342, 113–120 (2001).
[Crossref]

2000 (1)

J. Ye and J. L. Hall, “Cavity ringdown heterodyne spectroscopy: High sensitivity with microwatt power light power,” Phys. Rev A 61, 061802 (2000).
[Crossref]

1999 (2)

P. V. Kelkar, F. Coppinger, A. S. Bhushan, and B. Jalali, “Time-domain optical sensing,” Electron. Lett. 35, 1661–1662 (1999).
[Crossref]

U. Platt, “Modern methods of the measurement of atmospheric trace gases,” Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 24, 5409–5415 (1999).
[Crossref]

1998 (3)

A.C. Vandaele, C. Hermans, P. C. Simon, M. Carleer, R. Colin, S. Fally, M. F. Mérienne, A. Jenouvrier, and B. Coquart, “Measurements of the NO2 absorption cross-section from 42000 cm-1 to 10000 cm-1 (238–1000 nm) at 220 K and 294 K,” J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer. 59, 171–184 (1998).
[Crossref]

J. Ye and J. L. Hall, “Ultrasensitive detection in atomic and molecular physics: demonstration in molecular overtone spectroscopy,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 15, 6–15 (1998).
[Crossref]

R. Engeln, G. Berden, R. Peeters, and G. Meijer, “Cavity enhanced absorption and cavity enhanced magnetic rotation spectroscopy,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 69, 3763–3769 (1998).
[Crossref]

1994 (1)

G. Meijer, M. G. H. Boogaarts, R. T. Jongma, D. H. Parker, and A. M. Wodtke, “Coherent cavity ringdown spectroscopy,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 217, 112–116 (1994).
[Crossref]

1990 (1)

G. D. Greenblatt, J. J. Orlando, J. B. Burkholder, and A. R. Ravishankara, “Absorption measurements of oxygen between 330nm and 1140nm,” J. Geophy.Res. 95, 18577–18582 (1990).
[Crossref]

1988 (1)

A. O’Keefe and D. A. G. Deacon, “Cavity ring-down optical spectrometer for absorption-measurements using pulsed laser sources,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 59, 2544–2551 (1988).
[Crossref]

Ahnelt, P. K.

A. Unterhuber, B. Považay, K. Bizheva, B. Hermann, H. Sattmann, A. Stingl, T. Le, M. Seefeld, R. Menzel, M. Preusser, H. Budka, C. Schubert, H. Reitsamer, P. K. Ahnelt, J. E. Morgan, A. Cowey, and W. Drexler, “Advances in broad bandwidth light sources for ultrahigh resolution optical coherence tomography,” Phys. Med. Biol. 49, 1235–1246 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Alfano, R. R.

R. R. Alfano, The Supercontinuum Laser Source, 2nd ed. (Springer, New York, 2006).
[PubMed]

Allwine, E. J.

E. J. Dunlea, S. C. Herndon, D. D. Nelson, R. M. Volkamer, F. San Martini, P. M. Sheehy, M. S. Zahniser, J. H. Shorter, J. C. Wormhoudt, B. K. Lamb, E. J. Allwine, J. S. Gaffney, N. A. Marley, M. Grutter, C. Marquez, S. Blanco, B. Cardenas, A. Retama, C. R. Ramos Villegas, C. E. Kolb, L. T. Molina, and M. J. Molina, “Evaluation of nitrogen dioxide chemiluminescence monitors in a polluted urban environment,” Atmos. Chem. Phys. 7, 2691–2704 (2007).
[Crossref]

André, Y.-B.

J. Kasparian, M. Rodriguez, G. Méjean, J. Yu, E. Salmon, H. Wille, R. Bourayou, S. Frey, Y.-B. André, A. Mysyrowicz, R. Sauerbrey, J.-P. Wolf, and L. Wöste, “White-Light Filaments for Atmospheric Analysis,” Science 301, 61–64 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Apodaca, R. L.

Ayers, J. D.

Baer, D. S.

Ball, S. M.

J. M. Langridge, S. M. Ball, and R. L. Jones, “A compact broadband cavity enhanced absorption spectrometer for detection of atmospheric NO2,” Analyst 131, 916–922 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. M. Ball, J. M. Langridge, and R. L. Jones, “Broadband cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy using light emitting diodes,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 398, 68–74 (2004).
[Crossref]

S. M. Ball, I. M. Povey, E. G. Norton, and R. L. Jones, “Broadband cavity ringdown spectroscopy of the NO3 radical,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 342, 113–120 (2001).
[Crossref]

Ball, S.M.

S.M. Ball and R.L. Jones, “Broad-band cavity ring-down spectroscopy,” Chem. Rev. 103, 5239–5262 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Balslev-Clausen, D.

Berden, G.

R. Engeln, G. Berden, R. Peeters, and G. Meijer, “Cavity enhanced absorption and cavity enhanced magnetic rotation spectroscopy,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 69, 3763–3769 (1998).
[Crossref]

Bhushan, A. S.

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Udem, T.

C. Gohle, B. Stein, A. Schliesser, T. Udem, and T. W. Hänsch, “Frequency comb vernier spectroscopy for broadband, high-resolution, high-sensitivity absorption and dispersion spectra,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 263902 (2007).
[Crossref]

Udem, Th.

Th. Udem, R. Holzwarth, and T. Hänsch, “Optical frequency metrology,” Nature 416, 233–237 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Unterhuber, A.

A. Unterhuber, B. Považay, K. Bizheva, B. Hermann, H. Sattmann, A. Stingl, T. Le, M. Seefeld, R. Menzel, M. Preusser, H. Budka, C. Schubert, H. Reitsamer, P. K. Ahnelt, J. E. Morgan, A. Cowey, and W. Drexler, “Advances in broad bandwidth light sources for ultrahigh resolution optical coherence tomography,” Phys. Med. Biol. 49, 1235–1246 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Unwin, P. R.

M. Mazurenka, L. Wilkins, J. V. Macpherson, P. R. Unwin, and S. R. Mackenzie, “Evanescent Wave Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy in a Thin-Layer Electrochemical Cell,” Anal. Chem. 78, 6833–6839 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Vallance, C.

C. Vallance, “Innovations in cavity ringdown spectroscopy,” New J. Chem. 29, 867–874 (2005).
[Crossref]

Vandaele, A.C.

A.C. Vandaele, C. Hermans, P. C. Simon, M. Carleer, R. Colin, S. Fally, M. F. Mérienne, A. Jenouvrier, and B. Coquart, “Measurements of the NO2 absorption cross-section from 42000 cm-1 to 10000 cm-1 (238–1000 nm) at 220 K and 294 K,” J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer. 59, 171–184 (1998).
[Crossref]

Vaughan, S.

T. Gherman, D. S. Venables, S. Vaughan, J. Orphal, and A. A. Ruth, “Incoherent broadband cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy in the near-ultaviolet: application to HONO and NO2,” Environ. Sci. Technol. 42, 890–895 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Venables, D. S.

T. Gherman, D. S. Venables, S. Vaughan, J. Orphal, and A. A. Ruth, “Incoherent broadband cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy in the near-ultaviolet: application to HONO and NO2,” Environ. Sci. Technol. 42, 890–895 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

D. S. Venables, T. Gherman, J. Orphal, J. C. Wenger, and A. A. Ruth, “High sensitivity in situ monitoring of NO3 in an atmospheric simulation chamber using incoherent broadband cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy,” Environ. Sci. Technol. 40, 6758–6763 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Vial, J-C.

T. Gherman, E. Eslami, D. Romanini, S. Kassi, J-C. Vial, and N. Sadeghi, “High sensitivity broad-band modelocked cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy: measurement of Ar*(3P2) atom and N2+ ion densities”, J. Phys. D 37, 2408–2415 (2004).
[Crossref]

Villegas, C. R. Ramos

E. J. Dunlea, S. C. Herndon, D. D. Nelson, R. M. Volkamer, F. San Martini, P. M. Sheehy, M. S. Zahniser, J. H. Shorter, J. C. Wormhoudt, B. K. Lamb, E. J. Allwine, J. S. Gaffney, N. A. Marley, M. Grutter, C. Marquez, S. Blanco, B. Cardenas, A. Retama, C. R. Ramos Villegas, C. E. Kolb, L. T. Molina, and M. J. Molina, “Evaluation of nitrogen dioxide chemiluminescence monitors in a polluted urban environment,” Atmos. Chem. Phys. 7, 2691–2704 (2007).
[Crossref]

Volkamer, R. M.

E. J. Dunlea, S. C. Herndon, D. D. Nelson, R. M. Volkamer, F. San Martini, P. M. Sheehy, M. S. Zahniser, J. H. Shorter, J. C. Wormhoudt, B. K. Lamb, E. J. Allwine, J. S. Gaffney, N. A. Marley, M. Grutter, C. Marquez, S. Blanco, B. Cardenas, A. Retama, C. R. Ramos Villegas, C. E. Kolb, L. T. Molina, and M. J. Molina, “Evaluation of nitrogen dioxide chemiluminescence monitors in a polluted urban environment,” Atmos. Chem. Phys. 7, 2691–2704 (2007).
[Crossref]

Wang, F.

M. Y. Sfeir, F. Wang, L. Huang, C.-C. Chuang, J. Hone, S. P. O’Brien, T. F. Heinz, and L. E. Brus, “Probing Electronic Transitions in Individual Carbon Nanotubes by Rayleigh Scattering,” Science 306, 1540–1543 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Watt, R. S.

Wenger, J. C.

D. S. Venables, T. Gherman, J. Orphal, J. C. Wenger, and A. A. Ruth, “High sensitivity in situ monitoring of NO3 in an atmospheric simulation chamber using incoherent broadband cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy,” Environ. Sci. Technol. 40, 6758–6763 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Wilkins, L.

M. Mazurenka, L. Wilkins, J. V. Macpherson, P. R. Unwin, and S. R. Mackenzie, “Evanescent Wave Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy in a Thin-Layer Electrochemical Cell,” Anal. Chem. 78, 6833–6839 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Wille, H.

J. Kasparian, M. Rodriguez, G. Méjean, J. Yu, E. Salmon, H. Wille, R. Bourayou, S. Frey, Y.-B. André, A. Mysyrowicz, R. Sauerbrey, J.-P. Wolf, and L. Wöste, “White-Light Filaments for Atmospheric Analysis,” Science 301, 61–64 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Wodtke, A. M.

G. Meijer, M. G. H. Boogaarts, R. T. Jongma, D. H. Parker, and A. M. Wodtke, “Coherent cavity ringdown spectroscopy,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 217, 112–116 (1994).
[Crossref]

Wolf, J.-P.

J. Kasparian, M. Rodriguez, G. Méjean, J. Yu, E. Salmon, H. Wille, R. Bourayou, S. Frey, Y.-B. André, A. Mysyrowicz, R. Sauerbrey, J.-P. Wolf, and L. Wöste, “White-Light Filaments for Atmospheric Analysis,” Science 301, 61–64 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Wormhoudt, J. C.

E. J. Dunlea, S. C. Herndon, D. D. Nelson, R. M. Volkamer, F. San Martini, P. M. Sheehy, M. S. Zahniser, J. H. Shorter, J. C. Wormhoudt, B. K. Lamb, E. J. Allwine, J. S. Gaffney, N. A. Marley, M. Grutter, C. Marquez, S. Blanco, B. Cardenas, A. Retama, C. R. Ramos Villegas, C. E. Kolb, L. T. Molina, and M. J. Molina, “Evaluation of nitrogen dioxide chemiluminescence monitors in a polluted urban environment,” Atmos. Chem. Phys. 7, 2691–2704 (2007).
[Crossref]

Wöste, L.

J. Kasparian, M. Rodriguez, G. Méjean, J. Yu, E. Salmon, H. Wille, R. Bourayou, S. Frey, Y.-B. André, A. Mysyrowicz, R. Sauerbrey, J.-P. Wolf, and L. Wöste, “White-Light Filaments for Atmospheric Analysis,” Science 301, 61–64 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Xia, C.

Ye, J.

Yu, J.

J. Kasparian, M. Rodriguez, G. Méjean, J. Yu, E. Salmon, H. Wille, R. Bourayou, S. Frey, Y.-B. André, A. Mysyrowicz, R. Sauerbrey, J.-P. Wolf, and L. Wöste, “White-Light Filaments for Atmospheric Analysis,” Science 301, 61–64 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Zahniser, M. S.

E. J. Dunlea, S. C. Herndon, D. D. Nelson, R. M. Volkamer, F. San Martini, P. M. Sheehy, M. S. Zahniser, J. H. Shorter, J. C. Wormhoudt, B. K. Lamb, E. J. Allwine, J. S. Gaffney, N. A. Marley, M. Grutter, C. Marquez, S. Blanco, B. Cardenas, A. Retama, C. R. Ramos Villegas, C. E. Kolb, L. T. Molina, and M. J. Molina, “Evaluation of nitrogen dioxide chemiluminescence monitors in a polluted urban environment,” Atmos. Chem. Phys. 7, 2691–2704 (2007).
[Crossref]

Anal. Chem. (1)

M. Mazurenka, L. Wilkins, J. V. Macpherson, P. R. Unwin, and S. R. Mackenzie, “Evanescent Wave Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy in a Thin-Layer Electrochemical Cell,” Anal. Chem. 78, 6833–6839 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Analyst (1)

J. M. Langridge, S. M. Ball, and R. L. Jones, “A compact broadband cavity enhanced absorption spectrometer for detection of atmospheric NO2,” Analyst 131, 916–922 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Appl. Opt. (3)

Appl. Phys. B (2)

S. T. Sanders, “Wavelength-agile fiber laser using group-velocity dispersion of pulsed super-continua and application to broadband absorption spectroscopy,” Appl. Phys. B 75, 799–802 (2002).
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M. Triki, P. Cermak, G. Méjean, and D. Romanini, “Cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy with a red LED source for NOx trace analysis,” Appl. Phys. B 91, 195–201 (2008).
[Crossref]

Atmos. Chem. Phys. (1)

E. J. Dunlea, S. C. Herndon, D. D. Nelson, R. M. Volkamer, F. San Martini, P. M. Sheehy, M. S. Zahniser, J. H. Shorter, J. C. Wormhoudt, B. K. Lamb, E. J. Allwine, J. S. Gaffney, N. A. Marley, M. Grutter, C. Marquez, S. Blanco, B. Cardenas, A. Retama, C. R. Ramos Villegas, C. E. Kolb, L. T. Molina, and M. J. Molina, “Evaluation of nitrogen dioxide chemiluminescence monitors in a polluted urban environment,” Atmos. Chem. Phys. 7, 2691–2704 (2007).
[Crossref]

Chem. Phys. Lett. (4)

S. M. Ball, J. M. Langridge, and R. L. Jones, “Broadband cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy using light emitting diodes,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 398, 68–74 (2004).
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G. Meijer, M. G. H. Boogaarts, R. T. Jongma, D. H. Parker, and A. M. Wodtke, “Coherent cavity ringdown spectroscopy,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 217, 112–116 (1994).
[Crossref]

S.E. Fiedler, A. Hese, and A. A. Ruth, “Incoherent broad-band cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 371, 284–294 (2003).
[Crossref]

S. M. Ball, I. M. Povey, E. G. Norton, and R. L. Jones, “Broadband cavity ringdown spectroscopy of the NO3 radical,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 342, 113–120 (2001).
[Crossref]

Chem. Rev. (1)

S.M. Ball and R.L. Jones, “Broad-band cavity ring-down spectroscopy,” Chem. Rev. 103, 5239–5262 (2003).
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Electron. Lett. (1)

P. V. Kelkar, F. Coppinger, A. S. Bhushan, and B. Jalali, “Time-domain optical sensing,” Electron. Lett. 35, 1661–1662 (1999).
[Crossref]

Environ. Sci. Technol. (2)

D. S. Venables, T. Gherman, J. Orphal, J. C. Wenger, and A. A. Ruth, “High sensitivity in situ monitoring of NO3 in an atmospheric simulation chamber using incoherent broadband cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy,” Environ. Sci. Technol. 40, 6758–6763 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. Gherman, D. S. Venables, S. Vaughan, J. Orphal, and A. A. Ruth, “Incoherent broadband cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy in the near-ultaviolet: application to HONO and NO2,” Environ. Sci. Technol. 42, 890–895 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Geophy.Res. (1)

G. D. Greenblatt, J. J. Orlando, J. B. Burkholder, and A. R. Ravishankara, “Absorption measurements of oxygen between 330nm and 1140nm,” J. Geophy.Res. 95, 18577–18582 (1990).
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J. Geophys. Res. (1)

J. Orphal, C. E. Fellows, and P. -M. Flaud, “The visible absorption spectrum of NO3 measured by highresolution Fourier transform spectroscopy,” J. Geophys. Res. 108, 4077 (2003).
[Crossref]

J. Opt. Soc. Am. B (1)

J. Phys. D (1)

T. Gherman, E. Eslami, D. Romanini, S. Kassi, J-C. Vial, and N. Sadeghi, “High sensitivity broad-band modelocked cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy: measurement of Ar*(3P2) atom and N2+ ion densities”, J. Phys. D 37, 2408–2415 (2004).
[Crossref]

J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer. (1)

A.C. Vandaele, C. Hermans, P. C. Simon, M. Carleer, R. Colin, S. Fally, M. F. Mérienne, A. Jenouvrier, and B. Coquart, “Measurements of the NO2 absorption cross-section from 42000 cm-1 to 10000 cm-1 (238–1000 nm) at 220 K and 294 K,” J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer. 59, 171–184 (1998).
[Crossref]

Nature (3)

W. H. Reeves, D. V. Skryabin, F. Biancalana, J. C. Knight, P. St. J. Russell, F. G. Omenetto, A. Efimov, and A. J. Taylor, “Transformation and control of ultra-short pulses in dispersion-engineered photonic crystal fibres,” Nature 424, 511–515 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Th. Udem, R. Holzwarth, and T. Hänsch, “Optical frequency metrology,” Nature 416, 233–237 (2002).
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S. A. Diddams, L. Hollberg, and V. Mbele, “Molecular fingerprinting with the resolved modes of a femtosecond laser frequency comb,” Nature 445, 627–630 (2007).
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New J. Chem. (1)

C. Vallance, “Innovations in cavity ringdown spectroscopy,” New J. Chem. 29, 867–874 (2005).
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Opt. Express (6)

Opt. Lett. (1)

Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. (1)

U. Platt, “Modern methods of the measurement of atmospheric trace gases,” Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 24, 5409–5415 (1999).
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Phys. Med. Biol. (1)

A. Unterhuber, B. Považay, K. Bizheva, B. Hermann, H. Sattmann, A. Stingl, T. Le, M. Seefeld, R. Menzel, M. Preusser, H. Budka, C. Schubert, H. Reitsamer, P. K. Ahnelt, J. E. Morgan, A. Cowey, and W. Drexler, “Advances in broad bandwidth light sources for ultrahigh resolution optical coherence tomography,” Phys. Med. Biol. 49, 1235–1246 (2004).
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Phys. Rev A (1)

J. Ye and J. L. Hall, “Cavity ringdown heterodyne spectroscopy: High sensitivity with microwatt power light power,” Phys. Rev A 61, 061802 (2000).
[Crossref]

Phys. Rev. Lett. (1)

C. Gohle, B. Stein, A. Schliesser, T. Udem, and T. W. Hänsch, “Frequency comb vernier spectroscopy for broadband, high-resolution, high-sensitivity absorption and dispersion spectra,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 263902 (2007).
[Crossref]

Rev. Sci. Instrum. (4)

W. R. Simpson, “Continuous wave cavity ring-down spectroscopy applied to in situ detection of dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5),” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 74, 3442–3452 (2003).
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R. Engeln, G. Berden, R. Peeters, and G. Meijer, “Cavity enhanced absorption and cavity enhanced magnetic rotation spectroscopy,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 69, 3763–3769 (1998).
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W. P. Dubé, S. S. Brown, H. D. Osthoff, M. R. Nunley, S. J. Ciciora, M. W. Paris, R. J. McLaughlin, and A. R. Ravishankara, “Aircraft instrument for simultaneous, in situ measurement of NO3 and N2O5 via pulsed cavity ring-down spectroscopy,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 77, 034101 (2006).
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Rev. Sci. Instum. (1)

S. E. Fiedler, A. Hese, and A. A. Ruth, “Incoherent broad-band cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy of liquids” Rev. Sci. Instum. 76, 023107 (2005).
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Science (3)

J. Kasparian, M. Rodriguez, G. Méjean, J. Yu, E. Salmon, H. Wille, R. Bourayou, S. Frey, Y.-B. André, A. Mysyrowicz, R. Sauerbrey, J.-P. Wolf, and L. Wöste, “White-Light Filaments for Atmospheric Analysis,” Science 301, 61–64 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Y. Sfeir, F. Wang, L. Huang, C.-C. Chuang, J. Hone, S. P. O’Brien, T. F. Heinz, and L. E. Brus, “Probing Electronic Transitions in Individual Carbon Nanotubes by Rayleigh Scattering,” Science 306, 1540–1543 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. J. Thorpe, K. D. Moll, R. J. Jones, B. Safdi, and J. Ye, “Broadband cavity ringdown spectroscopy for sensitive and rapid molecular detection,” Science 311, 1595–1599 (2006).
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Other (1)

R. R. Alfano, The Supercontinuum Laser Source, 2nd ed. (Springer, New York, 2006).
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Figures (6)

Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Experimental set-up for broadband SC-CEAS. For spectral filtering a combination of a beamsplitter, a hot mirror and a broadband interference filter was employed. Beam steering mirrors used to direct the filtered SC radiation into the cavity are not shown.

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Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. (a) Measured mirror reflectivity curve (blue) and filtered SC output (red), (b) cavity throughput corresponding to the empty cavity (N2 flushed) and filled cavity (humidified air).

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Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. Broadband SC-CEAS spectrum of synthetic air humidified to 77% RH at 23°C. The spectrum captures 100 nm of spectral information at a resolution of 0.3 nm FWHM and was acquired in a single measurement with an integration time of 2 s. The baseline region of the spectrum where no absorption features are found (663–683 nm) has a standard deviation of 1.6×10-9 cm-1.

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Fig. 4.
Fig. 4. High resolution SC-CEAS spectra of the 4ν and 4ν+δ polyad vibrational overtones of water vapour and the oxygen B band. The spectra were acquired in an integration time of 2 s at a resolution of 0.1 nm FWHM. The baseline of the O2 spectrum (685–686.5 nm) has a standard deviation of 4.7×10-9 cm-1.

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Fig. 5.
Fig. 5. SC-CEAS spectra of a) NO2 and b) NO3. Each spectrum (red) was fitted (black) to retrieve the respective absorber concentrations shown. The residuals (blue) have standard deviations of 3.5×10-9 cm-1 and 3.2×10-9 cm-1 for NO2 and NO3 respectively. Spectra were acquired at a resolution of 0.1 nm FWHM in a 2 s integration time.

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Fig. 6.
Fig. 6. Time series of NO3 concentrations retrieved from consecutive 2 s spectra characteristic of the instrument’s baseline noise level (upper panel). The standard deviation of the NO3 concentration distribution (lower panel) indicates a 3σ detection limit of 3 pptv.

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Equations (1)

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α ( λ ) = ( I 0 ( λ ) I ( λ ) − 1 ) 1 − R ( λ ) d

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