Abstract

Several strong narrowband resonances are observed in the transmission spectra of fiber Bragg gratings photo-written in photonic crystal fiber that has a refractive index-neutral germanium/fluorine co-doped core. Experimental results for the strain, temperature and refractive index sensitivities of these mode resonances are reported and compared to those of conventional single mode fiber. In particular, we identify three kinds of resonances whose relative sensitivities to strain, temperature and refractive index are markedly different and present numerical simulations to explain these properties. Potential multiparameter optical sensor applications of these mode resonances are briefly discussed.

©2008 Optical Society of America

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References

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    [Crossref] [PubMed]
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2008 (1)

2007 (3)

2006 (3)

2005 (1)

O. Frazão, L. A. Ferreira, F. M. Araújo, and J. L. Santos, “Applications of fiber optic grating technology to multi-parameter measurement,” Fiber Integrated Opt. 24, 227–244 (2005).
[Crossref]

2004 (1)

A. Iadicicco, A. Cusano, A. Cutolo, R. Berini, and M. Giordano, “Thinned fiber Bragg gratings as high sensitivity refractive index sensor,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 16, 1149–1151 (2004).
[Crossref]

2003 (2)

2001 (1)

G. Laffont and P. Ferdinand, “Tilted short-period fiber-Bragg-grating-induced coupling to cladding modes for accurate refractometry,” Meas. Sci. Technol. 12, 765–770 (2001).
[Crossref]

2000 (1)

1999 (2)

1998 (1)

1996 (1)

Albert, J.

C. F. Chan, C. Chen, A. Jafari, A. Laronche, D. J. Thomson, and J. Albert, “Optical fiber refractometer using narrowband cladding mode resonance shifts,” Appl. Opt. 46, 1142–1149 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

C. Chen and J. Albert, “Strain-optic coefficients of the individual cladding modes of a single mode fiber: theory and experiment,” Electron. Lett. 42, 1027–1028 (2006).
[Crossref]

C. Chen, L. Xiong, C. Caucheteur, P. Mégret, and J. Albert, “Differential strain sensitivity of higher order cladding modes in weakly tilted fiber Bragg gratings,” Proc. SPIE6379, 63790E1–63790E7 (2006).

Amezcua-Correa, R.

J. C. Flanagan, R. Amezcua-Correa, F. Poletti, J.R. Hayes, N.G.R. Broderick, and D. J. Richardson, “Parasitic modes in large mode area microstructured fibers,” in Optical Fiber Communication Conference, Technical Digest (Optical Society of America, 2007), paper OML4.

Araújo, F. M.

O. Frazão, L. A. Ferreira, F. M. Araújo, and J. L. Santos, “Applications of fiber optic grating technology to multi-parameter measurement,” Fiber Integrated Opt. 24, 227–244 (2005).
[Crossref]

Asatryan, A. A.

Atkin, D. M.

Berini, R.

A. Iadicicco, A. Cusano, A. Cutolo, R. Berini, and M. Giordano, “Thinned fiber Bragg gratings as high sensitivity refractive index sensor,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 16, 1149–1151 (2004).
[Crossref]

Beugin, V.

Bhatia, V.

Bigot, L.

Birks, T. A.

Blanc, W.

Botten, L. C.

Broderick, N.G.R.

J. C. Flanagan, R. Amezcua-Correa, F. Poletti, J.R. Hayes, N.G.R. Broderick, and D. J. Richardson, “Parasitic modes in large mode area microstructured fibers,” in Optical Fiber Communication Conference, Technical Digest (Optical Society of America, 2007), paper OML4.

Buckley, E.

Burdge, G. L.

Canning, J.

Caucheteur, C.

C. Chen, L. Xiong, C. Caucheteur, P. Mégret, and J. Albert, “Differential strain sensitivity of higher order cladding modes in weakly tilted fiber Bragg gratings,” Proc. SPIE6379, 63790E1–63790E7 (2006).

Chan, C. F.

Chen, C.

C. F. Chan, C. Chen, A. Jafari, A. Laronche, D. J. Thomson, and J. Albert, “Optical fiber refractometer using narrowband cladding mode resonance shifts,” Appl. Opt. 46, 1142–1149 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

C. Chen and J. Albert, “Strain-optic coefficients of the individual cladding modes of a single mode fiber: theory and experiment,” Electron. Lett. 42, 1027–1028 (2006).
[Crossref]

C. Chen, L. Xiong, C. Caucheteur, P. Mégret, and J. Albert, “Differential strain sensitivity of higher order cladding modes in weakly tilted fiber Bragg gratings,” Proc. SPIE6379, 63790E1–63790E7 (2006).

Cordeiro, C. M. B.

Cox, F. M.

Cusano, A.

A. Iadicicco, A. Cusano, A. Cutolo, R. Berini, and M. Giordano, “Thinned fiber Bragg gratings as high sensitivity refractive index sensor,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 16, 1149–1151 (2004).
[Crossref]

Cutolo, A.

A. Iadicicco, A. Cusano, A. Cutolo, R. Berini, and M. Giordano, “Thinned fiber Bragg gratings as high sensitivity refractive index sensor,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 16, 1149–1151 (2004).
[Crossref]

Dewynter, V.

Douay, M.

Dussardier, B.

Eggleton, B. J.

Fan, X.

Ferdinand, P.

Ferreira, L. A.

O. Frazão, L. A. Ferreira, F. M. Araújo, and J. L. Santos, “Applications of fiber optic grating technology to multi-parameter measurement,” Fiber Integrated Opt. 24, 227–244 (2005).
[Crossref]

Flanagan, J. C.

J. C. Flanagan, R. Amezcua-Correa, F. Poletti, J.R. Hayes, N.G.R. Broderick, and D. J. Richardson, “Parasitic modes in large mode area microstructured fibers,” in Optical Fiber Communication Conference, Technical Digest (Optical Society of America, 2007), paper OML4.

Fleureau, A.

Frazão, O.

O. Frazão, L. A. Ferreira, F. M. Araújo, and J. L. Santos, “Applications of fiber optic grating technology to multi-parameter measurement,” Fiber Integrated Opt. 24, 227–244 (2005).
[Crossref]

Gasca, L.

Giordano, M.

A. Iadicicco, A. Cusano, A. Cutolo, R. Berini, and M. Giordano, “Thinned fiber Bragg gratings as high sensitivity refractive index sensor,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 16, 1149–1151 (2004).
[Crossref]

Groothoff, N.

Hayes, J.R.

J. C. Flanagan, R. Amezcua-Correa, F. Poletti, J.R. Hayes, N.G.R. Broderick, and D. J. Richardson, “Parasitic modes in large mode area microstructured fibers,” in Optical Fiber Communication Conference, Technical Digest (Optical Society of America, 2007), paper OML4.

Huy, M. C. P.

Iadicicco, A.

A. Iadicicco, A. Cusano, A. Cutolo, R. Berini, and M. Giordano, “Thinned fiber Bragg gratings as high sensitivity refractive index sensor,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 16, 1149–1151 (2004).
[Crossref]

Jafari, A.

Kan, D. J.

Kerbage, C.

Knight, J. C.

Labonté, L.

Laffont, G.

Lancry, M.

Large, M. C. J.

Laronche, A.

Lempereur, S.

Lwin, R.

Lyttikainen, K.

Marshall, G. D.

May, P.

Mégret, P.

C. Chen, L. Xiong, C. Caucheteur, P. Mégret, and J. Albert, “Differential strain sensitivity of higher order cladding modes in weakly tilted fiber Bragg gratings,” Proc. SPIE6379, 63790E1–63790E7 (2006).

Melin, G.

Pagnoux, D.

Patrick, H. J.

Poletti, F.

J. C. Flanagan, R. Amezcua-Correa, F. Poletti, J.R. Hayes, N.G.R. Broderick, and D. J. Richardson, “Parasitic modes in large mode area microstructured fibers,” in Optical Fiber Communication Conference, Technical Digest (Optical Society of America, 2007), paper OML4.

Quiquempois, Y.

Richardson, D. J.

J. C. Flanagan, R. Amezcua-Correa, F. Poletti, J.R. Hayes, N.G.R. Broderick, and D. J. Richardson, “Parasitic modes in large mode area microstructured fibers,” in Optical Fiber Communication Conference, Technical Digest (Optical Society of America, 2007), paper OML4.

Roy, P.

Russell, P.

P. Russell, “Photonic crystal fibers,” Science 299, 358–362 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Russell, P. St. J.

Santos, J. L.

O. Frazão, L. A. Ferreira, F. M. Araújo, and J. L. Santos, “Applications of fiber optic grating technology to multi-parameter measurement,” Fiber Integrated Opt. 24, 227–244 (2005).
[Crossref]

Spalter, S.

Strasser, T. A.

Thomson, D. J.

Westbrook, P. S.

White, C. A.

White, I. M.

Windeler, R. S.

Withford, M. J.

Xiong, L.

C. Chen, L. Xiong, C. Caucheteur, P. Mégret, and J. Albert, “Differential strain sensitivity of higher order cladding modes in weakly tilted fiber Bragg gratings,” Proc. SPIE6379, 63790E1–63790E7 (2006).

Zagari, J.

Appl. Opt. (2)

Electron. Lett. (1)

C. Chen and J. Albert, “Strain-optic coefficients of the individual cladding modes of a single mode fiber: theory and experiment,” Electron. Lett. 42, 1027–1028 (2006).
[Crossref]

Fiber Integrated Opt. (1)

O. Frazão, L. A. Ferreira, F. M. Araújo, and J. L. Santos, “Applications of fiber optic grating technology to multi-parameter measurement,” Fiber Integrated Opt. 24, 227–244 (2005).
[Crossref]

IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. (1)

A. Iadicicco, A. Cusano, A. Cutolo, R. Berini, and M. Giordano, “Thinned fiber Bragg gratings as high sensitivity refractive index sensor,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 16, 1149–1151 (2004).
[Crossref]

J. Lightwave Technol. (2)

Meas. Sci. Technol. (1)

G. Laffont and P. Ferdinand, “Tilted short-period fiber-Bragg-grating-induced coupling to cladding modes for accurate refractometry,” Meas. Sci. Technol. 12, 765–770 (2001).
[Crossref]

Opt. Express (5)

Opt. Lett. (3)

Science (1)

P. Russell, “Photonic crystal fibers,” Science 299, 358–362 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Other (2)

J. C. Flanagan, R. Amezcua-Correa, F. Poletti, J.R. Hayes, N.G.R. Broderick, and D. J. Richardson, “Parasitic modes in large mode area microstructured fibers,” in Optical Fiber Communication Conference, Technical Digest (Optical Society of America, 2007), paper OML4.

C. Chen, L. Xiong, C. Caucheteur, P. Mégret, and J. Albert, “Differential strain sensitivity of higher order cladding modes in weakly tilted fiber Bragg gratings,” Proc. SPIE6379, 63790E1–63790E7 (2006).

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Figures (7)

Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. The cross section of the photonic crystal fiber used in the experiment (outside fiber diameter=125 µm). The doped core is not visible in these photographs.

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Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. The transmission and reflection spectra of a 1 cm-long FBG in PCF.

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Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. The electric field intensities of the core mode and cladding modes, the insets show an enlarged view of the core area.

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Fig. 4.
Fig. 4. The relative wavelength shifts of cladding mode resonances to the Bragg resonance of FBG due to axial strain perturbations.

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Fig. 5.
Fig. 5. The strain sensitivity differences of core and cladding modes in the PCF and SMF-28 fiber

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Fig. 6.
Fig. 6. The relative wavelength shifts of cladding mode resonances to the Bragg resonance of FBG due to temperature perturbations.

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Fig. 7.
Fig. 7. The relative wavelength shifts of cladding mode resonances to the Bragg resonance of FBG with surrounding refractive index (nD) changes.

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Tables (1)

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Table 1. Summary of transmission resonances properties

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