Abstract

A fiber Bragg grating was written in a side-hole fiber with internal metal alloy electrodes. The initial geometrical birefringence of this fiber gives rise to two Bragg resonances separated by 43 pm. Nanosecond risetime current pulses of up to 23 A were applied to the metal electrode, which heated and expanded rapidly. This caused mechanical stress in the fiber on a nanosecond scale, resulting in a negative shift of the Bragg wavelength peak for the fast axis mode, and positive but smaller shift for the slow axis mode. The fast change increased the peak separation to ~143 pm, corresponding to an increase in birefringence from 4.0×10-5 to 1.3×10-4. Both peaks subsequently experienced a red-shift due to the relaxation of mechanical stress and the increasing core temperature transferred from the metal in many microseconds. Simulations give accurate description of the experimental results.

©2008 Optical Society of America

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References

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    [Crossref]
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2007 (2)

2006 (1)

2004 (1)

J. A. Viator, S. Kreger, M. W. Winz, and E. Udd, “Modeling and experimental strain measurements on a non-homogeneous cylinder under transverse load,” Proc. SPIE 5384, 199–205 (2004).
[Crossref]

2003 (1)

2002 (1)

2001 (1)

W. J. Bock, M. S. Nawrocka, and W. Urban’czyk, “Highly sensitive fiber-optic sensor for dynamic pressure measurements,” IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 50, 1085–1088 (2001).
[Crossref]

2000 (2)

T. Yamate, R. T. Ramos, R. J. Schroeder, and E. Udd, “Thermally insensitive pressure measurements up to 300 degrees C using fiber Bragg gratings written onto side-hole single mode fiber,” Proc. SPIE 4185, 628–631 (2000).

R. Gafsi and M. A. El-Sherif, “Analysis of Induced-Birefringence Effects on Fiber Bragg Gratings,” Opt. Fiber Technol. 6, 299–323 (2000).
[Crossref]

1999 (1)

R. J. Schroeder, T. Yamate, and E. Udd, “High pressure and temperature sensing for the oil industry using fiber Bragg gratings written onto side hole single mode fiber,” Proc. SPIE 3746, 72–74 (1999).

1986 (1)

1968 (1)

Avdeev, I. V.

Bails, M. M.

Berlemont, D.

Bock, W. J.

E. Chmielewska, W. Urbanczyk, and W. J. Bock, “Measurement of pressure and temperature sensitivities of a Bragg grating imprinted in a highly birefrigent side-hole fiber,” Appl. Opt. 42, 6284–6291 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

W. J. Bock, M. S. Nawrocka, and W. Urban’czyk, “Highly sensitive fiber-optic sensor for dynamic pressure measurements,” IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 50, 1085–1088 (2001).
[Crossref]

Borrelli, N. F

Brevignon, M.

M. Turpin, M. Brevignon, J. P. Le. Pesant, and O. Gaouditz, “Interfero-polarimetric fiber optic sensor for both pressure and temperature measurement,” in Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Optical Fiber Sensors (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, New York, 1992), pp. 362–365.

Calvert, S.

S. Kreger, S. Calvert, and E. Udd, “High pressure sensing using fiber Bragg grating written in birefringent side hole fiber,” in Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Optical Fiber Sensors, (Portland, 2002), pp. 355–358.

Canning, J.

Chen, K. P.

Chmielewska, E.

Claesson, Å.

Dabkiewicz, Ph.

El-Sherif, M. A.

R. Gafsi and M. A. El-Sherif, “Analysis of Induced-Birefringence Effects on Fiber Bragg Gratings,” Opt. Fiber Technol. 6, 299–323 (2000).
[Crossref]

Fokine, M.

Fonjallaz, P. -Y.

Z. Yu, W. Margulis, O. Tarasenko, H. Knape, and P. -Y. Fonjallaz, “Nanosecond switching of fiber Bragg gratings,” Opt. Express 15, 14948–14953 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

L. -E. Nilsson, Z. Yu, O. Tarasenko, H. Knape, P. -Y. Fonjallaz, and W. Margulis, “High-speed switching in fibres with electrodes,” in Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Transparent Optical Networks (Rome, 2007), pp. 232–233.

Fonjallaz, P.-Y.

Z. Yu, W. Margulis, P.-Y. Fonjallaz, and O. Tarasenko, “Physics of electrically switched fiber Bragg gratings,” in Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference and Photonic Applications Systems Technologies, OSA Technical Digest Series (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2007), paper CMK1.

Z. Yu, W. Margulis, O. Tarasenko, H. Knape, and P.-Y. Fonjallaz, “High-speed control of fiber Bragg gratings,” in Bragg Gratings, Photosensitivity, and Poling in Glass Waveguides, OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2007), paper JWA44.

Gafsi, R.

R. Gafsi and M. A. El-Sherif, “Analysis of Induced-Birefringence Effects on Fiber Bragg Gratings,” Opt. Fiber Technol. 6, 299–323 (2000).
[Crossref]

Gaouditz, O.

M. Turpin, M. Brevignon, J. P. Le. Pesant, and O. Gaouditz, “Interfero-polarimetric fiber optic sensor for both pressure and temperature measurement,” in Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Optical Fiber Sensors (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, New York, 1992), pp. 362–365.

Jewart, C.

Kjellberg, L.

Knape, H.

H. Knape and W. Margulis, “All-fiber polarization switch,” Opt. Lett. 32, 614–616 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Z. Yu, W. Margulis, O. Tarasenko, H. Knape, and P. -Y. Fonjallaz, “Nanosecond switching of fiber Bragg gratings,” Opt. Express 15, 14948–14953 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Z. Yu, W. Margulis, O. Tarasenko, H. Knape, and P.-Y. Fonjallaz, “High-speed control of fiber Bragg gratings,” in Bragg Gratings, Photosensitivity, and Poling in Glass Waveguides, OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2007), paper JWA44.

L. -E. Nilsson, Z. Yu, O. Tarasenko, H. Knape, P. -Y. Fonjallaz, and W. Margulis, “High-speed switching in fibres with electrodes,” in Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Transparent Optical Networks (Rome, 2007), pp. 232–233.

Kreger, S.

J. A. Viator, S. Kreger, M. W. Winz, and E. Udd, “Modeling and experimental strain measurements on a non-homogeneous cylinder under transverse load,” Proc. SPIE 5384, 199–205 (2004).
[Crossref]

S. Kreger, S. Calvert, and E. Udd, “High pressure sensing using fiber Bragg grating written in birefringent side hole fiber,” in Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Optical Fiber Sensors, (Portland, 2002), pp. 355–358.

Krummenacher, L.

Levitan, S. P.

Margulis, W.

H. Knape and W. Margulis, “All-fiber polarization switch,” Opt. Lett. 32, 614–616 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Z. Yu, W. Margulis, O. Tarasenko, H. Knape, and P. -Y. Fonjallaz, “Nanosecond switching of fiber Bragg gratings,” Opt. Express 15, 14948–14953 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Fokine, L. E. Nilsson, Å. Claesson, D. Berlemont, L. Kjellberg, L. Krummenacher, and W. Margulis, “Integrated fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer for electro-optic switching,” Opt. Lett. 27, 1643–1645 (2002).
[Crossref]

Z. Yu, W. Margulis, P.-Y. Fonjallaz, and O. Tarasenko, “Physics of electrically switched fiber Bragg gratings,” in Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference and Photonic Applications Systems Technologies, OSA Technical Digest Series (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2007), paper CMK1.

L. -E. Nilsson, Z. Yu, O. Tarasenko, H. Knape, P. -Y. Fonjallaz, and W. Margulis, “High-speed switching in fibres with electrodes,” in Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Transparent Optical Networks (Rome, 2007), pp. 232–233.

Z. Yu, W. Margulis, O. Tarasenko, H. Knape, and P.-Y. Fonjallaz, “High-speed control of fiber Bragg gratings,” in Bragg Gratings, Photosensitivity, and Poling in Glass Waveguides, OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2007), paper JWA44.

McMillen, B.

Miller, R. A.

Nawrocka, M. S.

W. J. Bock, M. S. Nawrocka, and W. Urban’czyk, “Highly sensitive fiber-optic sensor for dynamic pressure measurements,” IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 50, 1085–1088 (2001).
[Crossref]

Nilsson, L. E.

Nilsson, L. -E.

L. -E. Nilsson, Z. Yu, O. Tarasenko, H. Knape, P. -Y. Fonjallaz, and W. Margulis, “High-speed switching in fibres with electrodes,” in Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Transparent Optical Networks (Rome, 2007), pp. 232–233.

Okamoto, K.

Pesant, J. P. Le.

M. Turpin, M. Brevignon, J. P. Le. Pesant, and O. Gaouditz, “Interfero-polarimetric fiber optic sensor for both pressure and temperature measurement,” in Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Optical Fiber Sensors (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, New York, 1992), pp. 362–365.

Ramos, R. T.

T. Yamate, R. T. Ramos, R. J. Schroeder, and E. Udd, “Thermally insensitive pressure measurements up to 300 degrees C using fiber Bragg gratings written onto side-hole single mode fiber,” Proc. SPIE 4185, 628–631 (2000).

Schroeder, R. J.

T. Yamate, R. T. Ramos, R. J. Schroeder, and E. Udd, “Thermally insensitive pressure measurements up to 300 degrees C using fiber Bragg gratings written onto side-hole single mode fiber,” Proc. SPIE 4185, 628–631 (2000).

R. J. Schroeder, T. Yamate, and E. Udd, “High pressure and temperature sensing for the oil industry using fiber Bragg gratings written onto side hole single mode fiber,” Proc. SPIE 3746, 72–74 (1999).

Tarasenko, O.

Z. Yu, W. Margulis, O. Tarasenko, H. Knape, and P. -Y. Fonjallaz, “Nanosecond switching of fiber Bragg gratings,” Opt. Express 15, 14948–14953 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Z. Yu, W. Margulis, O. Tarasenko, H. Knape, and P.-Y. Fonjallaz, “High-speed control of fiber Bragg gratings,” in Bragg Gratings, Photosensitivity, and Poling in Glass Waveguides, OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2007), paper JWA44.

L. -E. Nilsson, Z. Yu, O. Tarasenko, H. Knape, P. -Y. Fonjallaz, and W. Margulis, “High-speed switching in fibres with electrodes,” in Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Transparent Optical Networks (Rome, 2007), pp. 232–233.

Z. Yu, W. Margulis, P.-Y. Fonjallaz, and O. Tarasenko, “Physics of electrically switched fiber Bragg gratings,” in Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference and Photonic Applications Systems Technologies, OSA Technical Digest Series (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2007), paper CMK1.

Turpin, M.

M. Turpin, M. Brevignon, J. P. Le. Pesant, and O. Gaouditz, “Interfero-polarimetric fiber optic sensor for both pressure and temperature measurement,” in Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Optical Fiber Sensors (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, New York, 1992), pp. 362–365.

Udd, E.

J. A. Viator, S. Kreger, M. W. Winz, and E. Udd, “Modeling and experimental strain measurements on a non-homogeneous cylinder under transverse load,” Proc. SPIE 5384, 199–205 (2004).
[Crossref]

T. Yamate, R. T. Ramos, R. J. Schroeder, and E. Udd, “Thermally insensitive pressure measurements up to 300 degrees C using fiber Bragg gratings written onto side-hole single mode fiber,” Proc. SPIE 4185, 628–631 (2000).

R. J. Schroeder, T. Yamate, and E. Udd, “High pressure and temperature sensing for the oil industry using fiber Bragg gratings written onto side hole single mode fiber,” Proc. SPIE 3746, 72–74 (1999).

S. Kreger, S. Calvert, and E. Udd, “High pressure sensing using fiber Bragg grating written in birefringent side hole fiber,” in Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Optical Fiber Sensors, (Portland, 2002), pp. 355–358.

Ulrich, R.

Urban’czyk, W.

W. J. Bock, M. S. Nawrocka, and W. Urban’czyk, “Highly sensitive fiber-optic sensor for dynamic pressure measurements,” IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 50, 1085–1088 (2001).
[Crossref]

Urbanczyk, W.

Viator, J. A.

J. A. Viator, S. Kreger, M. W. Winz, and E. Udd, “Modeling and experimental strain measurements on a non-homogeneous cylinder under transverse load,” Proc. SPIE 5384, 199–205 (2004).
[Crossref]

Winz, M. W.

J. A. Viator, S. Kreger, M. W. Winz, and E. Udd, “Modeling and experimental strain measurements on a non-homogeneous cylinder under transverse load,” Proc. SPIE 5384, 199–205 (2004).
[Crossref]

Xie, H. M.

Yamate, T.

T. Yamate, R. T. Ramos, R. J. Schroeder, and E. Udd, “Thermally insensitive pressure measurements up to 300 degrees C using fiber Bragg gratings written onto side-hole single mode fiber,” Proc. SPIE 4185, 628–631 (2000).

R. J. Schroeder, T. Yamate, and E. Udd, “High pressure and temperature sensing for the oil industry using fiber Bragg gratings written onto side hole single mode fiber,” Proc. SPIE 3746, 72–74 (1999).

Yu, Z.

Z. Yu, W. Margulis, O. Tarasenko, H. Knape, and P. -Y. Fonjallaz, “Nanosecond switching of fiber Bragg gratings,” Opt. Express 15, 14948–14953 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Z. Yu, W. Margulis, O. Tarasenko, H. Knape, and P.-Y. Fonjallaz, “High-speed control of fiber Bragg gratings,” in Bragg Gratings, Photosensitivity, and Poling in Glass Waveguides, OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2007), paper JWA44.

L. -E. Nilsson, Z. Yu, O. Tarasenko, H. Knape, P. -Y. Fonjallaz, and W. Margulis, “High-speed switching in fibres with electrodes,” in Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Transparent Optical Networks (Rome, 2007), pp. 232–233.

Z. Yu, W. Margulis, P.-Y. Fonjallaz, and O. Tarasenko, “Physics of electrically switched fiber Bragg gratings,” in Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference and Photonic Applications Systems Technologies, OSA Technical Digest Series (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2007), paper CMK1.

Appl. Opt. (2)

IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. (1)

W. J. Bock, M. S. Nawrocka, and W. Urban’czyk, “Highly sensitive fiber-optic sensor for dynamic pressure measurements,” IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 50, 1085–1088 (2001).
[Crossref]

Opt. Express (1)

Opt. Fiber Technol. (1)

R. Gafsi and M. A. El-Sherif, “Analysis of Induced-Birefringence Effects on Fiber Bragg Gratings,” Opt. Fiber Technol. 6, 299–323 (2000).
[Crossref]

Opt. Lett. (4)

Proc. SPIE (3)

J. A. Viator, S. Kreger, M. W. Winz, and E. Udd, “Modeling and experimental strain measurements on a non-homogeneous cylinder under transverse load,” Proc. SPIE 5384, 199–205 (2004).
[Crossref]

R. J. Schroeder, T. Yamate, and E. Udd, “High pressure and temperature sensing for the oil industry using fiber Bragg gratings written onto side hole single mode fiber,” Proc. SPIE 3746, 72–74 (1999).

T. Yamate, R. T. Ramos, R. J. Schroeder, and E. Udd, “Thermally insensitive pressure measurements up to 300 degrees C using fiber Bragg gratings written onto side-hole single mode fiber,” Proc. SPIE 4185, 628–631 (2000).

Other (5)

L. -E. Nilsson, Z. Yu, O. Tarasenko, H. Knape, P. -Y. Fonjallaz, and W. Margulis, “High-speed switching in fibres with electrodes,” in Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Transparent Optical Networks (Rome, 2007), pp. 232–233.

Z. Yu, W. Margulis, O. Tarasenko, H. Knape, and P.-Y. Fonjallaz, “High-speed control of fiber Bragg gratings,” in Bragg Gratings, Photosensitivity, and Poling in Glass Waveguides, OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2007), paper JWA44.

Z. Yu, W. Margulis, P.-Y. Fonjallaz, and O. Tarasenko, “Physics of electrically switched fiber Bragg gratings,” in Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference and Photonic Applications Systems Technologies, OSA Technical Digest Series (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2007), paper CMK1.

M. Turpin, M. Brevignon, J. P. Le. Pesant, and O. Gaouditz, “Interfero-polarimetric fiber optic sensor for both pressure and temperature measurement,” in Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Optical Fiber Sensors (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, New York, 1992), pp. 362–365.

S. Kreger, S. Calvert, and E. Udd, “High pressure sensing using fiber Bragg grating written in birefringent side hole fiber,” in Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Optical Fiber Sensors, (Portland, 2002), pp. 355–358.

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Figures (4)

Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. (Color online) (a) Cross section of the two-hole fiber used here (SEM picture). (b) The schematic of the system for dynamic measurements of the two polarization states.

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Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. (Color online) (a) Time evolution of the signal reflected by the FBG for probe light polarized along the x-axis. (b) Schematic illustration of the wavelength shift at various times. (c) Time evolution of the signal reflected by the FBG for probe light polarized along the y-axis. (d) Schematic illustration of the wavelength shift at various times. The red arrows in Figs. (b) and (d) indicate the wavelength of the tunable laser source during the measurement.

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Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. (Color online) Experimental data (squares) and numeric simulations (solid lines) of Bragg wavelength shift for a 241 ns electrical pulse. (a) Fast wavelength shift for both polarization states measured at instant t1. (b) Slow wavelength shift measured at instant t3.

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Fig. 4.
Fig. 4. (Color online) Simulation results of the time evolution of the temperature in the center of the core under different voltage pulse excitation.

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Equations (2)

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Δ λ x = − λ x n 0 2 2 ( p 11 ε x + p 12 ε y ) + λ x ( α + ξ ) Δ T
Δ λ y = − λ y n 0 2 2 ( p 11 ε y + p 12 ε x ) + λ y ( α + ξ ) Δ T

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