Abstract

We acquired polarization-sensitive reflectance images in freshly excised skeletal muscle samples. The obtained raw images varied depending on the incident and detection polarization states. The Stokes vectors were measured for incident light of four different polarization states, and the whole Mueller matrix images were also calculated. We found that the images obtained in skeletal muscles exhibited different features from those obtained in a typical polystyrene sphere solution. The back-reflected light in muscle maintained a higher degree of polarization along the axis perpendicular to muscle fiber orientation. Our analysis indicates that the unique muscle sarcomere structure plays an important role in modulating the propagation of polarized light in whole muscle.

© 2008 Optical Society of America

Full Article  |  PDF Article
OSA Recommended Articles
Mueller matrix decomposition of diffuse reflectance imaging in skeletal muscle

Xin Li and Gang Yao
Appl. Opt. 48(14) 2625-2631 (2009)

Imaging 2D optical diffuse reflectance in skeletal muscle

Janaka Ranasinghesagara and Gang Yao
Opt. Express 15(7) 3998-4007 (2007)

Application of sphere-cylinder scattering model to skeletal muscle

Honghui He, Nan Zeng, Ran Liao, Tianliang Yun, Wei Li, Yonghong He, and Hui Ma
Opt. Express 18(14) 15104-15112 (2010)

More Recommended Articles

References

  • View by:
  • Article Order
  • |
  • Year
  • |
  • Author
  • |
  • Publication
  1. C. G. Bonnemann and N. G. Laing, “Myopathies resulting from mutations in sarcomeric proteins,” Curr. Opin. Neurol. 17, 529–537 (2004).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  2. R. L. Lieber and J. Fridén, “Implications of Muscle Design on Surgical Reconstruction of Upper Extremities,” Clin. Orthop. 419, 267–279 (2004).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  3. N. G. Laing and K. J. Nowak, “When contractile proteins go bad: the sarcomere and skeletal muscle disease,” BioEssays 27, 809–822 (2005).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  4. J. Xia, A. Weaver, D. E. Gerrard, and G. Yao, “Monitoring sarcomere structure changes in whole muscle using diffuse reflectance,” J Biomed. Opt. 11, 040504 (2006). http://spiedl.aip.org/journals/doc/JBOPFO-ft/vol_11/iss_4/040504_1.html
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  5. J. Ranasinghesagara and G. Yao, “Imaging 2D optical diffuse reflectance in skeletal muscle,” Opt. Express 15, 3998–4007 (2007).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  6. V. Backman, R. Gurjar, K. Badizadegan, I. Itzkan, P. R. Dasari, L. T. Perelman, and M. S. Feld, “Polarized light scattering spectroscopy for quantitative measurement of epithelial cellular structures in situ,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 5, 1019–1026 (1999)
    [Crossref]
  7. G. Yao, “Differential optical polarization imaging in turbid media with different embedded objects,” Opt. Commun. 241, 255–261 (2004).
    [Crossref]
  8. T. M. Johnson and J. R. Mourant, “Polarized wavelength-dependent measurement of turbid media,” Opt. Express 4, 200 (1999).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  9. L. T. Perelman, V. Backman, M. Wallace, G. Zonios, R. Manoharan, A. Nusrat, S. Shields, M. Seiler, C. Lima, T. Hamano, I. Itzkan, J. Van Dam, J. M. Crawford, and M. S. Feld, “Observation of periodic fine structure in reflectance from biological tissue: A new technique for measuring nuclear size distribution,” Phys. Rev. Lett.,  80, 627 (1998).
    [Crossref]
  10. K. Sokolov, R. Drezek, K. Gossagee, and R. Richards-Kortum, “Reflectance spectroscopy with polarized light: Is it sensitive to cellular and nuclear morphology,” Opt. Express 5, 302 (1999).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  11. S. L. Jiao, G. Yao, and L. H. V. Wang, “Depth-resolved two-dimensional Stokes vectors of backscattered light and Mueller matrices of biological tissue measured with optical coherence tomography,” Appl. Opt. 39, 6318–6324 (2000).
    [Crossref]
  12. C. E. Saxer, J. F. De Boer, B. H. Park, Y. H. Zhao, Z. P. Chen, and J. S. Nelson, “High-speed fiber-based polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography of in vivo human skin,” Opt. Lett. 25, 1355–1357 (2000).
    [Crossref]
  13. R. E. Nothdurft and G. Yao, “Study of subsurface polarization imaging in turbid media with different embedded objects,” Opt. Express 13, 4185–4195(2005).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  14. R. E. Nothdurft and G. Yao, “Applying the polarization memory effect in polarization-gated subsurface imaging,” Opt. Express 14, 4656–4661(2006).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  15. R. E. Nothdurft and G. Yao, “Effects of turbid media optical properties on object visibility in subsurface polarization imaging,” Appl. Opt. 45, 5532–5541(2006).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  16. P. J. Paolini, R. Sabbadini, K. P. Roos, and R. J. Baskin, “Sarcomere length dispersion in single muscle fibers and fiber bundles,” Biophys. J. 16, 919–930 (1976).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  17. J. S. Baba, J. R. Chung, A. H. DeLaughter, B. D. Cameron, and G. L. Cote, “Development and calibration of an automated Mueller matrix polarization imaging system,” J. Biomed Opt 7, 341 (2002).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  18. W. H. Press, B. R. Flannery, S. A. Teukolosky, and W. T. Vetterling, Numerical recipes in C: The Art of Scientific Computing, (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1988).
  19. J. J. Pasquesi, S. C. Schlachter, M. D. Boppart, E. Chaney, S. J. Kaufman, and S. A. Boppart, “In vivo detection of exercised-induced ultrastructural changes in genetically-altered murine skeletal muscle using polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Express 14, 1547–1556 (2006).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  20. A. Hielscher, A. Eick, J. Mourant, D. Shen, J. Freyer, and I. Bigio, “Diffuse backscattering Mueller matricesof highly scattering media,” Opt. Express 1, 441–453 (1997).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  21. G. Yao and L. Wang, “Propagation of polarized light in turbid media: simulated animation sequences,” Opt. Express 7, 198–203 (2000).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  22. Y. Deng, S. Zeng, Q. Lu, D. zhu, and Q. Luo, “Characterization of backscattering Mueller matrix patterns of highly scattering media with triple scattering assumption,” Opt. Express 15, 9672–9680 (2007).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  23. C. Schwartz and A. Dogariu, “Backscattered polarization patterns determined by conservation of angular momentum,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 25, 431–436 (2008).
    [Crossref]
  24. X. D. Wang, G. Yao, and L. V. Wang, “Monte Carlo model and single-scattering approximation of the propagation of polarized light in turbid media containing glucose,” Appl. Opt. 41, 792(2002).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  25. M. G. Moharam and T. K. Gaylord, “Three Dimensional vector coupled-wave analysis of planer-grating diffraction,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. 73, 1105–1112 (1983).
    [Crossref]
  26. R. A. Thornhill, N. Thomas, and N. Berovic, “Optical diffraction by well ordered muscle fibers,” Eur. Biophys. 20, 87–99 (1991).

2008 (1)

2007 (2)

2006 (4)

2005 (2)

R. E. Nothdurft and G. Yao, “Study of subsurface polarization imaging in turbid media with different embedded objects,” Opt. Express 13, 4185–4195(2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

N. G. Laing and K. J. Nowak, “When contractile proteins go bad: the sarcomere and skeletal muscle disease,” BioEssays 27, 809–822 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2004 (3)

C. G. Bonnemann and N. G. Laing, “Myopathies resulting from mutations in sarcomeric proteins,” Curr. Opin. Neurol. 17, 529–537 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

R. L. Lieber and J. Fridén, “Implications of Muscle Design on Surgical Reconstruction of Upper Extremities,” Clin. Orthop. 419, 267–279 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

G. Yao, “Differential optical polarization imaging in turbid media with different embedded objects,” Opt. Commun. 241, 255–261 (2004).
[Crossref]

2002 (2)

X. D. Wang, G. Yao, and L. V. Wang, “Monte Carlo model and single-scattering approximation of the propagation of polarized light in turbid media containing glucose,” Appl. Opt. 41, 792(2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. S. Baba, J. R. Chung, A. H. DeLaughter, B. D. Cameron, and G. L. Cote, “Development and calibration of an automated Mueller matrix polarization imaging system,” J. Biomed Opt 7, 341 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2000 (3)

1999 (3)

K. Sokolov, R. Drezek, K. Gossagee, and R. Richards-Kortum, “Reflectance spectroscopy with polarized light: Is it sensitive to cellular and nuclear morphology,” Opt. Express 5, 302 (1999).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. M. Johnson and J. R. Mourant, “Polarized wavelength-dependent measurement of turbid media,” Opt. Express 4, 200 (1999).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

V. Backman, R. Gurjar, K. Badizadegan, I. Itzkan, P. R. Dasari, L. T. Perelman, and M. S. Feld, “Polarized light scattering spectroscopy for quantitative measurement of epithelial cellular structures in situ,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 5, 1019–1026 (1999)
[Crossref]

1998 (1)

L. T. Perelman, V. Backman, M. Wallace, G. Zonios, R. Manoharan, A. Nusrat, S. Shields, M. Seiler, C. Lima, T. Hamano, I. Itzkan, J. Van Dam, J. M. Crawford, and M. S. Feld, “Observation of periodic fine structure in reflectance from biological tissue: A new technique for measuring nuclear size distribution,” Phys. Rev. Lett.,  80, 627 (1998).
[Crossref]

1997 (1)

1991 (1)

R. A. Thornhill, N. Thomas, and N. Berovic, “Optical diffraction by well ordered muscle fibers,” Eur. Biophys. 20, 87–99 (1991).

1983 (1)

1976 (1)

P. J. Paolini, R. Sabbadini, K. P. Roos, and R. J. Baskin, “Sarcomere length dispersion in single muscle fibers and fiber bundles,” Biophys. J. 16, 919–930 (1976).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Baba, J. S.

J. S. Baba, J. R. Chung, A. H. DeLaughter, B. D. Cameron, and G. L. Cote, “Development and calibration of an automated Mueller matrix polarization imaging system,” J. Biomed Opt 7, 341 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Backman, V.

V. Backman, R. Gurjar, K. Badizadegan, I. Itzkan, P. R. Dasari, L. T. Perelman, and M. S. Feld, “Polarized light scattering spectroscopy for quantitative measurement of epithelial cellular structures in situ,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 5, 1019–1026 (1999)
[Crossref]

L. T. Perelman, V. Backman, M. Wallace, G. Zonios, R. Manoharan, A. Nusrat, S. Shields, M. Seiler, C. Lima, T. Hamano, I. Itzkan, J. Van Dam, J. M. Crawford, and M. S. Feld, “Observation of periodic fine structure in reflectance from biological tissue: A new technique for measuring nuclear size distribution,” Phys. Rev. Lett.,  80, 627 (1998).
[Crossref]

Badizadegan, K.

V. Backman, R. Gurjar, K. Badizadegan, I. Itzkan, P. R. Dasari, L. T. Perelman, and M. S. Feld, “Polarized light scattering spectroscopy for quantitative measurement of epithelial cellular structures in situ,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 5, 1019–1026 (1999)
[Crossref]

Baskin, R. J.

P. J. Paolini, R. Sabbadini, K. P. Roos, and R. J. Baskin, “Sarcomere length dispersion in single muscle fibers and fiber bundles,” Biophys. J. 16, 919–930 (1976).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Berovic, N.

R. A. Thornhill, N. Thomas, and N. Berovic, “Optical diffraction by well ordered muscle fibers,” Eur. Biophys. 20, 87–99 (1991).

Bigio, I.

Bonnemann, C. G.

C. G. Bonnemann and N. G. Laing, “Myopathies resulting from mutations in sarcomeric proteins,” Curr. Opin. Neurol. 17, 529–537 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Boppart, M. D.

Boppart, S. A.

Cameron, B. D.

J. S. Baba, J. R. Chung, A. H. DeLaughter, B. D. Cameron, and G. L. Cote, “Development and calibration of an automated Mueller matrix polarization imaging system,” J. Biomed Opt 7, 341 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Chaney, E.

Chen, Z. P.

Chung, J. R.

J. S. Baba, J. R. Chung, A. H. DeLaughter, B. D. Cameron, and G. L. Cote, “Development and calibration of an automated Mueller matrix polarization imaging system,” J. Biomed Opt 7, 341 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Cote, G. L.

J. S. Baba, J. R. Chung, A. H. DeLaughter, B. D. Cameron, and G. L. Cote, “Development and calibration of an automated Mueller matrix polarization imaging system,” J. Biomed Opt 7, 341 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Crawford, J. M.

L. T. Perelman, V. Backman, M. Wallace, G. Zonios, R. Manoharan, A. Nusrat, S. Shields, M. Seiler, C. Lima, T. Hamano, I. Itzkan, J. Van Dam, J. M. Crawford, and M. S. Feld, “Observation of periodic fine structure in reflectance from biological tissue: A new technique for measuring nuclear size distribution,” Phys. Rev. Lett.,  80, 627 (1998).
[Crossref]

Dasari, P. R.

V. Backman, R. Gurjar, K. Badizadegan, I. Itzkan, P. R. Dasari, L. T. Perelman, and M. S. Feld, “Polarized light scattering spectroscopy for quantitative measurement of epithelial cellular structures in situ,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 5, 1019–1026 (1999)
[Crossref]

De Boer, J. F.

DeLaughter, A. H.

J. S. Baba, J. R. Chung, A. H. DeLaughter, B. D. Cameron, and G. L. Cote, “Development and calibration of an automated Mueller matrix polarization imaging system,” J. Biomed Opt 7, 341 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Deng, Y.

Dogariu, A.

Drezek, R.

Eick, A.

Feld, M. S.

V. Backman, R. Gurjar, K. Badizadegan, I. Itzkan, P. R. Dasari, L. T. Perelman, and M. S. Feld, “Polarized light scattering spectroscopy for quantitative measurement of epithelial cellular structures in situ,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 5, 1019–1026 (1999)
[Crossref]

L. T. Perelman, V. Backman, M. Wallace, G. Zonios, R. Manoharan, A. Nusrat, S. Shields, M. Seiler, C. Lima, T. Hamano, I. Itzkan, J. Van Dam, J. M. Crawford, and M. S. Feld, “Observation of periodic fine structure in reflectance from biological tissue: A new technique for measuring nuclear size distribution,” Phys. Rev. Lett.,  80, 627 (1998).
[Crossref]

Flannery, B. R.

W. H. Press, B. R. Flannery, S. A. Teukolosky, and W. T. Vetterling, Numerical recipes in C: The Art of Scientific Computing, (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1988).

Freyer, J.

Fridén, J.

R. L. Lieber and J. Fridén, “Implications of Muscle Design on Surgical Reconstruction of Upper Extremities,” Clin. Orthop. 419, 267–279 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Gaylord, T. K.

Gerrard, D. E.

J. Xia, A. Weaver, D. E. Gerrard, and G. Yao, “Monitoring sarcomere structure changes in whole muscle using diffuse reflectance,” J Biomed. Opt. 11, 040504 (2006). http://spiedl.aip.org/journals/doc/JBOPFO-ft/vol_11/iss_4/040504_1.html
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Gossagee, K.

Gurjar, R.

V. Backman, R. Gurjar, K. Badizadegan, I. Itzkan, P. R. Dasari, L. T. Perelman, and M. S. Feld, “Polarized light scattering spectroscopy for quantitative measurement of epithelial cellular structures in situ,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 5, 1019–1026 (1999)
[Crossref]

Hamano, T.

L. T. Perelman, V. Backman, M. Wallace, G. Zonios, R. Manoharan, A. Nusrat, S. Shields, M. Seiler, C. Lima, T. Hamano, I. Itzkan, J. Van Dam, J. M. Crawford, and M. S. Feld, “Observation of periodic fine structure in reflectance from biological tissue: A new technique for measuring nuclear size distribution,” Phys. Rev. Lett.,  80, 627 (1998).
[Crossref]

Hielscher, A.

Itzkan, I.

V. Backman, R. Gurjar, K. Badizadegan, I. Itzkan, P. R. Dasari, L. T. Perelman, and M. S. Feld, “Polarized light scattering spectroscopy for quantitative measurement of epithelial cellular structures in situ,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 5, 1019–1026 (1999)
[Crossref]

L. T. Perelman, V. Backman, M. Wallace, G. Zonios, R. Manoharan, A. Nusrat, S. Shields, M. Seiler, C. Lima, T. Hamano, I. Itzkan, J. Van Dam, J. M. Crawford, and M. S. Feld, “Observation of periodic fine structure in reflectance from biological tissue: A new technique for measuring nuclear size distribution,” Phys. Rev. Lett.,  80, 627 (1998).
[Crossref]

Jiao, S. L.

Johnson, T. M.

Kaufman, S. J.

Laing, N. G.

N. G. Laing and K. J. Nowak, “When contractile proteins go bad: the sarcomere and skeletal muscle disease,” BioEssays 27, 809–822 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

C. G. Bonnemann and N. G. Laing, “Myopathies resulting from mutations in sarcomeric proteins,” Curr. Opin. Neurol. 17, 529–537 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Lieber, R. L.

R. L. Lieber and J. Fridén, “Implications of Muscle Design on Surgical Reconstruction of Upper Extremities,” Clin. Orthop. 419, 267–279 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Lima, C.

L. T. Perelman, V. Backman, M. Wallace, G. Zonios, R. Manoharan, A. Nusrat, S. Shields, M. Seiler, C. Lima, T. Hamano, I. Itzkan, J. Van Dam, J. M. Crawford, and M. S. Feld, “Observation of periodic fine structure in reflectance from biological tissue: A new technique for measuring nuclear size distribution,” Phys. Rev. Lett.,  80, 627 (1998).
[Crossref]

Lu, Q.

Luo, Q.

Manoharan, R.

L. T. Perelman, V. Backman, M. Wallace, G. Zonios, R. Manoharan, A. Nusrat, S. Shields, M. Seiler, C. Lima, T. Hamano, I. Itzkan, J. Van Dam, J. M. Crawford, and M. S. Feld, “Observation of periodic fine structure in reflectance from biological tissue: A new technique for measuring nuclear size distribution,” Phys. Rev. Lett.,  80, 627 (1998).
[Crossref]

Moharam, M. G.

Mourant, J.

Mourant, J. R.

Nelson, J. S.

Nothdurft, R. E.

Nowak, K. J.

N. G. Laing and K. J. Nowak, “When contractile proteins go bad: the sarcomere and skeletal muscle disease,” BioEssays 27, 809–822 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Nusrat, A.

L. T. Perelman, V. Backman, M. Wallace, G. Zonios, R. Manoharan, A. Nusrat, S. Shields, M. Seiler, C. Lima, T. Hamano, I. Itzkan, J. Van Dam, J. M. Crawford, and M. S. Feld, “Observation of periodic fine structure in reflectance from biological tissue: A new technique for measuring nuclear size distribution,” Phys. Rev. Lett.,  80, 627 (1998).
[Crossref]

Paolini, P. J.

P. J. Paolini, R. Sabbadini, K. P. Roos, and R. J. Baskin, “Sarcomere length dispersion in single muscle fibers and fiber bundles,” Biophys. J. 16, 919–930 (1976).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Park, B. H.

Pasquesi, J. J.

Perelman, L. T.

V. Backman, R. Gurjar, K. Badizadegan, I. Itzkan, P. R. Dasari, L. T. Perelman, and M. S. Feld, “Polarized light scattering spectroscopy for quantitative measurement of epithelial cellular structures in situ,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 5, 1019–1026 (1999)
[Crossref]

L. T. Perelman, V. Backman, M. Wallace, G. Zonios, R. Manoharan, A. Nusrat, S. Shields, M. Seiler, C. Lima, T. Hamano, I. Itzkan, J. Van Dam, J. M. Crawford, and M. S. Feld, “Observation of periodic fine structure in reflectance from biological tissue: A new technique for measuring nuclear size distribution,” Phys. Rev. Lett.,  80, 627 (1998).
[Crossref]

Press, W. H.

W. H. Press, B. R. Flannery, S. A. Teukolosky, and W. T. Vetterling, Numerical recipes in C: The Art of Scientific Computing, (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1988).

Ranasinghesagara, J.

Richards-Kortum, R.

Roos, K. P.

P. J. Paolini, R. Sabbadini, K. P. Roos, and R. J. Baskin, “Sarcomere length dispersion in single muscle fibers and fiber bundles,” Biophys. J. 16, 919–930 (1976).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Sabbadini, R.

P. J. Paolini, R. Sabbadini, K. P. Roos, and R. J. Baskin, “Sarcomere length dispersion in single muscle fibers and fiber bundles,” Biophys. J. 16, 919–930 (1976).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Saxer, C. E.

Schlachter, S. C.

Schwartz, C.

Seiler, M.

L. T. Perelman, V. Backman, M. Wallace, G. Zonios, R. Manoharan, A. Nusrat, S. Shields, M. Seiler, C. Lima, T. Hamano, I. Itzkan, J. Van Dam, J. M. Crawford, and M. S. Feld, “Observation of periodic fine structure in reflectance from biological tissue: A new technique for measuring nuclear size distribution,” Phys. Rev. Lett.,  80, 627 (1998).
[Crossref]

Shen, D.

Shields, S.

L. T. Perelman, V. Backman, M. Wallace, G. Zonios, R. Manoharan, A. Nusrat, S. Shields, M. Seiler, C. Lima, T. Hamano, I. Itzkan, J. Van Dam, J. M. Crawford, and M. S. Feld, “Observation of periodic fine structure in reflectance from biological tissue: A new technique for measuring nuclear size distribution,” Phys. Rev. Lett.,  80, 627 (1998).
[Crossref]

Sokolov, K.

Teukolosky, S. A.

W. H. Press, B. R. Flannery, S. A. Teukolosky, and W. T. Vetterling, Numerical recipes in C: The Art of Scientific Computing, (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1988).

Thomas, N.

R. A. Thornhill, N. Thomas, and N. Berovic, “Optical diffraction by well ordered muscle fibers,” Eur. Biophys. 20, 87–99 (1991).

Thornhill, R. A.

R. A. Thornhill, N. Thomas, and N. Berovic, “Optical diffraction by well ordered muscle fibers,” Eur. Biophys. 20, 87–99 (1991).

Van Dam, J.

L. T. Perelman, V. Backman, M. Wallace, G. Zonios, R. Manoharan, A. Nusrat, S. Shields, M. Seiler, C. Lima, T. Hamano, I. Itzkan, J. Van Dam, J. M. Crawford, and M. S. Feld, “Observation of periodic fine structure in reflectance from biological tissue: A new technique for measuring nuclear size distribution,” Phys. Rev. Lett.,  80, 627 (1998).
[Crossref]

Vetterling, W. T.

W. H. Press, B. R. Flannery, S. A. Teukolosky, and W. T. Vetterling, Numerical recipes in C: The Art of Scientific Computing, (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1988).

Wallace, M.

L. T. Perelman, V. Backman, M. Wallace, G. Zonios, R. Manoharan, A. Nusrat, S. Shields, M. Seiler, C. Lima, T. Hamano, I. Itzkan, J. Van Dam, J. M. Crawford, and M. S. Feld, “Observation of periodic fine structure in reflectance from biological tissue: A new technique for measuring nuclear size distribution,” Phys. Rev. Lett.,  80, 627 (1998).
[Crossref]

Wang, L.

Wang, L. H. V.

Wang, L. V.

Wang, X. D.

Weaver, A.

J. Xia, A. Weaver, D. E. Gerrard, and G. Yao, “Monitoring sarcomere structure changes in whole muscle using diffuse reflectance,” J Biomed. Opt. 11, 040504 (2006). http://spiedl.aip.org/journals/doc/JBOPFO-ft/vol_11/iss_4/040504_1.html
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Xia, J.

J. Xia, A. Weaver, D. E. Gerrard, and G. Yao, “Monitoring sarcomere structure changes in whole muscle using diffuse reflectance,” J Biomed. Opt. 11, 040504 (2006). http://spiedl.aip.org/journals/doc/JBOPFO-ft/vol_11/iss_4/040504_1.html
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Yao, G.

J. Ranasinghesagara and G. Yao, “Imaging 2D optical diffuse reflectance in skeletal muscle,” Opt. Express 15, 3998–4007 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

R. E. Nothdurft and G. Yao, “Effects of turbid media optical properties on object visibility in subsurface polarization imaging,” Appl. Opt. 45, 5532–5541(2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

R. E. Nothdurft and G. Yao, “Applying the polarization memory effect in polarization-gated subsurface imaging,” Opt. Express 14, 4656–4661(2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Xia, A. Weaver, D. E. Gerrard, and G. Yao, “Monitoring sarcomere structure changes in whole muscle using diffuse reflectance,” J Biomed. Opt. 11, 040504 (2006). http://spiedl.aip.org/journals/doc/JBOPFO-ft/vol_11/iss_4/040504_1.html
[Crossref] [PubMed]

R. E. Nothdurft and G. Yao, “Study of subsurface polarization imaging in turbid media with different embedded objects,” Opt. Express 13, 4185–4195(2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

G. Yao, “Differential optical polarization imaging in turbid media with different embedded objects,” Opt. Commun. 241, 255–261 (2004).
[Crossref]

X. D. Wang, G. Yao, and L. V. Wang, “Monte Carlo model and single-scattering approximation of the propagation of polarized light in turbid media containing glucose,” Appl. Opt. 41, 792(2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

G. Yao and L. Wang, “Propagation of polarized light in turbid media: simulated animation sequences,” Opt. Express 7, 198–203 (2000).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. L. Jiao, G. Yao, and L. H. V. Wang, “Depth-resolved two-dimensional Stokes vectors of backscattered light and Mueller matrices of biological tissue measured with optical coherence tomography,” Appl. Opt. 39, 6318–6324 (2000).
[Crossref]

Zeng, S.

Zhao, Y. H.

zhu, D.

Zonios, G.

L. T. Perelman, V. Backman, M. Wallace, G. Zonios, R. Manoharan, A. Nusrat, S. Shields, M. Seiler, C. Lima, T. Hamano, I. Itzkan, J. Van Dam, J. M. Crawford, and M. S. Feld, “Observation of periodic fine structure in reflectance from biological tissue: A new technique for measuring nuclear size distribution,” Phys. Rev. Lett.,  80, 627 (1998).
[Crossref]

Appl. Opt. (3)

BioEssays (1)

N. G. Laing and K. J. Nowak, “When contractile proteins go bad: the sarcomere and skeletal muscle disease,” BioEssays 27, 809–822 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Biophys. J. (1)

P. J. Paolini, R. Sabbadini, K. P. Roos, and R. J. Baskin, “Sarcomere length dispersion in single muscle fibers and fiber bundles,” Biophys. J. 16, 919–930 (1976).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Clin. Orthop. (1)

R. L. Lieber and J. Fridén, “Implications of Muscle Design on Surgical Reconstruction of Upper Extremities,” Clin. Orthop. 419, 267–279 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Curr. Opin. Neurol. (1)

C. G. Bonnemann and N. G. Laing, “Myopathies resulting from mutations in sarcomeric proteins,” Curr. Opin. Neurol. 17, 529–537 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Eur. Biophys. (1)

R. A. Thornhill, N. Thomas, and N. Berovic, “Optical diffraction by well ordered muscle fibers,” Eur. Biophys. 20, 87–99 (1991).

IEEE J. Quantum Electron. (1)

V. Backman, R. Gurjar, K. Badizadegan, I. Itzkan, P. R. Dasari, L. T. Perelman, and M. S. Feld, “Polarized light scattering spectroscopy for quantitative measurement of epithelial cellular structures in situ,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 5, 1019–1026 (1999)
[Crossref]

J Biomed. Opt. (1)

J. Xia, A. Weaver, D. E. Gerrard, and G. Yao, “Monitoring sarcomere structure changes in whole muscle using diffuse reflectance,” J Biomed. Opt. 11, 040504 (2006). http://spiedl.aip.org/journals/doc/JBOPFO-ft/vol_11/iss_4/040504_1.html
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Biomed Opt (1)

J. S. Baba, J. R. Chung, A. H. DeLaughter, B. D. Cameron, and G. L. Cote, “Development and calibration of an automated Mueller matrix polarization imaging system,” J. Biomed Opt 7, 341 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Opt. Soc. Am. (1)

J. Opt. Soc. Am. A (1)

Opt. Commun. (1)

G. Yao, “Differential optical polarization imaging in turbid media with different embedded objects,” Opt. Commun. 241, 255–261 (2004).
[Crossref]

Opt. Express (9)

T. M. Johnson and J. R. Mourant, “Polarized wavelength-dependent measurement of turbid media,” Opt. Express 4, 200 (1999).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Ranasinghesagara and G. Yao, “Imaging 2D optical diffuse reflectance in skeletal muscle,” Opt. Express 15, 3998–4007 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

R. E. Nothdurft and G. Yao, “Study of subsurface polarization imaging in turbid media with different embedded objects,” Opt. Express 13, 4185–4195(2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

R. E. Nothdurft and G. Yao, “Applying the polarization memory effect in polarization-gated subsurface imaging,” Opt. Express 14, 4656–4661(2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

K. Sokolov, R. Drezek, K. Gossagee, and R. Richards-Kortum, “Reflectance spectroscopy with polarized light: Is it sensitive to cellular and nuclear morphology,” Opt. Express 5, 302 (1999).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. J. Pasquesi, S. C. Schlachter, M. D. Boppart, E. Chaney, S. J. Kaufman, and S. A. Boppart, “In vivo detection of exercised-induced ultrastructural changes in genetically-altered murine skeletal muscle using polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Express 14, 1547–1556 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Hielscher, A. Eick, J. Mourant, D. Shen, J. Freyer, and I. Bigio, “Diffuse backscattering Mueller matricesof highly scattering media,” Opt. Express 1, 441–453 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

G. Yao and L. Wang, “Propagation of polarized light in turbid media: simulated animation sequences,” Opt. Express 7, 198–203 (2000).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. Deng, S. Zeng, Q. Lu, D. zhu, and Q. Luo, “Characterization of backscattering Mueller matrix patterns of highly scattering media with triple scattering assumption,” Opt. Express 15, 9672–9680 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Opt. Lett. (1)

Phys. Rev. Lett. (1)

L. T. Perelman, V. Backman, M. Wallace, G. Zonios, R. Manoharan, A. Nusrat, S. Shields, M. Seiler, C. Lima, T. Hamano, I. Itzkan, J. Van Dam, J. M. Crawford, and M. S. Feld, “Observation of periodic fine structure in reflectance from biological tissue: A new technique for measuring nuclear size distribution,” Phys. Rev. Lett.,  80, 627 (1998).
[Crossref]

Other (1)

W. H. Press, B. R. Flannery, S. A. Teukolosky, and W. T. Vetterling, Numerical recipes in C: The Art of Scientific Computing, (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1988).

Cited By

OSA participates in Crossref's Cited-By Linking service. Citing articles from OSA journals and other participating publishers are listed here.

Alert me when this article is cited.


Figures (7)

Fig. 1.
Fig. 1.

A schematic of the experimental setup. LS: a 10mW He-Ne laser; HW: half wave plate; M1: mirror; P1: polarizer; VW: variable wave plate; M2: mirror; S: sample; QW: quarter wave plate; P2: polarizer; CCD: imaging camera.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 2.
Fig. 2.

Polarization-sensitive reflectance images in skeletal muscle. The incident light was located at the center of the image. The image size was 26.5mm by 19.9mm. The muscle fibers were along the vertical direction (y-axis). The H-polarization direction was along the horizontal direction (x-axis).

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 3.
Fig. 3.

Fitting results of the parameter q and axis ratio (a/b) for the HH, HV, and VV images shown in Fig. 2 obtained at different distances along the y-axis from the incident point.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 4.
Fig. 4.

Stokes vectors of the reflectance images in a muscle for 4 different incident polarization states: H, V, P, and R. The images were calculated from the raw images in Fig. 2 using Eq. (1). The S1, S2, and S3 images were normalized with the S0 image. The color map shown was used for S1, S2, and S3 images only. The muscle fibers were along the vertical direction. The Hpolarization direction was along the horizontal direction.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 5.
Fig. 5.

Mueller matrices of the reflectance images in a muscle sample. The images were calculated from the raw images in Fig. 2 by using Eq. (3). The muscle fibers were along the vertical direction. The H-polarization direction was along the horizontal direction. All images were normalized with the M11 image. As a comparison, the Mueller matrices obtained in a polystyrene (1.093 µm in diameter) solution were also shown. Please note that the M11 images used their own color maps.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 6.
Fig. 6.

Images of the degree of polarization (DOP) calculated from the Stokes vector images in Fig. 4 by using Eq. (2). The muscle fibers were along the vertical direction. The H-polarization direction was along the horizontal direction. As a comparison, the DOP images obtained in a polystyrene solution were also shown.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 7.
Fig. 7.

Diffraction efficiencies for the first 3 diffraction orders calculated by using coupled wave theory. The curves shown in solid lines are for TM polarization component, while those shown in dash lines are for TE polarization components. The geometry of the calculation is also illustrated in the figure. Please note that the TE direction is aligned with the muscle fiber orientation (y-axis) and the V-polarization in our coordinate system.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Equations (4)

Equations on this page are rendered with MathJax. Learn more.

S = [ S 0 S 1 S 2 S 3 ] = [ I H + I V I H − I V 2 I P − ( I H + I V ) 2 I R − ( I H + I V ) ] ,
DOP = S 1 2 + S 2 2 + S 3 2 S 0 ,
M = 1 2 [ S H + S V S H − S V 2 S P − ( S H + S V ) 2 S R − ( S H + S V ) ] ,
f ( x , y ) = ( ∣ x ∣ a ) q + ( ∣ y ∣ b ) q − 1 = 0

Metrics