Abstract

A novel method is presented for determining the group index, intensity enhancement and delay times for waveguide gratings, based on (Rayleigh) scattering observations. This far-field scattering microscopy (FScM) method is compared with the phase shift method and a method that uses the transmission spectrum to quantify the slow wave properties. We find a minimum group velocity of 0.04c and a maximum intensity enhancement of ∼14.5 for a 1000-period grating and a maximum group delay of ∼80 ps for a 2000-period grating. Furthermore, we show that the FScM method can be used for both displaying the intensity distribution of the Bloch resonances and for investigating out of plane losses. Finally, an application is discussed for the slow-wave grating as index sensor able to detect a minimum cladding index change of 10-8, assuming a transmission detection limit of 10-4.

©2007 Optical Society of America

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2006 (7)

C. E. Finlayson, F. Cattaneo, N. M. B. Perney, J. J. Baumberg, M. C. Netti, M. E. Zoorob, M. D. B. Charlton, and G. J. Parker, “Slow light and chromatic temporal dispersion in photonic crystal waveguides using femtosecond time of flight,” Phys. Rev. E 73,016619/1–10 (2006).
[Crossref]

A. Figotin and I. Vitebskiy, “Slow light in photonic crystals,” Waves Random Complex Media 16,293–382 (2006).
[Crossref]

W. C. L. Hopman, R. Dekker, D. Yudistira, W. F. A. Engbers, H. J. W. M. Hoekstra, and R. M. De Ridder, “Fabrication and characterization of high-quality uniform and apodized Si3N4 waveguide gratings using laser interference lithography,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 18,1855–1857 (2006).
[Crossref]

H. G. Winful, “The meaning of group delay in barrier tunnelling: A re-examination of superluminal group velocities,” New J. Phys. 8,101/1–16 (2006).
[Crossref]

D. B. Hunter, M. E. Parker, and J. L. Dexter, “Demonstration of a continuously variable true-time delay beamformer using a multichannel chirped fiber grating,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 54,861–867 (2006).
[Crossref]

D. Yudistira, H. Hoekstra, M. Hammer, and D. Marpaung, “Slow light excitation in tapered 1D photonic crystals: Theory,” Opt. Quantum Electron. 38,161–176 (2006).
[Crossref]

P. V. Lambeck, “Integrated optical sensors for the chemical domain,” Meas. Sci. Technol. 17,R93–R116 (2006).
[Crossref]

2005 (6)

M. L. Povinelli, S. G. Johnson, and J. D. Joannopoulos, “Slow-light, band-edge waveguides for tunable time delays,” Opt. Express. 13,7145–7159 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. C. Wu, Z. M. Sheng, and J. Zhang, “Chirped pulse compression in nonuniform plasma Bragg gratings,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 87,201502/1–3 (2005).
[Crossref]

H. Gersen, T. J. Karle, R. J. P. Engelen, W. Bogaerts, J. P. Korterik, N. F. van Hulst, T. F. Krauss, and L. Kuipers, “Real-space observation of ultraslow light in photonic crystal waveguides,” Phys Rev Lett 94 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

W. C. L. Hopman, P. Pottier, D. Yudistira, J. van Lith, P. V. Lambeck, R. M. De La Rue, A. Driessen, H. Hoekstra, and R. M. de Ridder, “Quasi-one-dimensional photonic crystal as a compact building-block for refractometric optical sensors,” IEEE J. Sel. Tops. Quantum Electron. 11,11–16 (2005).
[Crossref]

R. S. Jacobsen, A. V. Lavrinenko, L. H. Frandsen, C. Peucheret, B. Zsigri, G. Moulin, J. Fage-Pedersen, and P. I. Borel, “Direct experimental and numerical determination of extremely high group indices in photonic crystal waveguides,” Opt. Express. 13,7861–7871 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. A. Vlasov, M. O′Boyle, H. F. Hamann, and S. J. McNab, “Active control of slow light on a chip with photonic crystal waveguides,” Nature 438,65–69 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2004 (4)

2003 (4)

2002 (6)

M. Loncar, D. Nedeljkovic, T. P. Pearsall, J. Vuckovic, A. Scherer, S. Kuchinsky, and D. C. Allan, “Experimental and theoretical confirmation of Bloch-mode light propagation in planar photonic crystal waveguides,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 80,1689–1691 (2002).
[Crossref]

J. Ctyroky, S. Helfert, R. Pregla, P. Bienstman, R. Baets, R. De Ridder, R. Stoffer, G. Klaasse, J. Petracek, P. Lalanne, J. P. Hugonin, and R. M. De La Rue, “Bragg waveguide grating as a 1D photonic band gap structure: COST 268 modelling task,” Opt. Quantum Electron. 34,455–470 (2002).
[Crossref]

J. T. Hastings, M. H. Lim, J. G. Goodberlet, and H. I. Smith, “Optical waveguides with apodized sidewall gratings via spatial-phase-locked electron-beam lithography,” J. Vac. Sci. Technol., B 20,2753–2757 (2002).
[Crossref]

P. Madasamy, G. N. Conti, P. Poyhonen, Y. Hu, M. M. Morrell, D. F. Geraghty, S. Honkanen, and N. Peyghambarian, “Waveguide distributed Bragg reflector laser arrays in erbium doped glass made by dry Ag film ion exchange,” Opt. Eng. 41,1084–1086 (2002).
[Crossref]

W. Bogaerts, P. Bienstman, D. Taillaert, R. Baets, and D. De Zutter, “Out-of-plane scattering in 1-D photonic crystal slabs,” Opt. Quantum Electron. 34,195–203 (2002).
[Crossref]

M. C. Netti, C. E. Finlayson, J. J. Baumberg, M. D. B. Charlton, M. E. Zoorob, J. S. Wilkinson, and G. J. Parker, “Separation of photonic crystal waveguides modes using femtosecond time-of-flight,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 81,3927–3929 (2002).
[Crossref]

2001 (4)

M. Notomi, K. Yamada, A. Shinya, J. Takahashi, C. Takahashi, and I. Yokohama, “Extremely large group-velocity dispersion of line-defect waveguides in photonic crystal slabs,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 87,253902/1–4 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

X. Letartre, C. Seassal, C. Grillet, P. Rojo-Romeo, P. Viktorovitch, M. Le Vassor D′Yerville, D. Cassagne, and C. Jouanin, “Group velocity and propagation losses measurement in a single-line photonic-crystal waveguide on InP membranes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 79,2312–2314 (2001).
[Crossref]

C. De Angelis, F. Gringoli, M. Midrio, D. Modotto, J. S. Aitchison, and G. F. Nalesso, “Conversion efficiency for second-harmonic generation in photonic crystals,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 18,348–351 (2001).
[Crossref]

D. Pezzetta, C. Sibilia, M. Bertolotti, J. W. Haus, M. Scalora, M. J. Bloemer, and C. M. Bowden, “Photonic-bandgap structures in planar nonlinear waveguides: application to second-harmonic generation,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 18,1326–1333 (2001).
[Crossref]

2000 (1)

D. Wiesmann, C. David, R. Germann, D. Emi, and G. L. Bona, “Apodized surface-corrugated gratings with varying duty cycles,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 12,639–641 (2000).
[Crossref]

1999 (1)

Y. A. Vlasov, S. Petit, G. Klein, B. Honerlage, and C. Hirlimann, “Femtosecond measurements of the time of flight of photons in a three-dimensional photonic crystal,” Phys. Rev. E 60,1030–1035 (1999).
[Crossref]

1998 (1)

1997 (1)

1996 (1)

J. M. Bendickson, J. P. Dowling, and M. Scalora, “Analytic expressions for the electromagnetic mode density in finite, one-dimensional, photonic band-gap structures,” Phys. Rev. E 53,4107–4121 (1996).
[Crossref]

1989 (1)

S. Ryu, Y. Horiuchi, and K. Mochizuki, “Novel chromatic dispersion measurement method over continuous Gigahertz tuning range,” J. Lightwave Technol. 7,1177–1180 (1989).
[Crossref]

1978 (1)

K. Daikoku and A. Sugimura, “Direct measurement of wavelength dispersion in optical fibres-difference method,” Electron. Lett. 14,149–151 (1978).
[Crossref]

Aitchison, J. S.

Allan, D. C.

M. Loncar, D. Nedeljkovic, T. P. Pearsall, J. Vuckovic, A. Scherer, S. Kuchinsky, and D. C. Allan, “Experimental and theoretical confirmation of Bloch-mode light propagation in planar photonic crystal waveguides,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 80,1689–1691 (2002).
[Crossref]

Anctil, G.

Arakawa, Y.

K. Hosomi, T. Fukamachi, T. Katsuyama, and Y. Arakawa, “Group delay of a coupled-defect waveguide in a photonic crystal,” Opt. Rev. 11,300–302 (2004).
[Crossref]

Baets, R.

J. Ctyroky, S. Helfert, R. Pregla, P. Bienstman, R. Baets, R. De Ridder, R. Stoffer, G. Klaasse, J. Petracek, P. Lalanne, J. P. Hugonin, and R. M. De La Rue, “Bragg waveguide grating as a 1D photonic band gap structure: COST 268 modelling task,” Opt. Quantum Electron. 34,455–470 (2002).
[Crossref]

W. Bogaerts, P. Bienstman, D. Taillaert, R. Baets, and D. De Zutter, “Out-of-plane scattering in 1-D photonic crystal slabs,” Opt. Quantum Electron. 34,195–203 (2002).
[Crossref]

Baumberg, J. J.

C. E. Finlayson, F. Cattaneo, N. M. B. Perney, J. J. Baumberg, M. C. Netti, M. E. Zoorob, M. D. B. Charlton, and G. J. Parker, “Slow light and chromatic temporal dispersion in photonic crystal waveguides using femtosecond time of flight,” Phys. Rev. E 73,016619/1–10 (2006).
[Crossref]

M. C. Netti, C. E. Finlayson, J. J. Baumberg, M. D. B. Charlton, M. E. Zoorob, J. S. Wilkinson, and G. J. Parker, “Separation of photonic crystal waveguides modes using femtosecond time-of-flight,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 81,3927–3929 (2002).
[Crossref]

Bendickson, J. M.

J. M. Bendickson, J. P. Dowling, and M. Scalora, “Analytic expressions for the electromagnetic mode density in finite, one-dimensional, photonic band-gap structures,” Phys. Rev. E 53,4107–4121 (1996).
[Crossref]

Benisty, H.

Bertolotti, M.

Bienstman, P.

J. Ctyroky, S. Helfert, R. Pregla, P. Bienstman, R. Baets, R. De Ridder, R. Stoffer, G. Klaasse, J. Petracek, P. Lalanne, J. P. Hugonin, and R. M. De La Rue, “Bragg waveguide grating as a 1D photonic band gap structure: COST 268 modelling task,” Opt. Quantum Electron. 34,455–470 (2002).
[Crossref]

W. Bogaerts, P. Bienstman, D. Taillaert, R. Baets, and D. De Zutter, “Out-of-plane scattering in 1-D photonic crystal slabs,” Opt. Quantum Electron. 34,195–203 (2002).
[Crossref]

Bloemer, M. J.

Bogaerts, W.

H. Gersen, T. J. Karle, R. J. P. Engelen, W. Bogaerts, J. P. Korterik, N. F. van Hulst, T. F. Krauss, and L. Kuipers, “Real-space observation of ultraslow light in photonic crystal waveguides,” Phys Rev Lett 94 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

W. Bogaerts, P. Bienstman, D. Taillaert, R. Baets, and D. De Zutter, “Out-of-plane scattering in 1-D photonic crystal slabs,” Opt. Quantum Electron. 34,195–203 (2002).
[Crossref]

Bona, G. L.

D. Wiesmann, C. David, R. Germann, D. Emi, and G. L. Bona, “Apodized surface-corrugated gratings with varying duty cycles,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 12,639–641 (2000).
[Crossref]

Borel, P. I.

R. S. Jacobsen, A. V. Lavrinenko, L. H. Frandsen, C. Peucheret, B. Zsigri, G. Moulin, J. Fage-Pedersen, and P. I. Borel, “Direct experimental and numerical determination of extremely high group indices in photonic crystal waveguides,” Opt. Express. 13,7861–7871 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Bowden, C. M.

Bragheri, F.

Bulthuis, H. F.

Cassagne, D.

X. Letartre, C. Seassal, C. Grillet, P. Rojo-Romeo, P. Viktorovitch, M. Le Vassor D′Yerville, D. Cassagne, and C. Jouanin, “Group velocity and propagation losses measurement in a single-line photonic-crystal waveguide on InP membranes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 79,2312–2314 (2001).
[Crossref]

Cattaneo, F.

C. E. Finlayson, F. Cattaneo, N. M. B. Perney, J. J. Baumberg, M. C. Netti, M. E. Zoorob, M. D. B. Charlton, and G. J. Parker, “Slow light and chromatic temporal dispersion in photonic crystal waveguides using femtosecond time of flight,” Phys. Rev. E 73,016619/1–10 (2006).
[Crossref]

Charlton, M. D. B.

C. E. Finlayson, F. Cattaneo, N. M. B. Perney, J. J. Baumberg, M. C. Netti, M. E. Zoorob, M. D. B. Charlton, and G. J. Parker, “Slow light and chromatic temporal dispersion in photonic crystal waveguides using femtosecond time of flight,” Phys. Rev. E 73,016619/1–10 (2006).
[Crossref]

M. C. Netti, C. E. Finlayson, J. J. Baumberg, M. D. B. Charlton, M. E. Zoorob, J. S. Wilkinson, and G. J. Parker, “Separation of photonic crystal waveguides modes using femtosecond time-of-flight,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 81,3927–3929 (2002).
[Crossref]

Cherchi, M.

Conti, G. N.

P. Madasamy, G. N. Conti, P. Poyhonen, Y. Hu, M. M. Morrell, D. F. Geraghty, S. Honkanen, and N. Peyghambarian, “Waveguide distributed Bragg reflector laser arrays in erbium doped glass made by dry Ag film ion exchange,” Opt. Eng. 41,1084–1086 (2002).
[Crossref]

Ctyroky, J.

J. Ctyroky, S. Helfert, R. Pregla, P. Bienstman, R. Baets, R. De Ridder, R. Stoffer, G. Klaasse, J. Petracek, P. Lalanne, J. P. Hugonin, and R. M. De La Rue, “Bragg waveguide grating as a 1D photonic band gap structure: COST 268 modelling task,” Opt. Quantum Electron. 34,455–470 (2002).
[Crossref]

Daikoku, K.

K. Daikoku and A. Sugimura, “Direct measurement of wavelength dispersion in optical fibres-difference method,” Electron. Lett. 14,149–151 (1978).
[Crossref]

David, C.

D. Wiesmann, C. David, R. Germann, D. Emi, and G. L. Bona, “Apodized surface-corrugated gratings with varying duty cycles,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 12,639–641 (2000).
[Crossref]

De Angelis, C.

De La Rue, R. M.

W. C. L. Hopman, P. Pottier, D. Yudistira, J. van Lith, P. V. Lambeck, R. M. De La Rue, A. Driessen, H. Hoekstra, and R. M. de Ridder, “Quasi-one-dimensional photonic crystal as a compact building-block for refractometric optical sensors,” IEEE J. Sel. Tops. Quantum Electron. 11,11–16 (2005).
[Crossref]

J. Ctyroky, S. Helfert, R. Pregla, P. Bienstman, R. Baets, R. De Ridder, R. Stoffer, G. Klaasse, J. Petracek, P. Lalanne, J. P. Hugonin, and R. M. De La Rue, “Bragg waveguide grating as a 1D photonic band gap structure: COST 268 modelling task,” Opt. Quantum Electron. 34,455–470 (2002).
[Crossref]

De Ridder, R.

J. Ctyroky, S. Helfert, R. Pregla, P. Bienstman, R. Baets, R. De Ridder, R. Stoffer, G. Klaasse, J. Petracek, P. Lalanne, J. P. Hugonin, and R. M. De La Rue, “Bragg waveguide grating as a 1D photonic band gap structure: COST 268 modelling task,” Opt. Quantum Electron. 34,455–470 (2002).
[Crossref]

De Ridder, R. M.

W. C. L. Hopman, R. Dekker, D. Yudistira, W. F. A. Engbers, H. J. W. M. Hoekstra, and R. M. De Ridder, “Fabrication and characterization of high-quality uniform and apodized Si3N4 waveguide gratings using laser interference lithography,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 18,1855–1857 (2006).
[Crossref]

W. C. L. Hopman, P. Pottier, D. Yudistira, J. van Lith, P. V. Lambeck, R. M. De La Rue, A. Driessen, H. Hoekstra, and R. M. de Ridder, “Quasi-one-dimensional photonic crystal as a compact building-block for refractometric optical sensors,” IEEE J. Sel. Tops. Quantum Electron. 11,11–16 (2005).
[Crossref]

H. J. W. M. Hoekstra, W. C. L. Hopman, J. Kautz, R. Dekker, and R. M. de Ridder, “A simple coupled mode model for near band-edge phenomena in grated waveguides,” accepted for publication in Opt. Quantum Electron. (2006).

De Zutter, D.

W. Bogaerts, P. Bienstman, D. Taillaert, R. Baets, and D. De Zutter, “Out-of-plane scattering in 1-D photonic crystal slabs,” Opt. Quantum Electron. 34,195–203 (2002).
[Crossref]

Dekker, R.

W. C. L. Hopman, R. Dekker, D. Yudistira, W. F. A. Engbers, H. J. W. M. Hoekstra, and R. M. De Ridder, “Fabrication and characterization of high-quality uniform and apodized Si3N4 waveguide gratings using laser interference lithography,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 18,1855–1857 (2006).
[Crossref]

H. J. W. M. Hoekstra, W. C. L. Hopman, J. Kautz, R. Dekker, and R. M. de Ridder, “A simple coupled mode model for near band-edge phenomena in grated waveguides,” accepted for publication in Opt. Quantum Electron. (2006).

Dexter, J. L.

D. B. Hunter, M. E. Parker, and J. L. Dexter, “Demonstration of a continuously variable true-time delay beamformer using a multichannel chirped fiber grating,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 54,861–867 (2006).
[Crossref]

Docter, B.

Dowling, J. P.

J. M. Bendickson, J. P. Dowling, and M. Scalora, “Analytic expressions for the electromagnetic mode density in finite, one-dimensional, photonic band-gap structures,” Phys. Rev. E 53,4107–4121 (1996).
[Crossref]

Driessen, A.

W. C. L. Hopman, P. Pottier, D. Yudistira, J. van Lith, P. V. Lambeck, R. M. De La Rue, A. Driessen, H. Hoekstra, and R. M. de Ridder, “Quasi-one-dimensional photonic crystal as a compact building-block for refractometric optical sensors,” IEEE J. Sel. Tops. Quantum Electron. 11,11–16 (2005).
[Crossref]

D. J. W. Klunder, F. S. Tan, T. Van der Veen, H. F. Bulthuis, G. Sengo, B. Docter, H. J. W. M. Hoekstra, and A. Driessen, “Experimental and numerical study of SiON microresonators with air and polymer cladding,” J. Lightwave Technol. 21,1099–1110 (2003).
[Crossref]

Emi, D.

D. Wiesmann, C. David, R. Germann, D. Emi, and G. L. Bona, “Apodized surface-corrugated gratings with varying duty cycles,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 12,639–641 (2000).
[Crossref]

Engbers, W. F. A.

W. C. L. Hopman, R. Dekker, D. Yudistira, W. F. A. Engbers, H. J. W. M. Hoekstra, and R. M. De Ridder, “Fabrication and characterization of high-quality uniform and apodized Si3N4 waveguide gratings using laser interference lithography,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 18,1855–1857 (2006).
[Crossref]

Engelen, R. J. P.

H. Gersen, T. J. Karle, R. J. P. Engelen, W. Bogaerts, J. P. Korterik, N. F. van Hulst, T. F. Krauss, and L. Kuipers, “Real-space observation of ultraslow light in photonic crystal waveguides,” Phys Rev Lett 94 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Faccio, D.

Fage-Pedersen, J.

R. S. Jacobsen, A. V. Lavrinenko, L. H. Frandsen, C. Peucheret, B. Zsigri, G. Moulin, J. Fage-Pedersen, and P. I. Borel, “Direct experimental and numerical determination of extremely high group indices in photonic crystal waveguides,” Opt. Express. 13,7861–7871 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Fan, B.

Ferrini, R.

Figotin, A.

A. Figotin and I. Vitebskiy, “Slow light in photonic crystals,” Waves Random Complex Media 16,293–382 (2006).
[Crossref]

Finlayson, C. E.

C. E. Finlayson, F. Cattaneo, N. M. B. Perney, J. J. Baumberg, M. C. Netti, M. E. Zoorob, M. D. B. Charlton, and G. J. Parker, “Slow light and chromatic temporal dispersion in photonic crystal waveguides using femtosecond time of flight,” Phys. Rev. E 73,016619/1–10 (2006).
[Crossref]

M. C. Netti, C. E. Finlayson, J. J. Baumberg, M. D. B. Charlton, M. E. Zoorob, J. S. Wilkinson, and G. J. Parker, “Separation of photonic crystal waveguides modes using femtosecond time-of-flight,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 81,3927–3929 (2002).
[Crossref]

Frandsen, L. H.

R. S. Jacobsen, A. V. Lavrinenko, L. H. Frandsen, C. Peucheret, B. Zsigri, G. Moulin, J. Fage-Pedersen, and P. I. Borel, “Direct experimental and numerical determination of extremely high group indices in photonic crystal waveguides,” Opt. Express. 13,7861–7871 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Fukamachi, T.

K. Hosomi, T. Fukamachi, T. Katsuyama, and Y. Arakawa, “Group delay of a coupled-defect waveguide in a photonic crystal,” Opt. Rev. 11,300–302 (2004).
[Crossref]

Genack, A. Z.

Geraghty, D. F.

P. Madasamy, G. N. Conti, P. Poyhonen, Y. Hu, M. M. Morrell, D. F. Geraghty, S. Honkanen, and N. Peyghambarian, “Waveguide distributed Bragg reflector laser arrays in erbium doped glass made by dry Ag film ion exchange,” Opt. Eng. 41,1084–1086 (2002).
[Crossref]

Germann, R.

D. Wiesmann, C. David, R. Germann, D. Emi, and G. L. Bona, “Apodized surface-corrugated gratings with varying duty cycles,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 12,639–641 (2000).
[Crossref]

Gersen, H.

H. Gersen, T. J. Karle, R. J. P. Engelen, W. Bogaerts, J. P. Korterik, N. F. van Hulst, T. F. Krauss, and L. Kuipers, “Real-space observation of ultraslow light in photonic crystal waveguides,” Phys Rev Lett 94 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Gilbert, S.

Goodberlet, J. G.

J. T. Hastings, M. H. Lim, J. G. Goodberlet, and H. I. Smith, “Optical waveguides with apodized sidewall gratings via spatial-phase-locked electron-beam lithography,” J. Vac. Sci. Technol., B 20,2753–2757 (2002).
[Crossref]

Grillet, C.

X. Letartre, C. Seassal, C. Grillet, P. Rojo-Romeo, P. Viktorovitch, M. Le Vassor D′Yerville, D. Cassagne, and C. Jouanin, “Group velocity and propagation losses measurement in a single-line photonic-crystal waveguide on InP membranes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 79,2312–2314 (2001).
[Crossref]

Gringoli, F.

Hamann, H. F.

Y. A. Vlasov, M. O′Boyle, H. F. Hamann, and S. J. McNab, “Active control of slow light on a chip with photonic crystal waveguides,” Nature 438,65–69 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Hammer, M.

D. Yudistira, H. Hoekstra, M. Hammer, and D. Marpaung, “Slow light excitation in tapered 1D photonic crystals: Theory,” Opt. Quantum Electron. 38,161–176 (2006).
[Crossref]

Hastings, J. T.

J. T. Hastings, M. H. Lim, J. G. Goodberlet, and H. I. Smith, “Optical waveguides with apodized sidewall gratings via spatial-phase-locked electron-beam lithography,” J. Vac. Sci. Technol., B 20,2753–2757 (2002).
[Crossref]

Haus, J. W.

Helfert, S.

J. Ctyroky, S. Helfert, R. Pregla, P. Bienstman, R. Baets, R. De Ridder, R. Stoffer, G. Klaasse, J. Petracek, P. Lalanne, J. P. Hugonin, and R. M. De La Rue, “Bragg waveguide grating as a 1D photonic band gap structure: COST 268 modelling task,” Opt. Quantum Electron. 34,455–470 (2002).
[Crossref]

Hirlimann, C.

Y. A. Vlasov, S. Petit, G. Klein, B. Honerlage, and C. Hirlimann, “Femtosecond measurements of the time of flight of photons in a three-dimensional photonic crystal,” Phys. Rev. E 60,1030–1035 (1999).
[Crossref]

Hoekstra, H.

D. Yudistira, H. Hoekstra, M. Hammer, and D. Marpaung, “Slow light excitation in tapered 1D photonic crystals: Theory,” Opt. Quantum Electron. 38,161–176 (2006).
[Crossref]

W. C. L. Hopman, P. Pottier, D. Yudistira, J. van Lith, P. V. Lambeck, R. M. De La Rue, A. Driessen, H. Hoekstra, and R. M. de Ridder, “Quasi-one-dimensional photonic crystal as a compact building-block for refractometric optical sensors,” IEEE J. Sel. Tops. Quantum Electron. 11,11–16 (2005).
[Crossref]

Hoekstra, H. J. W. M.

W. C. L. Hopman, R. Dekker, D. Yudistira, W. F. A. Engbers, H. J. W. M. Hoekstra, and R. M. De Ridder, “Fabrication and characterization of high-quality uniform and apodized Si3N4 waveguide gratings using laser interference lithography,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 18,1855–1857 (2006).
[Crossref]

D. J. W. Klunder, F. S. Tan, T. Van der Veen, H. F. Bulthuis, G. Sengo, B. Docter, H. J. W. M. Hoekstra, and A. Driessen, “Experimental and numerical study of SiON microresonators with air and polymer cladding,” J. Lightwave Technol. 21,1099–1110 (2003).
[Crossref]

H. J. W. M. Hoekstra, W. C. L. Hopman, J. Kautz, R. Dekker, and R. M. de Ridder, “A simple coupled mode model for near band-edge phenomena in grated waveguides,” accepted for publication in Opt. Quantum Electron. (2006).

Honerlage, B.

Y. A. Vlasov, S. Petit, G. Klein, B. Honerlage, and C. Hirlimann, “Femtosecond measurements of the time of flight of photons in a three-dimensional photonic crystal,” Phys. Rev. E 60,1030–1035 (1999).
[Crossref]

Honkanen, S.

P. Madasamy, G. N. Conti, P. Poyhonen, Y. Hu, M. M. Morrell, D. F. Geraghty, S. Honkanen, and N. Peyghambarian, “Waveguide distributed Bragg reflector laser arrays in erbium doped glass made by dry Ag film ion exchange,” Opt. Eng. 41,1084–1086 (2002).
[Crossref]

Hopman, W. C. L.

W. C. L. Hopman, R. Dekker, D. Yudistira, W. F. A. Engbers, H. J. W. M. Hoekstra, and R. M. De Ridder, “Fabrication and characterization of high-quality uniform and apodized Si3N4 waveguide gratings using laser interference lithography,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 18,1855–1857 (2006).
[Crossref]

W. C. L. Hopman, P. Pottier, D. Yudistira, J. van Lith, P. V. Lambeck, R. M. De La Rue, A. Driessen, H. Hoekstra, and R. M. de Ridder, “Quasi-one-dimensional photonic crystal as a compact building-block for refractometric optical sensors,” IEEE J. Sel. Tops. Quantum Electron. 11,11–16 (2005).
[Crossref]

H. J. W. M. Hoekstra, W. C. L. Hopman, J. Kautz, R. Dekker, and R. M. de Ridder, “A simple coupled mode model for near band-edge phenomena in grated waveguides,” accepted for publication in Opt. Quantum Electron. (2006).

Horiuchi, Y.

S. Ryu, Y. Horiuchi, and K. Mochizuki, “Novel chromatic dispersion measurement method over continuous Gigahertz tuning range,” J. Lightwave Technol. 7,1177–1180 (1989).
[Crossref]

Hosomi, K.

K. Hosomi, T. Fukamachi, T. Katsuyama, and Y. Arakawa, “Group delay of a coupled-defect waveguide in a photonic crystal,” Opt. Rev. 11,300–302 (2004).
[Crossref]

Houdre, R.

Hu, Y.

P. Madasamy, G. N. Conti, P. Poyhonen, Y. Hu, M. M. Morrell, D. F. Geraghty, S. Honkanen, and N. Peyghambarian, “Waveguide distributed Bragg reflector laser arrays in erbium doped glass made by dry Ag film ion exchange,” Opt. Eng. 41,1084–1086 (2002).
[Crossref]

Hugonin, J. P.

J. Ctyroky, S. Helfert, R. Pregla, P. Bienstman, R. Baets, R. De Ridder, R. Stoffer, G. Klaasse, J. Petracek, P. Lalanne, J. P. Hugonin, and R. M. De La Rue, “Bragg waveguide grating as a 1D photonic band gap structure: COST 268 modelling task,” Opt. Quantum Electron. 34,455–470 (2002).
[Crossref]

Hunter, D. B.

D. B. Hunter, M. E. Parker, and J. L. Dexter, “Demonstration of a continuously variable true-time delay beamformer using a multichannel chirped fiber grating,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 54,861–867 (2006).
[Crossref]

Jacobsen, R. S.

R. S. Jacobsen, A. V. Lavrinenko, L. H. Frandsen, C. Peucheret, B. Zsigri, G. Moulin, J. Fage-Pedersen, and P. I. Borel, “Direct experimental and numerical determination of extremely high group indices in photonic crystal waveguides,” Opt. Express. 13,7861–7871 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Joannopoulos, J. D.

M. L. Povinelli, S. G. Johnson, and J. D. Joannopoulos, “Slow-light, band-edge waveguides for tunable time delays,” Opt. Express. 13,7145–7159 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Soljacic and J. D. Joannopoulos, “Enhancement of nonlinear effects using photonic crystals,” Nat. Mater. 3,211–219 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. D. Joannopoulos, R. D. Meade, and J. N. Winn, Photonic crystals: Molding the flow of light (Princeton University Press, 1995).

Johnson, S. G.

M. L. Povinelli, S. G. Johnson, and J. D. Joannopoulos, “Slow-light, band-edge waveguides for tunable time delays,” Opt. Express. 13,7145–7159 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Jouanin, C.

X. Letartre, C. Seassal, C. Grillet, P. Rojo-Romeo, P. Viktorovitch, M. Le Vassor D′Yerville, D. Cassagne, and C. Jouanin, “Group velocity and propagation losses measurement in a single-line photonic-crystal waveguide on InP membranes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 79,2312–2314 (2001).
[Crossref]

Karle, T. J.

H. Gersen, T. J. Karle, R. J. P. Engelen, W. Bogaerts, J. P. Korterik, N. F. van Hulst, T. F. Krauss, and L. Kuipers, “Real-space observation of ultraslow light in photonic crystal waveguides,” Phys Rev Lett 94 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Katsuyama, T.

K. Hosomi, T. Fukamachi, T. Katsuyama, and Y. Arakawa, “Group delay of a coupled-defect waveguide in a photonic crystal,” Opt. Rev. 11,300–302 (2004).
[Crossref]

Kautz, J.

H. J. W. M. Hoekstra, W. C. L. Hopman, J. Kautz, R. Dekker, and R. M. de Ridder, “A simple coupled mode model for near band-edge phenomena in grated waveguides,” accepted for publication in Opt. Quantum Electron. (2006).

Klaasse, G.

J. Ctyroky, S. Helfert, R. Pregla, P. Bienstman, R. Baets, R. De Ridder, R. Stoffer, G. Klaasse, J. Petracek, P. Lalanne, J. P. Hugonin, and R. M. De La Rue, “Bragg waveguide grating as a 1D photonic band gap structure: COST 268 modelling task,” Opt. Quantum Electron. 34,455–470 (2002).
[Crossref]

Klein, G.

Y. A. Vlasov, S. Petit, G. Klein, B. Honerlage, and C. Hirlimann, “Femtosecond measurements of the time of flight of photons in a three-dimensional photonic crystal,” Phys. Rev. E 60,1030–1035 (1999).
[Crossref]

Klunder, D. J. W.

Kopp, V. I.

Korterik, J. P.

H. Gersen, T. J. Karle, R. J. P. Engelen, W. Bogaerts, J. P. Korterik, N. F. van Hulst, T. F. Krauss, and L. Kuipers, “Real-space observation of ultraslow light in photonic crystal waveguides,” Phys Rev Lett 94 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Krauss, T. F.

H. Gersen, T. J. Karle, R. J. P. Engelen, W. Bogaerts, J. P. Korterik, N. F. van Hulst, T. F. Krauss, and L. Kuipers, “Real-space observation of ultraslow light in photonic crystal waveguides,” Phys Rev Lett 94 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Kuchinsky, S.

M. Loncar, D. Nedeljkovic, T. P. Pearsall, J. Vuckovic, A. Scherer, S. Kuchinsky, and D. C. Allan, “Experimental and theoretical confirmation of Bloch-mode light propagation in planar photonic crystal waveguides,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 80,1689–1691 (2002).
[Crossref]

Kuipers, L.

H. Gersen, T. J. Karle, R. J. P. Engelen, W. Bogaerts, J. P. Korterik, N. F. van Hulst, T. F. Krauss, and L. Kuipers, “Real-space observation of ultraslow light in photonic crystal waveguides,” Phys Rev Lett 94 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Lalanne, P.

J. Ctyroky, S. Helfert, R. Pregla, P. Bienstman, R. Baets, R. De Ridder, R. Stoffer, G. Klaasse, J. Petracek, P. Lalanne, J. P. Hugonin, and R. M. De La Rue, “Bragg waveguide grating as a 1D photonic band gap structure: COST 268 modelling task,” Opt. Quantum Electron. 34,455–470 (2002).
[Crossref]

Lambeck, P. V.

P. V. Lambeck, “Integrated optical sensors for the chemical domain,” Meas. Sci. Technol. 17,R93–R116 (2006).
[Crossref]

W. C. L. Hopman, P. Pottier, D. Yudistira, J. van Lith, P. V. Lambeck, R. M. De La Rue, A. Driessen, H. Hoekstra, and R. M. de Ridder, “Quasi-one-dimensional photonic crystal as a compact building-block for refractometric optical sensors,” IEEE J. Sel. Tops. Quantum Electron. 11,11–16 (2005).
[Crossref]

Lavrinenko, A. V.

R. S. Jacobsen, A. V. Lavrinenko, L. H. Frandsen, C. Peucheret, B. Zsigri, G. Moulin, J. Fage-Pedersen, and P. I. Borel, “Direct experimental and numerical determination of extremely high group indices in photonic crystal waveguides,” Opt. Express. 13,7861–7871 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Le Vassor D'Yerville, M.

X. Letartre, C. Seassal, C. Grillet, P. Rojo-Romeo, P. Viktorovitch, M. Le Vassor D′Yerville, D. Cassagne, and C. Jouanin, “Group velocity and propagation losses measurement in a single-line photonic-crystal waveguide on InP membranes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 79,2312–2314 (2001).
[Crossref]

Lepage, J. F.

Letartre, X.

X. Letartre, C. Seassal, C. Grillet, P. Rojo-Romeo, P. Viktorovitch, M. Le Vassor D′Yerville, D. Cassagne, and C. Jouanin, “Group velocity and propagation losses measurement in a single-line photonic-crystal waveguide on InP membranes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 79,2312–2314 (2001).
[Crossref]

Lim, M. H.

J. T. Hastings, M. H. Lim, J. G. Goodberlet, and H. I. Smith, “Optical waveguides with apodized sidewall gratings via spatial-phase-locked electron-beam lithography,” J. Vac. Sci. Technol., B 20,2753–2757 (2002).
[Crossref]

Loncar, M.

M. Loncar, D. Nedeljkovic, T. P. Pearsall, J. Vuckovic, A. Scherer, S. Kuchinsky, and D. C. Allan, “Experimental and theoretical confirmation of Bloch-mode light propagation in planar photonic crystal waveguides,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 80,1689–1691 (2002).
[Crossref]

Madasamy, P.

P. Madasamy, G. N. Conti, P. Poyhonen, Y. Hu, M. M. Morrell, D. F. Geraghty, S. Honkanen, and N. Peyghambarian, “Waveguide distributed Bragg reflector laser arrays in erbium doped glass made by dry Ag film ion exchange,” Opt. Eng. 41,1084–1086 (2002).
[Crossref]

Marpaung, D.

D. Yudistira, H. Hoekstra, M. Hammer, and D. Marpaung, “Slow light excitation in tapered 1D photonic crystals: Theory,” Opt. Quantum Electron. 38,161–176 (2006).
[Crossref]

Massudi, R.

McCarthy, N.

McNab, S. J.

Y. A. Vlasov, M. O′Boyle, H. F. Hamann, and S. J. McNab, “Active control of slow light on a chip with photonic crystal waveguides,” Nature 438,65–69 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. J. McNab, N. Moll, and Y. A. Vlasov, “Ultra-low loss photonic integrated circuit with membrane-type photonic crystal waveguides,” Opt. Express. 11,2927–2939 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Meade, R. D.

J. D. Joannopoulos, R. D. Meade, and J. N. Winn, Photonic crystals: Molding the flow of light (Princeton University Press, 1995).

Midrio, M.

Mochizuki, K.

S. Ryu, Y. Horiuchi, and K. Mochizuki, “Novel chromatic dispersion measurement method over continuous Gigahertz tuning range,” J. Lightwave Technol. 7,1177–1180 (1989).
[Crossref]

Modotto, D.

Moll, N.

S. J. McNab, N. Moll, and Y. A. Vlasov, “Ultra-low loss photonic integrated circuit with membrane-type photonic crystal waveguides,” Opt. Express. 11,2927–2939 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Moosburger, J.

Morrell, M. M.

P. Madasamy, G. N. Conti, P. Poyhonen, Y. Hu, M. M. Morrell, D. F. Geraghty, S. Honkanen, and N. Peyghambarian, “Waveguide distributed Bragg reflector laser arrays in erbium doped glass made by dry Ag film ion exchange,” Opt. Eng. 41,1084–1086 (2002).
[Crossref]

Moulin, G.

R. S. Jacobsen, A. V. Lavrinenko, L. H. Frandsen, C. Peucheret, B. Zsigri, G. Moulin, J. Fage-Pedersen, and P. I. Borel, “Direct experimental and numerical determination of extremely high group indices in photonic crystal waveguides,” Opt. Express. 13,7861–7871 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Nalesso, G. F.

Nedeljkovic, D.

M. Loncar, D. Nedeljkovic, T. P. Pearsall, J. Vuckovic, A. Scherer, S. Kuchinsky, and D. C. Allan, “Experimental and theoretical confirmation of Bloch-mode light propagation in planar photonic crystal waveguides,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 80,1689–1691 (2002).
[Crossref]

Netti, M. C.

C. E. Finlayson, F. Cattaneo, N. M. B. Perney, J. J. Baumberg, M. C. Netti, M. E. Zoorob, M. D. B. Charlton, and G. J. Parker, “Slow light and chromatic temporal dispersion in photonic crystal waveguides using femtosecond time of flight,” Phys. Rev. E 73,016619/1–10 (2006).
[Crossref]

M. C. Netti, C. E. Finlayson, J. J. Baumberg, M. D. B. Charlton, M. E. Zoorob, J. S. Wilkinson, and G. J. Parker, “Separation of photonic crystal waveguides modes using femtosecond time-of-flight,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 81,3927–3929 (2002).
[Crossref]

Notomi, M.

M. Notomi, K. Yamada, A. Shinya, J. Takahashi, C. Takahashi, and I. Yokohama, “Extremely large group-velocity dispersion of line-defect waveguides in photonic crystal slabs,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 87,253902/1–4 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

O'Boyle, M.

Y. A. Vlasov, M. O′Boyle, H. F. Hamann, and S. J. McNab, “Active control of slow light on a chip with photonic crystal waveguides,” Nature 438,65–69 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Olympios,

Olympios, “OlympIOs Integrated Optics Software,” C2V, http://www.c2v.nl/software/.

Parker, G. J.

C. E. Finlayson, F. Cattaneo, N. M. B. Perney, J. J. Baumberg, M. C. Netti, M. E. Zoorob, M. D. B. Charlton, and G. J. Parker, “Slow light and chromatic temporal dispersion in photonic crystal waveguides using femtosecond time of flight,” Phys. Rev. E 73,016619/1–10 (2006).
[Crossref]

M. C. Netti, C. E. Finlayson, J. J. Baumberg, M. D. B. Charlton, M. E. Zoorob, J. S. Wilkinson, and G. J. Parker, “Separation of photonic crystal waveguides modes using femtosecond time-of-flight,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 81,3927–3929 (2002).
[Crossref]

Parker, M. E.

D. B. Hunter, M. E. Parker, and J. L. Dexter, “Demonstration of a continuously variable true-time delay beamformer using a multichannel chirped fiber grating,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 54,861–867 (2006).
[Crossref]

Pearsall, T. P.

M. Loncar, D. Nedeljkovic, T. P. Pearsall, J. Vuckovic, A. Scherer, S. Kuchinsky, and D. C. Allan, “Experimental and theoretical confirmation of Bloch-mode light propagation in planar photonic crystal waveguides,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 80,1689–1691 (2002).
[Crossref]

Perney, N. M. B.

C. E. Finlayson, F. Cattaneo, N. M. B. Perney, J. J. Baumberg, M. C. Netti, M. E. Zoorob, M. D. B. Charlton, and G. J. Parker, “Slow light and chromatic temporal dispersion in photonic crystal waveguides using femtosecond time of flight,” Phys. Rev. E 73,016619/1–10 (2006).
[Crossref]

Petit, S.

Y. A. Vlasov, S. Petit, G. Klein, B. Honerlage, and C. Hirlimann, “Femtosecond measurements of the time of flight of photons in a three-dimensional photonic crystal,” Phys. Rev. E 60,1030–1035 (1999).
[Crossref]

Petracek, J.

J. Ctyroky, S. Helfert, R. Pregla, P. Bienstman, R. Baets, R. De Ridder, R. Stoffer, G. Klaasse, J. Petracek, P. Lalanne, J. P. Hugonin, and R. M. De La Rue, “Bragg waveguide grating as a 1D photonic band gap structure: COST 268 modelling task,” Opt. Quantum Electron. 34,455–470 (2002).
[Crossref]

Peucheret, C.

R. S. Jacobsen, A. V. Lavrinenko, L. H. Frandsen, C. Peucheret, B. Zsigri, G. Moulin, J. Fage-Pedersen, and P. I. Borel, “Direct experimental and numerical determination of extremely high group indices in photonic crystal waveguides,” Opt. Express. 13,7861–7871 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Peyghambarian, N.

P. Madasamy, G. N. Conti, P. Poyhonen, Y. Hu, M. M. Morrell, D. F. Geraghty, S. Honkanen, and N. Peyghambarian, “Waveguide distributed Bragg reflector laser arrays in erbium doped glass made by dry Ag film ion exchange,” Opt. Eng. 41,1084–1086 (2002).
[Crossref]

Pezzetta, D.

Piche, M.

Pottier, P.

W. C. L. Hopman, P. Pottier, D. Yudistira, J. van Lith, P. V. Lambeck, R. M. De La Rue, A. Driessen, H. Hoekstra, and R. M. de Ridder, “Quasi-one-dimensional photonic crystal as a compact building-block for refractometric optical sensors,” IEEE J. Sel. Tops. Quantum Electron. 11,11–16 (2005).
[Crossref]

Povinelli, M. L.

M. L. Povinelli, S. G. Johnson, and J. D. Joannopoulos, “Slow-light, band-edge waveguides for tunable time delays,” Opt. Express. 13,7145–7159 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Poyhonen, P.

P. Madasamy, G. N. Conti, P. Poyhonen, Y. Hu, M. M. Morrell, D. F. Geraghty, S. Honkanen, and N. Peyghambarian, “Waveguide distributed Bragg reflector laser arrays in erbium doped glass made by dry Ag film ion exchange,” Opt. Eng. 41,1084–1086 (2002).
[Crossref]

Pregla, R.

J. Ctyroky, S. Helfert, R. Pregla, P. Bienstman, R. Baets, R. De Ridder, R. Stoffer, G. Klaasse, J. Petracek, P. Lalanne, J. P. Hugonin, and R. M. De La Rue, “Bragg waveguide grating as a 1D photonic band gap structure: COST 268 modelling task,” Opt. Quantum Electron. 34,455–470 (2002).
[Crossref]

Qiu, M.

Rojo-Romeo, P.

X. Letartre, C. Seassal, C. Grillet, P. Rojo-Romeo, P. Viktorovitch, M. Le Vassor D′Yerville, D. Cassagne, and C. Jouanin, “Group velocity and propagation losses measurement in a single-line photonic-crystal waveguide on InP membranes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 79,2312–2314 (2001).
[Crossref]

Ryu, S.

S. Ryu, Y. Horiuchi, and K. Mochizuki, “Novel chromatic dispersion measurement method over continuous Gigahertz tuning range,” J. Lightwave Technol. 7,1177–1180 (1989).
[Crossref]

Scalora, M.

D. Pezzetta, C. Sibilia, M. Bertolotti, J. W. Haus, M. Scalora, M. J. Bloemer, and C. M. Bowden, “Photonic-bandgap structures in planar nonlinear waveguides: application to second-harmonic generation,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 18,1326–1333 (2001).
[Crossref]

J. M. Bendickson, J. P. Dowling, and M. Scalora, “Analytic expressions for the electromagnetic mode density in finite, one-dimensional, photonic band-gap structures,” Phys. Rev. E 53,4107–4121 (1996).
[Crossref]

Scherer, A.

M. Loncar, D. Nedeljkovic, T. P. Pearsall, J. Vuckovic, A. Scherer, S. Kuchinsky, and D. C. Allan, “Experimental and theoretical confirmation of Bloch-mode light propagation in planar photonic crystal waveguides,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 80,1689–1691 (2002).
[Crossref]

Seassal, C.

X. Letartre, C. Seassal, C. Grillet, P. Rojo-Romeo, P. Viktorovitch, M. Le Vassor D′Yerville, D. Cassagne, and C. Jouanin, “Group velocity and propagation losses measurement in a single-line photonic-crystal waveguide on InP membranes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 79,2312–2314 (2001).
[Crossref]

Sengo, G.

Sheng, Z. M.

H. C. Wu, Z. M. Sheng, and J. Zhang, “Chirped pulse compression in nonuniform plasma Bragg gratings,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 87,201502/1–3 (2005).
[Crossref]

Shinya, A.

M. Notomi, K. Yamada, A. Shinya, J. Takahashi, C. Takahashi, and I. Yokohama, “Extremely large group-velocity dispersion of line-defect waveguides in photonic crystal slabs,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 87,253902/1–4 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Shizhong, X.

L. Xuhui, C. Xiangfei, Y. Yuzhe, and X. Shizhong, “A novel apodization technique of variable duty cycle for sampled grating,” Opt. Commun. 225,301–305 (2003).
[Crossref]

Sibilia, C.

Smith, H. I.

J. T. Hastings, M. H. Lim, J. G. Goodberlet, and H. I. Smith, “Optical waveguides with apodized sidewall gratings via spatial-phase-locked electron-beam lithography,” J. Vac. Sci. Technol., B 20,2753–2757 (2002).
[Crossref]

Soljacic, M.

M. Soljacic and J. D. Joannopoulos, “Enhancement of nonlinear effects using photonic crystals,” Nat. Mater. 3,211–219 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Stoffer, R.

J. Ctyroky, S. Helfert, R. Pregla, P. Bienstman, R. Baets, R. De Ridder, R. Stoffer, G. Klaasse, J. Petracek, P. Lalanne, J. P. Hugonin, and R. M. De La Rue, “Bragg waveguide grating as a 1D photonic band gap structure: COST 268 modelling task,” Opt. Quantum Electron. 34,455–470 (2002).
[Crossref]

Sugimura, A.

K. Daikoku and A. Sugimura, “Direct measurement of wavelength dispersion in optical fibres-difference method,” Electron. Lett. 14,149–151 (1978).
[Crossref]

Taillaert, D.

W. Bogaerts, P. Bienstman, D. Taillaert, R. Baets, and D. De Zutter, “Out-of-plane scattering in 1-D photonic crystal slabs,” Opt. Quantum Electron. 34,195–203 (2002).
[Crossref]

Takahashi, C.

M. Notomi, K. Yamada, A. Shinya, J. Takahashi, C. Takahashi, and I. Yokohama, “Extremely large group-velocity dispersion of line-defect waveguides in photonic crystal slabs,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 87,253902/1–4 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Takahashi, J.

M. Notomi, K. Yamada, A. Shinya, J. Takahashi, C. Takahashi, and I. Yokohama, “Extremely large group-velocity dispersion of line-defect waveguides in photonic crystal slabs,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 87,253902/1–4 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Tan, F. S.

Van der Veen, T.

van Hulst, N. F.

H. Gersen, T. J. Karle, R. J. P. Engelen, W. Bogaerts, J. P. Korterik, N. F. van Hulst, T. F. Krauss, and L. Kuipers, “Real-space observation of ultraslow light in photonic crystal waveguides,” Phys Rev Lett 94 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

van Lith, J.

W. C. L. Hopman, P. Pottier, D. Yudistira, J. van Lith, P. V. Lambeck, R. M. De La Rue, A. Driessen, H. Hoekstra, and R. M. de Ridder, “Quasi-one-dimensional photonic crystal as a compact building-block for refractometric optical sensors,” IEEE J. Sel. Tops. Quantum Electron. 11,11–16 (2005).
[Crossref]

Viktorovitch, P.

X. Letartre, C. Seassal, C. Grillet, P. Rojo-Romeo, P. Viktorovitch, M. Le Vassor D′Yerville, D. Cassagne, and C. Jouanin, “Group velocity and propagation losses measurement in a single-line photonic-crystal waveguide on InP membranes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 79,2312–2314 (2001).
[Crossref]

Vitebskiy, I.

A. Figotin and I. Vitebskiy, “Slow light in photonic crystals,” Waves Random Complex Media 16,293–382 (2006).
[Crossref]

Vithana, H. K. M.

Vlasov, Y. A.

Y. A. Vlasov, M. O′Boyle, H. F. Hamann, and S. J. McNab, “Active control of slow light on a chip with photonic crystal waveguides,” Nature 438,65–69 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. J. McNab, N. Moll, and Y. A. Vlasov, “Ultra-low loss photonic integrated circuit with membrane-type photonic crystal waveguides,” Opt. Express. 11,2927–2939 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. A. Vlasov, S. Petit, G. Klein, B. Honerlage, and C. Hirlimann, “Femtosecond measurements of the time of flight of photons in a three-dimensional photonic crystal,” Phys. Rev. E 60,1030–1035 (1999).
[Crossref]

Vuckovic, J.

M. Loncar, D. Nedeljkovic, T. P. Pearsall, J. Vuckovic, A. Scherer, S. Kuchinsky, and D. C. Allan, “Experimental and theoretical confirmation of Bloch-mode light propagation in planar photonic crystal waveguides,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 80,1689–1691 (2002).
[Crossref]

Wiesmann, D.

D. Wiesmann, C. David, R. Germann, D. Emi, and G. L. Bona, “Apodized surface-corrugated gratings with varying duty cycles,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 12,639–641 (2000).
[Crossref]

Wilkinson, J. S.

M. C. Netti, C. E. Finlayson, J. J. Baumberg, M. D. B. Charlton, M. E. Zoorob, J. S. Wilkinson, and G. J. Parker, “Separation of photonic crystal waveguides modes using femtosecond time-of-flight,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 81,3927–3929 (2002).
[Crossref]

Winful, H. G.

H. G. Winful, “The meaning of group delay in barrier tunnelling: A re-examination of superluminal group velocities,” New J. Phys. 8,101/1–16 (2006).
[Crossref]

Winn, J. N.

J. D. Joannopoulos, R. D. Meade, and J. N. Winn, Photonic crystals: Molding the flow of light (Princeton University Press, 1995).

Wu, H. C.

H. C. Wu, Z. M. Sheng, and J. Zhang, “Chirped pulse compression in nonuniform plasma Bragg gratings,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 87,201502/1–3 (2005).
[Crossref]

Xiangfei, C.

L. Xuhui, C. Xiangfei, Y. Yuzhe, and X. Shizhong, “A novel apodization technique of variable duty cycle for sampled grating,” Opt. Commun. 225,301–305 (2003).
[Crossref]

Xuhui, L.

L. Xuhui, C. Xiangfei, Y. Yuzhe, and X. Shizhong, “A novel apodization technique of variable duty cycle for sampled grating,” Opt. Commun. 225,301–305 (2003).
[Crossref]

Yamada, K.

M. Notomi, K. Yamada, A. Shinya, J. Takahashi, C. Takahashi, and I. Yokohama, “Extremely large group-velocity dispersion of line-defect waveguides in photonic crystal slabs,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 87,253902/1–4 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Yokohama, I.

M. Notomi, K. Yamada, A. Shinya, J. Takahashi, C. Takahashi, and I. Yokohama, “Extremely large group-velocity dispersion of line-defect waveguides in photonic crystal slabs,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 87,253902/1–4 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Yudistira, D.

D. Yudistira, H. Hoekstra, M. Hammer, and D. Marpaung, “Slow light excitation in tapered 1D photonic crystals: Theory,” Opt. Quantum Electron. 38,161–176 (2006).
[Crossref]

W. C. L. Hopman, R. Dekker, D. Yudistira, W. F. A. Engbers, H. J. W. M. Hoekstra, and R. M. De Ridder, “Fabrication and characterization of high-quality uniform and apodized Si3N4 waveguide gratings using laser interference lithography,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 18,1855–1857 (2006).
[Crossref]

W. C. L. Hopman, P. Pottier, D. Yudistira, J. van Lith, P. V. Lambeck, R. M. De La Rue, A. Driessen, H. Hoekstra, and R. M. de Ridder, “Quasi-one-dimensional photonic crystal as a compact building-block for refractometric optical sensors,” IEEE J. Sel. Tops. Quantum Electron. 11,11–16 (2005).
[Crossref]

Yuzhe, Y.

L. Xuhui, C. Xiangfei, Y. Yuzhe, and X. Shizhong, “A novel apodization technique of variable duty cycle for sampled grating,” Opt. Commun. 225,301–305 (2003).
[Crossref]

Zhang, J.

H. C. Wu, Z. M. Sheng, and J. Zhang, “Chirped pulse compression in nonuniform plasma Bragg gratings,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 87,201502/1–3 (2005).
[Crossref]

Zoorob, M. E.

C. E. Finlayson, F. Cattaneo, N. M. B. Perney, J. J. Baumberg, M. C. Netti, M. E. Zoorob, M. D. B. Charlton, and G. J. Parker, “Slow light and chromatic temporal dispersion in photonic crystal waveguides using femtosecond time of flight,” Phys. Rev. E 73,016619/1–10 (2006).
[Crossref]

M. C. Netti, C. E. Finlayson, J. J. Baumberg, M. D. B. Charlton, M. E. Zoorob, J. S. Wilkinson, and G. J. Parker, “Separation of photonic crystal waveguides modes using femtosecond time-of-flight,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 81,3927–3929 (2002).
[Crossref]

Zsigri, B.

R. S. Jacobsen, A. V. Lavrinenko, L. H. Frandsen, C. Peucheret, B. Zsigri, G. Moulin, J. Fage-Pedersen, and P. I. Borel, “Direct experimental and numerical determination of extremely high group indices in photonic crystal waveguides,” Opt. Express. 13,7861–7871 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Appl. Opt. (2)

Appl. Phys. Lett. (4)

H. C. Wu, Z. M. Sheng, and J. Zhang, “Chirped pulse compression in nonuniform plasma Bragg gratings,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 87,201502/1–3 (2005).
[Crossref]

M. Loncar, D. Nedeljkovic, T. P. Pearsall, J. Vuckovic, A. Scherer, S. Kuchinsky, and D. C. Allan, “Experimental and theoretical confirmation of Bloch-mode light propagation in planar photonic crystal waveguides,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 80,1689–1691 (2002).
[Crossref]

M. C. Netti, C. E. Finlayson, J. J. Baumberg, M. D. B. Charlton, M. E. Zoorob, J. S. Wilkinson, and G. J. Parker, “Separation of photonic crystal waveguides modes using femtosecond time-of-flight,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 81,3927–3929 (2002).
[Crossref]

X. Letartre, C. Seassal, C. Grillet, P. Rojo-Romeo, P. Viktorovitch, M. Le Vassor D′Yerville, D. Cassagne, and C. Jouanin, “Group velocity and propagation losses measurement in a single-line photonic-crystal waveguide on InP membranes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 79,2312–2314 (2001).
[Crossref]

Electron. Lett. (1)

K. Daikoku and A. Sugimura, “Direct measurement of wavelength dispersion in optical fibres-difference method,” Electron. Lett. 14,149–151 (1978).
[Crossref]

IEEE J. Sel. Tops. Quantum Electron. (1)

W. C. L. Hopman, P. Pottier, D. Yudistira, J. van Lith, P. V. Lambeck, R. M. De La Rue, A. Driessen, H. Hoekstra, and R. M. de Ridder, “Quasi-one-dimensional photonic crystal as a compact building-block for refractometric optical sensors,” IEEE J. Sel. Tops. Quantum Electron. 11,11–16 (2005).
[Crossref]

IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. (2)

W. C. L. Hopman, R. Dekker, D. Yudistira, W. F. A. Engbers, H. J. W. M. Hoekstra, and R. M. De Ridder, “Fabrication and characterization of high-quality uniform and apodized Si3N4 waveguide gratings using laser interference lithography,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 18,1855–1857 (2006).
[Crossref]

D. Wiesmann, C. David, R. Germann, D. Emi, and G. L. Bona, “Apodized surface-corrugated gratings with varying duty cycles,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 12,639–641 (2000).
[Crossref]

IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. (1)

D. B. Hunter, M. E. Parker, and J. L. Dexter, “Demonstration of a continuously variable true-time delay beamformer using a multichannel chirped fiber grating,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 54,861–867 (2006).
[Crossref]

J. Lightwave Technol. (2)

J. Opt. Soc. Am. B (4)

J. Vac. Sci. Technol., B (1)

J. T. Hastings, M. H. Lim, J. G. Goodberlet, and H. I. Smith, “Optical waveguides with apodized sidewall gratings via spatial-phase-locked electron-beam lithography,” J. Vac. Sci. Technol., B 20,2753–2757 (2002).
[Crossref]

Meas. Sci. Technol. (1)

P. V. Lambeck, “Integrated optical sensors for the chemical domain,” Meas. Sci. Technol. 17,R93–R116 (2006).
[Crossref]

Nat. Mater. (1)

M. Soljacic and J. D. Joannopoulos, “Enhancement of nonlinear effects using photonic crystals,” Nat. Mater. 3,211–219 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Nature (1)

Y. A. Vlasov, M. O′Boyle, H. F. Hamann, and S. J. McNab, “Active control of slow light on a chip with photonic crystal waveguides,” Nature 438,65–69 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

New J. Phys. (1)

H. G. Winful, “The meaning of group delay in barrier tunnelling: A re-examination of superluminal group velocities,” New J. Phys. 8,101/1–16 (2006).
[Crossref]

Opt. Commun. (1)

L. Xuhui, C. Xiangfei, Y. Yuzhe, and X. Shizhong, “A novel apodization technique of variable duty cycle for sampled grating,” Opt. Commun. 225,301–305 (2003).
[Crossref]

Opt. Eng. (1)

P. Madasamy, G. N. Conti, P. Poyhonen, Y. Hu, M. M. Morrell, D. F. Geraghty, S. Honkanen, and N. Peyghambarian, “Waveguide distributed Bragg reflector laser arrays in erbium doped glass made by dry Ag film ion exchange,” Opt. Eng. 41,1084–1086 (2002).
[Crossref]

Opt. Express. (3)

S. J. McNab, N. Moll, and Y. A. Vlasov, “Ultra-low loss photonic integrated circuit with membrane-type photonic crystal waveguides,” Opt. Express. 11,2927–2939 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. L. Povinelli, S. G. Johnson, and J. D. Joannopoulos, “Slow-light, band-edge waveguides for tunable time delays,” Opt. Express. 13,7145–7159 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

R. S. Jacobsen, A. V. Lavrinenko, L. H. Frandsen, C. Peucheret, B. Zsigri, G. Moulin, J. Fage-Pedersen, and P. I. Borel, “Direct experimental and numerical determination of extremely high group indices in photonic crystal waveguides,” Opt. Express. 13,7861–7871 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Opt. Lett. (1)

Opt. Quantum Electron. (3)

D. Yudistira, H. Hoekstra, M. Hammer, and D. Marpaung, “Slow light excitation in tapered 1D photonic crystals: Theory,” Opt. Quantum Electron. 38,161–176 (2006).
[Crossref]

J. Ctyroky, S. Helfert, R. Pregla, P. Bienstman, R. Baets, R. De Ridder, R. Stoffer, G. Klaasse, J. Petracek, P. Lalanne, J. P. Hugonin, and R. M. De La Rue, “Bragg waveguide grating as a 1D photonic band gap structure: COST 268 modelling task,” Opt. Quantum Electron. 34,455–470 (2002).
[Crossref]

W. Bogaerts, P. Bienstman, D. Taillaert, R. Baets, and D. De Zutter, “Out-of-plane scattering in 1-D photonic crystal slabs,” Opt. Quantum Electron. 34,195–203 (2002).
[Crossref]

Opt. Rev. (1)

K. Hosomi, T. Fukamachi, T. Katsuyama, and Y. Arakawa, “Group delay of a coupled-defect waveguide in a photonic crystal,” Opt. Rev. 11,300–302 (2004).
[Crossref]

Phys Rev Lett (1)

H. Gersen, T. J. Karle, R. J. P. Engelen, W. Bogaerts, J. P. Korterik, N. F. van Hulst, T. F. Krauss, and L. Kuipers, “Real-space observation of ultraslow light in photonic crystal waveguides,” Phys Rev Lett 94 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Phys. Rev. E (3)

C. E. Finlayson, F. Cattaneo, N. M. B. Perney, J. J. Baumberg, M. C. Netti, M. E. Zoorob, M. D. B. Charlton, and G. J. Parker, “Slow light and chromatic temporal dispersion in photonic crystal waveguides using femtosecond time of flight,” Phys. Rev. E 73,016619/1–10 (2006).
[Crossref]

Y. A. Vlasov, S. Petit, G. Klein, B. Honerlage, and C. Hirlimann, “Femtosecond measurements of the time of flight of photons in a three-dimensional photonic crystal,” Phys. Rev. E 60,1030–1035 (1999).
[Crossref]

J. M. Bendickson, J. P. Dowling, and M. Scalora, “Analytic expressions for the electromagnetic mode density in finite, one-dimensional, photonic band-gap structures,” Phys. Rev. E 53,4107–4121 (1996).
[Crossref]

Phys. Rev. Lett. (1)

M. Notomi, K. Yamada, A. Shinya, J. Takahashi, C. Takahashi, and I. Yokohama, “Extremely large group-velocity dispersion of line-defect waveguides in photonic crystal slabs,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 87,253902/1–4 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Waves Random Complex Media (1)

A. Figotin and I. Vitebskiy, “Slow light in photonic crystals,” Waves Random Complex Media 16,293–382 (2006).
[Crossref]

Other (3)

H. J. W. M. Hoekstra, W. C. L. Hopman, J. Kautz, R. Dekker, and R. M. de Ridder, “A simple coupled mode model for near band-edge phenomena in grated waveguides,” accepted for publication in Opt. Quantum Electron. (2006).

J. D. Joannopoulos, R. D. Meade, and J. N. Winn, Photonic crystals: Molding the flow of light (Princeton University Press, 1995).

Olympios, “OlympIOs Integrated Optics Software,” C2V, http://www.c2v.nl/software/.

Supplementary Material (2)

» Media 1: AVI (5123 KB)     
» Media 2: AVI (2737 KB)     

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Figures (16)

Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. (a). Schematic 3D drawing of the WGG. (b) Top view SEM image of a zoomed in view of the 500-Period WGG, the small ridge of only 5 nm is not observed in the image.

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Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. Schematic drawing of the dual-setup: NIR CCD-camera + end-fire detection.

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Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. Power balance of the resonator (effective length L, effective cross-section Ar ) with input and output waveguides, and radiative coupling to free space (and substrate). The right traveling energy flux density S 0 + in the input waveguide is partly back reflected (S 0 -) and couples in part to the resonator (flux density Si ) and in part to radiation modes S s1 due to modal mismatch between waveguide mode and resonator mode. Inside the resonator, the net flux density Sr , which is composed of a right traveling flux density Sr + and a left traveling one S r - is assumed to be constant along the cavity (neglecting Ssc ). At the interface to the output waveguide, an output flux density Sout remains after subtracting radiation loss S s2 due to modal mismatch.

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Fig. 4.
Fig. 4. The group index of a reference waveguide (dashed) and the normalized transmission T (blue) and group index (red) of a 350-period WGG obtained using a BEP method and Eq. (19).

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Fig. 5.
Fig. 5. Intra-cavity grating resonance modes in the dielectric band obtained via BEP Simulations. (a)-(d) The top image shows the H-field amplitude in the cross-section of the WGG for the resonance wavelengths shown in Fig. 4. The x- and z-coordinates are defined in Fig. 2. The bottom graphs show the H-field amplitude along the center-line of the guiding layer.

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Fig. 6.
Fig. 6. Field amplitude (H-field) of the grating resonances at both band edges (resonances I and −I) of a 100-period WGG. In the middle section of the periodic medium (the grating) we see the well known phenomena [8] (studied by overlaying the grating structure with the field-distributions): the field for the first resonance in the air band is concentrated in the grooves (low-index) and for the dielectric band in the teeth (high-index). There is a shift between both field distributions of half a period. At the transition between the grating and the waveguide we observe the same (in phase) field distribution.

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Fig. 7.
Fig. 7. (a). Maximum field strength as function of the number of periods. (b) Maximum group index (Ng ) and Q versus the number of periods.

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Fig. 8.
Fig. 8. Normalized transmission versus cladding index and wavelength for a 200-period WGG.

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Fig. 9.
Fig. 9. Measurements on the 500-period waveguide grating. (a) Transmission spectrum of the WGG. (b) The scatter intensity (Isc ) collected using the NIR camera. (c) Scatter image A is taken from the grating region without cladding at the wavelength in the stopband labeled A in the transmission and scatter graphs (panels (a) and (b), respectively) [Media 2]. A wavelength scaling factor has been used to account for the difference in cladding index, as explained further in the text. Only scattering from the input spot is observed for this wavelength. Image B is taken at the lowest-order resonance wavelength. The smoothed curve in graph B″ shows a single maximum. Images C and D show 2 and 3 intra-cavity maxima, respectively. The frames A to D can be clicked to start a movie (2.67 MB) of the transmission versus an increasing wavelength (6.82MB version).

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Fig. 10.
Fig. 10. Measurements on the 1000-period grating. (a) Transmission spectrum of the WGG, showing a very sharp fringe with a FWHM of only 33 pm in the airband, which corresponds to a Q of 46000. (b) The scatter intensity (Isc ) spectrum collected using the NIR camera.

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Fig. 11.
Fig. 11. Relative group delay as a function of wavelength, directly measured using the phase shift method for the 1000-periods long grating.

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Fig. 12.
Fig. 12. Transmission spectrum obtained from the 2000-periods grating, zoomed in on the left edge.

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Fig. 13.
Fig. 13. Measurements on the 2000-periods long grating. (a) The scatter intensity spectrum (b) Relative group delay, directly measured using the phase shift method.

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Fig. 14.
Fig. 14. (a). Experimentally derived relationship between η and Q. (b) Group delays calculated using various methods versus the directly measured group delay (td ).

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Fig. 15.
Fig. 15. A BEP [37] simulation of the transmission (T), reflection (R) and loss of a 350 period WGG. The out of plane loss is calculated using the relation OPS = 1 − R − T.

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Fig. 16.
Fig. 16. Measurement of the scattering observed at the input and output spots of the grating. A sum of both gives a figure for the total OPS.

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Equations (20)

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v g ( ω ) = d ω dk ,
Q = ω 0 U d U d t ,
Q = ω 0 τ c .
Q = λ 0 Δ λ − 3 dB ,
U = W r V = W r A r L .
d U d t = S i A r .
S i ≈ S r = W r v g .
Q = ω 0 W r V S r A r = ω 0 S r S i L v g = ω 0 L v g .
Q = 2 π L N g λ 0 .
t d ( λ ) = L c N g ( λ ) .
t q = τ c = Q λ 0 2 π c .
η ( λ ) = U U ref = W r ( λ ) V W ref ( λ ref ) V = S ( λ ) v g , ref ( λ ref ) S ref ( λ ref ) v g ( λ ) = N g ( λ ) N g , ref ( λ ref ) .
η ( λ ) = N g ( λ ) N g , ref ( λ ref ) ≈ I s c ( λ ) I s c , r e f ( λ ref ) .
t s c ( λ ) = L c η ( λ ) N g , ref ( λ ref ) .
Q ( λ 0 ) = η ( λ 0 ) 2 π L N g , ref ( λ ref ) λ 0 .
Δ λ FSR = λ 0 2 2 N g L .
t FSR = λ 0 2 2 c Δ λ FSR .
t ( ω ) ≡ x ( ω ) + i y ( ω ) .
v g = d ω d k = L x 2 + y 2 x d y d ω − y d x d ω .
Δ n cladding ≈ ∂ n ∂ λ ∂ λ ∂ T Δ T 0

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