Abstract

We report on quantum cascade lasers employing waveguides based on a predominant air confinement mechanism in which the active region is located immediately at the device top surface. The lasers employ ridge-waveguide resonators with narrow lateral electrical contacts only, with a large, central top region not covered by metallization layers. Devices based on this principle have been reported in the past; however, they employed a thick, doped top-cladding layer in order to allow for uniform current injection. We find that the in-plane conductivity of the active region - when the material used is of high quality - provides adequate electrical injection. As a consequence, the devices demonstrated in this work are thinner, and most importantly they can simultaneously support air-guided and surface-plasmon waveguide modes. When the lateral contacts are narrow, the optical mode is mostly located below the air-semiconductor interface. The mode is predominantly air-guided and it leaks from the top surface into the surrounding environment, suggesting that these lasers could be employed for surface-sensing applications. These laser modes are found to operate up to room temperature under pulsed injection, with an emission spectrum centered around λ ≈ 7:66 μm.

©2007 Optical Society of America

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    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  5. J. S. Yu, S. Slivken, A. Evans, L. Doris, and M. Razeghi, “High-power continuous-wave operation of a 6 μm quantum-cascade laser at room temperature,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 2503 (2003).
    [Crossref]
  6. M. Troccoli, D. Bour, S. Corzine, G. Hofler, A. Tandon, D. Mars, D. J. Smith, L. Diehl, and F. Capasso, “Low-threshold continuous-wave operation of quantum-cascade lasers grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 5842 (2004).
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  7. G. Wysocki, M. McCurdy, S. So, D. Weidmann, C. Roller, R. F. Curl, and F.K. Tittel, “Pulsed Quantum-Cascade Laser-Based Sensor for Trace-Gas Detection of Carbonyl Sulfide,” App. Opt. 43, 6040 (2004).
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  8. A. A. Kosterev and F. K. Tittel, “Chemical sensors based on quantum cascade lasers,” IEEE J. Quantum Elec. 38, 582 (2002).
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  15. M. Loncar, B. G. Lee, L. Diehl, M. A. Belkin, F. Capasso, M. Giovannini, J. Faist, and E. Gini, “Design and fabrication of photonic crystal quantum cascade lasers for optofluidics,” Opt. Express 15, 4499 (2007).
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  16. J. Chen, Z. Liu, C. F. Gmachl, and D. L. Sivco, “Silver halide fiber-based evanescent-wave liquid droplet sensing with room tempreature mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers,” Opt. Express 13, 5953 (2005).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  17. C. Charlton, A. Katzir, and B. Mizaikoff, “Infrared Evanescent Field Sensing with Quantum Cascade Lasers and Planar Silver Halide Waveguides,” Anal. Chem. 77, 4398 (2005).
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  19. R. Perahia, O. Painter, M. Bahriz, V. Moreau, and R. Colombelli, “Design of quantum cascade lasers for intra-cavity sensing in the mid infrared,” manuscript in preparation.
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    [Crossref]
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    [Crossref]
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    [Crossref]
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    [Crossref]
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    [Crossref]
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    [Crossref]
  31. The commercial software Comsol Multiphysics was use.
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    [Crossref]
  33. L. A. Coldren and S. W. Corzine, ”Diode Lasers and Photonic Integrated Circuits,” Wiley-Interscience (1995).
  34. V. Moreau, M. Bahriz, R. Colombelli, P.-A Lemoine, Y. DeWilde, L.R. Wilson, and A.B. Krysa, “Direct imaging of a laser mode via midinfrared near-field microscopy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 201114 (2007).
    [Crossref]

2007 (4)

D. Erickson, T. Rockwood, T. Emery, A. Scherer, and Demetri Psaltis, “Nanofluidic tuning of photonic crystal circuits,” Proc. SPIE 6475, 647513 (2007).
[Crossref]

C. Monat, P. Domachuk, and B. J. Eggleton, “Integrated optofluidics: A new river of light,” Nature Photon. 1, 106 (2007).
[Crossref]

M. Loncar, B. G. Lee, L. Diehl, M. A. Belkin, F. Capasso, M. Giovannini, J. Faist, and E. Gini, “Design and fabrication of photonic crystal quantum cascade lasers for optofluidics,” Opt. Express 15, 4499 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

V. Moreau, M. Bahriz, R. Colombelli, P.-A Lemoine, Y. DeWilde, L.R. Wilson, and A.B. Krysa, “Direct imaging of a laser mode via midinfrared near-field microscopy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 201114 (2007).
[Crossref]

2006 (5)

M. Bahriz, V. Moreau, J. Palomo, R. Colombelli, D.A. Austin, J.W. Cockburn, L.R. Wilson, A.B. Krysa, and J.S. Roberts, “Room temperature operation of λ ≈ 7.5 μm surface-plasmon quantum cascade lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 181103 (2006).
[Crossref]

V. Moreau, M. Bahriz, J. Palomo, L.R. Wilson, A.B. Krysa, C. Sirtori, D.A. Austin, J.W. Cockburn, J.S. Roberts, and R. Colombelli, “Optical Mode Control of Surface-Plasmon Quantum Cascade Lasers,” Photon. Technol. Lett. 18, 2499 (2006).
[Crossref]

D. Psaltis, S. R. Quake, and C. Yang, “Developing optofluidic technology through the fusion of microfluidics and optics,” Nature 442, 381 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Schaden, A. Doninguez-Vidal, and B. Lendl, “Simultaneous measurement of two compounds in aqueous solution with dual quantum cascade laser absorption spectroscopy,” Appl. Phys. B 83, 135 (2006).
[Crossref]

L. Diehl, B.G. Lee, P. Behroozi, M. Loncar, M.A. Belkin, F. Capasso, T. Aellen, D. Hofstetter, M. Beck, and J. Faist, “Microfluidic tuning of distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers,” Opt. Express 14, 11660 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2005 (2)

J. Chen, Z. Liu, C. F. Gmachl, and D. L. Sivco, “Silver halide fiber-based evanescent-wave liquid droplet sensing with room tempreature mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers,” Opt. Express 13, 5953 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

C. Charlton, A. Katzir, and B. Mizaikoff, “Infrared Evanescent Field Sensing with Quantum Cascade Lasers and Planar Silver Halide Waveguides,” Anal. Chem. 77, 4398 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2004 (5)

B. Maune, M. Loncar, J. Witzens, M. Hochberg, T. Baehr-Jones, D. Psaltis, A. Scherer, and Y. Qiu, “Liquid-crystal electric tuning of a photonic crystal laser,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 360 (2004).
[Crossref]

M. Troccoli, D. Bour, S. Corzine, G. Hofler, A. Tandon, D. Mars, D. J. Smith, L. Diehl, and F. Capasso, “Low-threshold continuous-wave operation of quantum-cascade lasers grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 5842 (2004).
[Crossref]

G. Wysocki, M. McCurdy, S. So, D. Weidmann, C. Roller, R. F. Curl, and F.K. Tittel, “Pulsed Quantum-Cascade Laser-Based Sensor for Trace-Gas Detection of Carbonyl Sulfide,” App. Opt. 43, 6040 (2004).
[Crossref]

A.B. Krysa, J.S. Roberts, R.P. Green, L.R. Wilson, H. Page, M. Garcia, and J.W. Cockburn, “MOVPE-grown quantum cascade lasers operating at ≈ 9 μm wavelength,” J. Cryst. Growth,  272, 682 (2004).
[Crossref]

R. P. Green, L. R. Wilson, E. A. Zibik, D. G. Revin, J. W. Cockburn, C. Pflügl, W. Schrenk, G. Strasser, A. B. Krysa, J. S. Roberts, C. M. Tey, and A. G. Cullis, “High-performance distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 5529 (2004).
[Crossref]

2003 (3)

M. Loncar, A. Scherer, and Y. Qiu, “Photonic crystal laser sources for chemical detection,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 4648 (2003).
[Crossref]

J. S. Yu, S. Slivken, A. Evans, L. Doris, and M. Razeghi, “High-power continuous-wave operation of a 6 μm quantum-cascade laser at room temperature,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 2503 (2003).
[Crossref]

R. Colombelli, K. Srinivasan, M. Troccoli, O. Painter, C.F. Gmachl, D. M. Tennant, A. M. Sergent, D. L. Sivco, A. Y. Cho, and F. Capasso, “Quantum Cascade Surface-Emitting Photonic Crystal Laser,” Science 302, 1374 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2002 (2)

M. Beck, D. Hofstetter, T. Allen, J. Faist, U. Oesterle, M. Ilegems, E. Gini, and H. Melchior, “Continuous Wave Operation of a Mid-Infrared Semiconductor Laser at Room Temperature,” Science 295, 301 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. A. Kosterev and F. K. Tittel, “Chemical sensors based on quantum cascade lasers,” IEEE J. Quantum Elec. 38, 582 (2002).
[Crossref]

2001 (1)

C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, D. L. Sivco, and A. Y. Cho, “Recent progress in quantum cascade lasers and applications,” Rep. Progr. in Physics 64, 1533 (2001).
[Crossref]

2000 (2)

D. Hofstetter, T. Aellen, M. Beck, and J. Faist, “High average power first-order distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 12, 1610 (2000).
[Crossref]

W. Schrenk, N. Finger, S. Gianordoli, L. Hvozdara, G. Strasser, and E. Gornik, “Surface-emitting distributed feedback quantum-cascade lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 77, 2086 (2000).
[Crossref]

1998 (1)

1994 (1)

J. Faist, F. Capasso, D. L. Sivco, C. Sirtori, A. L. Hutchinson, and A. Y. Cho, “Quantum cascade laser,rdquo; Science 264, 553 (1994).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1990 (1)

Z. Yin and F. W. Smith, “Optical dielectric function and infrared absorption of hydrogenated amorphous silicon nitride films: Experimental results and effective-medium-approximation analysis,” Phys. Rev. B 42, 3666 (1990).
[Crossref]

1983 (1)

M.A. Ordal, L.L. Long, R.J. Bell, S. E. Bell, R. R. Bell, R.W. Alexander, and C. A. Ward, “Optical properties of the metals Al, Co, Cu, Au, Fe, Pb, Ni, Pd, Pt, Ag, Ti, and W in the infrared and far infrared,” App. Opt. 22, 1099 (1983).
[Crossref]

Aellen, T.

L. Diehl, B.G. Lee, P. Behroozi, M. Loncar, M.A. Belkin, F. Capasso, T. Aellen, D. Hofstetter, M. Beck, and J. Faist, “Microfluidic tuning of distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers,” Opt. Express 14, 11660 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

D. Hofstetter, T. Aellen, M. Beck, and J. Faist, “High average power first-order distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 12, 1610 (2000).
[Crossref]

Alexander, R.W.

M.A. Ordal, L.L. Long, R.J. Bell, S. E. Bell, R. R. Bell, R.W. Alexander, and C. A. Ward, “Optical properties of the metals Al, Co, Cu, Au, Fe, Pb, Ni, Pd, Pt, Ag, Ti, and W in the infrared and far infrared,” App. Opt. 22, 1099 (1983).
[Crossref]

Allen, T.

M. Beck, D. Hofstetter, T. Allen, J. Faist, U. Oesterle, M. Ilegems, E. Gini, and H. Melchior, “Continuous Wave Operation of a Mid-Infrared Semiconductor Laser at Room Temperature,” Science 295, 301 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Austin, D.A.

M. Bahriz, V. Moreau, J. Palomo, R. Colombelli, D.A. Austin, J.W. Cockburn, L.R. Wilson, A.B. Krysa, and J.S. Roberts, “Room temperature operation of λ ≈ 7.5 μm surface-plasmon quantum cascade lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 181103 (2006).
[Crossref]

V. Moreau, M. Bahriz, J. Palomo, L.R. Wilson, A.B. Krysa, C. Sirtori, D.A. Austin, J.W. Cockburn, J.S. Roberts, and R. Colombelli, “Optical Mode Control of Surface-Plasmon Quantum Cascade Lasers,” Photon. Technol. Lett. 18, 2499 (2006).
[Crossref]

Baehr-Jones, T.

B. Maune, M. Loncar, J. Witzens, M. Hochberg, T. Baehr-Jones, D. Psaltis, A. Scherer, and Y. Qiu, “Liquid-crystal electric tuning of a photonic crystal laser,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 360 (2004).
[Crossref]

Bahriz, M.

V. Moreau, M. Bahriz, R. Colombelli, P.-A Lemoine, Y. DeWilde, L.R. Wilson, and A.B. Krysa, “Direct imaging of a laser mode via midinfrared near-field microscopy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 201114 (2007).
[Crossref]

V. Moreau, M. Bahriz, J. Palomo, L.R. Wilson, A.B. Krysa, C. Sirtori, D.A. Austin, J.W. Cockburn, J.S. Roberts, and R. Colombelli, “Optical Mode Control of Surface-Plasmon Quantum Cascade Lasers,” Photon. Technol. Lett. 18, 2499 (2006).
[Crossref]

M. Bahriz, V. Moreau, J. Palomo, R. Colombelli, D.A. Austin, J.W. Cockburn, L.R. Wilson, A.B. Krysa, and J.S. Roberts, “Room temperature operation of λ ≈ 7.5 μm surface-plasmon quantum cascade lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 181103 (2006).
[Crossref]

R. Perahia, K. Srinivasan, O. Painter, V. Moreau, M. Bahriz, R. Colombelli, and F. Capasso, ”Quantum cascade photonic crystal lasers: design, fabrication, and applications,” CLEO 2006 (CTuAA5), Long Beach CA, May 2006.

R. Perahia, O. Painter, M. Bahriz, V. Moreau, and R. Colombelli, “Design of quantum cascade lasers for intra-cavity sensing in the mid infrared,” manuscript in preparation.

R. Perahia, O. Painter, V. Moreau, M. Bahriz, R. Colombelli, L.R. Wilson, and A.B. Krysa, “Quantum Cascade Microdisk Lasers for Mid Infrared Intra-Cavity Sensing,” CLEO 2007 (CTuE5), Baltimore (MA), May 2007.

Beck, M.

L. Diehl, B.G. Lee, P. Behroozi, M. Loncar, M.A. Belkin, F. Capasso, T. Aellen, D. Hofstetter, M. Beck, and J. Faist, “Microfluidic tuning of distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers,” Opt. Express 14, 11660 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Beck, D. Hofstetter, T. Allen, J. Faist, U. Oesterle, M. Ilegems, E. Gini, and H. Melchior, “Continuous Wave Operation of a Mid-Infrared Semiconductor Laser at Room Temperature,” Science 295, 301 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

D. Hofstetter, T. Aellen, M. Beck, and J. Faist, “High average power first-order distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 12, 1610 (2000).
[Crossref]

Behroozi, P.

Belkin, M. A.

Belkin, M.A.

Bell, R. R.

M.A. Ordal, L.L. Long, R.J. Bell, S. E. Bell, R. R. Bell, R.W. Alexander, and C. A. Ward, “Optical properties of the metals Al, Co, Cu, Au, Fe, Pb, Ni, Pd, Pt, Ag, Ti, and W in the infrared and far infrared,” App. Opt. 22, 1099 (1983).
[Crossref]

Bell, R.J.

M.A. Ordal, L.L. Long, R.J. Bell, S. E. Bell, R. R. Bell, R.W. Alexander, and C. A. Ward, “Optical properties of the metals Al, Co, Cu, Au, Fe, Pb, Ni, Pd, Pt, Ag, Ti, and W in the infrared and far infrared,” App. Opt. 22, 1099 (1983).
[Crossref]

Bell, S. E.

M.A. Ordal, L.L. Long, R.J. Bell, S. E. Bell, R. R. Bell, R.W. Alexander, and C. A. Ward, “Optical properties of the metals Al, Co, Cu, Au, Fe, Pb, Ni, Pd, Pt, Ag, Ti, and W in the infrared and far infrared,” App. Opt. 22, 1099 (1983).
[Crossref]

Bour, D.

M. Troccoli, D. Bour, S. Corzine, G. Hofler, A. Tandon, D. Mars, D. J. Smith, L. Diehl, and F. Capasso, “Low-threshold continuous-wave operation of quantum-cascade lasers grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 5842 (2004).
[Crossref]

Capasso, F.

M. Loncar, B. G. Lee, L. Diehl, M. A. Belkin, F. Capasso, M. Giovannini, J. Faist, and E. Gini, “Design and fabrication of photonic crystal quantum cascade lasers for optofluidics,” Opt. Express 15, 4499 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

L. Diehl, B.G. Lee, P. Behroozi, M. Loncar, M.A. Belkin, F. Capasso, T. Aellen, D. Hofstetter, M. Beck, and J. Faist, “Microfluidic tuning of distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers,” Opt. Express 14, 11660 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Troccoli, D. Bour, S. Corzine, G. Hofler, A. Tandon, D. Mars, D. J. Smith, L. Diehl, and F. Capasso, “Low-threshold continuous-wave operation of quantum-cascade lasers grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 5842 (2004).
[Crossref]

R. Colombelli, K. Srinivasan, M. Troccoli, O. Painter, C.F. Gmachl, D. M. Tennant, A. M. Sergent, D. L. Sivco, A. Y. Cho, and F. Capasso, “Quantum Cascade Surface-Emitting Photonic Crystal Laser,” Science 302, 1374 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, D. L. Sivco, and A. Y. Cho, “Recent progress in quantum cascade lasers and applications,” Rep. Progr. in Physics 64, 1533 (2001).
[Crossref]

C. Sirtori, C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, J. Faist, D. L. Sivco, A. L. Hutchinson, and A. Y. Cho, “Longwavelength (λ ≈ 8 - 11.5 μm) semiconductor lasers with waveguides based on surface plasmons,” Opt. Lett. 23, 1366 (1998).
[Crossref]

J. Faist, F. Capasso, D. L. Sivco, C. Sirtori, A. L. Hutchinson, and A. Y. Cho, “Quantum cascade laser,rdquo; Science 264, 553 (1994).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

R. Perahia, K. Srinivasan, O. Painter, V. Moreau, M. Bahriz, R. Colombelli, and F. Capasso, ”Quantum cascade photonic crystal lasers: design, fabrication, and applications,” CLEO 2006 (CTuAA5), Long Beach CA, May 2006.

Charlton, C.

C. Charlton, A. Katzir, and B. Mizaikoff, “Infrared Evanescent Field Sensing with Quantum Cascade Lasers and Planar Silver Halide Waveguides,” Anal. Chem. 77, 4398 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Chen, J.

Cho, A. Y.

R. Colombelli, K. Srinivasan, M. Troccoli, O. Painter, C.F. Gmachl, D. M. Tennant, A. M. Sergent, D. L. Sivco, A. Y. Cho, and F. Capasso, “Quantum Cascade Surface-Emitting Photonic Crystal Laser,” Science 302, 1374 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, D. L. Sivco, and A. Y. Cho, “Recent progress in quantum cascade lasers and applications,” Rep. Progr. in Physics 64, 1533 (2001).
[Crossref]

C. Sirtori, C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, J. Faist, D. L. Sivco, A. L. Hutchinson, and A. Y. Cho, “Longwavelength (λ ≈ 8 - 11.5 μm) semiconductor lasers with waveguides based on surface plasmons,” Opt. Lett. 23, 1366 (1998).
[Crossref]

J. Faist, F. Capasso, D. L. Sivco, C. Sirtori, A. L. Hutchinson, and A. Y. Cho, “Quantum cascade laser,rdquo; Science 264, 553 (1994).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Cockburn, J. W.

R. P. Green, L. R. Wilson, E. A. Zibik, D. G. Revin, J. W. Cockburn, C. Pflügl, W. Schrenk, G. Strasser, A. B. Krysa, J. S. Roberts, C. M. Tey, and A. G. Cullis, “High-performance distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 5529 (2004).
[Crossref]

Cockburn, J.W.

V. Moreau, M. Bahriz, J. Palomo, L.R. Wilson, A.B. Krysa, C. Sirtori, D.A. Austin, J.W. Cockburn, J.S. Roberts, and R. Colombelli, “Optical Mode Control of Surface-Plasmon Quantum Cascade Lasers,” Photon. Technol. Lett. 18, 2499 (2006).
[Crossref]

M. Bahriz, V. Moreau, J. Palomo, R. Colombelli, D.A. Austin, J.W. Cockburn, L.R. Wilson, A.B. Krysa, and J.S. Roberts, “Room temperature operation of λ ≈ 7.5 μm surface-plasmon quantum cascade lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 181103 (2006).
[Crossref]

A.B. Krysa, J.S. Roberts, R.P. Green, L.R. Wilson, H. Page, M. Garcia, and J.W. Cockburn, “MOVPE-grown quantum cascade lasers operating at ≈ 9 μm wavelength,” J. Cryst. Growth,  272, 682 (2004).
[Crossref]

Coldren, L. A.

L. A. Coldren and S. W. Corzine, ”Diode Lasers and Photonic Integrated Circuits,” Wiley-Interscience (1995).

Colombelli, R.

V. Moreau, M. Bahriz, R. Colombelli, P.-A Lemoine, Y. DeWilde, L.R. Wilson, and A.B. Krysa, “Direct imaging of a laser mode via midinfrared near-field microscopy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 201114 (2007).
[Crossref]

V. Moreau, M. Bahriz, J. Palomo, L.R. Wilson, A.B. Krysa, C. Sirtori, D.A. Austin, J.W. Cockburn, J.S. Roberts, and R. Colombelli, “Optical Mode Control of Surface-Plasmon Quantum Cascade Lasers,” Photon. Technol. Lett. 18, 2499 (2006).
[Crossref]

M. Bahriz, V. Moreau, J. Palomo, R. Colombelli, D.A. Austin, J.W. Cockburn, L.R. Wilson, A.B. Krysa, and J.S. Roberts, “Room temperature operation of λ ≈ 7.5 μm surface-plasmon quantum cascade lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 181103 (2006).
[Crossref]

R. Colombelli, K. Srinivasan, M. Troccoli, O. Painter, C.F. Gmachl, D. M. Tennant, A. M. Sergent, D. L. Sivco, A. Y. Cho, and F. Capasso, “Quantum Cascade Surface-Emitting Photonic Crystal Laser,” Science 302, 1374 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

R. Perahia, K. Srinivasan, O. Painter, V. Moreau, M. Bahriz, R. Colombelli, and F. Capasso, ”Quantum cascade photonic crystal lasers: design, fabrication, and applications,” CLEO 2006 (CTuAA5), Long Beach CA, May 2006.

R. Perahia, O. Painter, V. Moreau, M. Bahriz, R. Colombelli, L.R. Wilson, and A.B. Krysa, “Quantum Cascade Microdisk Lasers for Mid Infrared Intra-Cavity Sensing,” CLEO 2007 (CTuE5), Baltimore (MA), May 2007.

R. Perahia, O. Painter, M. Bahriz, V. Moreau, and R. Colombelli, “Design of quantum cascade lasers for intra-cavity sensing in the mid infrared,” manuscript in preparation.

Corzine, S.

M. Troccoli, D. Bour, S. Corzine, G. Hofler, A. Tandon, D. Mars, D. J. Smith, L. Diehl, and F. Capasso, “Low-threshold continuous-wave operation of quantum-cascade lasers grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 5842 (2004).
[Crossref]

Corzine, S. W.

L. A. Coldren and S. W. Corzine, ”Diode Lasers and Photonic Integrated Circuits,” Wiley-Interscience (1995).

Cullis, A. G.

R. P. Green, L. R. Wilson, E. A. Zibik, D. G. Revin, J. W. Cockburn, C. Pflügl, W. Schrenk, G. Strasser, A. B. Krysa, J. S. Roberts, C. M. Tey, and A. G. Cullis, “High-performance distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 5529 (2004).
[Crossref]

Curl, R. F.

G. Wysocki, M. McCurdy, S. So, D. Weidmann, C. Roller, R. F. Curl, and F.K. Tittel, “Pulsed Quantum-Cascade Laser-Based Sensor for Trace-Gas Detection of Carbonyl Sulfide,” App. Opt. 43, 6040 (2004).
[Crossref]

DeWilde, Y.

V. Moreau, M. Bahriz, R. Colombelli, P.-A Lemoine, Y. DeWilde, L.R. Wilson, and A.B. Krysa, “Direct imaging of a laser mode via midinfrared near-field microscopy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 201114 (2007).
[Crossref]

Diehl, L.

Domachuk, P.

C. Monat, P. Domachuk, and B. J. Eggleton, “Integrated optofluidics: A new river of light,” Nature Photon. 1, 106 (2007).
[Crossref]

Doninguez-Vidal, A.

M. Schaden, A. Doninguez-Vidal, and B. Lendl, “Simultaneous measurement of two compounds in aqueous solution with dual quantum cascade laser absorption spectroscopy,” Appl. Phys. B 83, 135 (2006).
[Crossref]

Doris, L.

J. S. Yu, S. Slivken, A. Evans, L. Doris, and M. Razeghi, “High-power continuous-wave operation of a 6 μm quantum-cascade laser at room temperature,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 2503 (2003).
[Crossref]

Eggleton, B. J.

C. Monat, P. Domachuk, and B. J. Eggleton, “Integrated optofluidics: A new river of light,” Nature Photon. 1, 106 (2007).
[Crossref]

Emery, T.

D. Erickson, T. Rockwood, T. Emery, A. Scherer, and Demetri Psaltis, “Nanofluidic tuning of photonic crystal circuits,” Proc. SPIE 6475, 647513 (2007).
[Crossref]

Erickson, D.

D. Erickson, T. Rockwood, T. Emery, A. Scherer, and Demetri Psaltis, “Nanofluidic tuning of photonic crystal circuits,” Proc. SPIE 6475, 647513 (2007).
[Crossref]

Evans, A.

J. S. Yu, S. Slivken, A. Evans, L. Doris, and M. Razeghi, “High-power continuous-wave operation of a 6 μm quantum-cascade laser at room temperature,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 2503 (2003).
[Crossref]

Faist, J.

M. Loncar, B. G. Lee, L. Diehl, M. A. Belkin, F. Capasso, M. Giovannini, J. Faist, and E. Gini, “Design and fabrication of photonic crystal quantum cascade lasers for optofluidics,” Opt. Express 15, 4499 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

L. Diehl, B.G. Lee, P. Behroozi, M. Loncar, M.A. Belkin, F. Capasso, T. Aellen, D. Hofstetter, M. Beck, and J. Faist, “Microfluidic tuning of distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers,” Opt. Express 14, 11660 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Beck, D. Hofstetter, T. Allen, J. Faist, U. Oesterle, M. Ilegems, E. Gini, and H. Melchior, “Continuous Wave Operation of a Mid-Infrared Semiconductor Laser at Room Temperature,” Science 295, 301 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

D. Hofstetter, T. Aellen, M. Beck, and J. Faist, “High average power first-order distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 12, 1610 (2000).
[Crossref]

C. Sirtori, C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, J. Faist, D. L. Sivco, A. L. Hutchinson, and A. Y. Cho, “Longwavelength (λ ≈ 8 - 11.5 μm) semiconductor lasers with waveguides based on surface plasmons,” Opt. Lett. 23, 1366 (1998).
[Crossref]

J. Faist, F. Capasso, D. L. Sivco, C. Sirtori, A. L. Hutchinson, and A. Y. Cho, “Quantum cascade laser,rdquo; Science 264, 553 (1994).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Faist and C. Sirtori, in ‘Long wavelength infrared semiconductor lasers’ (J. Wiley and Sons, Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2004).

Finger, N.

W. Schrenk, N. Finger, S. Gianordoli, L. Hvozdara, G. Strasser, and E. Gornik, “Surface-emitting distributed feedback quantum-cascade lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 77, 2086 (2000).
[Crossref]

Garcia, M.

A.B. Krysa, J.S. Roberts, R.P. Green, L.R. Wilson, H. Page, M. Garcia, and J.W. Cockburn, “MOVPE-grown quantum cascade lasers operating at ≈ 9 μm wavelength,” J. Cryst. Growth,  272, 682 (2004).
[Crossref]

Gianordoli, S.

W. Schrenk, N. Finger, S. Gianordoli, L. Hvozdara, G. Strasser, and E. Gornik, “Surface-emitting distributed feedback quantum-cascade lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 77, 2086 (2000).
[Crossref]

Gini, E.

M. Loncar, B. G. Lee, L. Diehl, M. A. Belkin, F. Capasso, M. Giovannini, J. Faist, and E. Gini, “Design and fabrication of photonic crystal quantum cascade lasers for optofluidics,” Opt. Express 15, 4499 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Beck, D. Hofstetter, T. Allen, J. Faist, U. Oesterle, M. Ilegems, E. Gini, and H. Melchior, “Continuous Wave Operation of a Mid-Infrared Semiconductor Laser at Room Temperature,” Science 295, 301 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Giovannini, M.

Gmachl, C.

Gmachl, C. F.

Gmachl, C.F.

R. Colombelli, K. Srinivasan, M. Troccoli, O. Painter, C.F. Gmachl, D. M. Tennant, A. M. Sergent, D. L. Sivco, A. Y. Cho, and F. Capasso, “Quantum Cascade Surface-Emitting Photonic Crystal Laser,” Science 302, 1374 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Gornik, E.

W. Schrenk, N. Finger, S. Gianordoli, L. Hvozdara, G. Strasser, and E. Gornik, “Surface-emitting distributed feedback quantum-cascade lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 77, 2086 (2000).
[Crossref]

Green, R. P.

R. P. Green, L. R. Wilson, E. A. Zibik, D. G. Revin, J. W. Cockburn, C. Pflügl, W. Schrenk, G. Strasser, A. B. Krysa, J. S. Roberts, C. M. Tey, and A. G. Cullis, “High-performance distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 5529 (2004).
[Crossref]

Green, R.P.

A.B. Krysa, J.S. Roberts, R.P. Green, L.R. Wilson, H. Page, M. Garcia, and J.W. Cockburn, “MOVPE-grown quantum cascade lasers operating at ≈ 9 μm wavelength,” J. Cryst. Growth,  272, 682 (2004).
[Crossref]

Hochberg, M.

B. Maune, M. Loncar, J. Witzens, M. Hochberg, T. Baehr-Jones, D. Psaltis, A. Scherer, and Y. Qiu, “Liquid-crystal electric tuning of a photonic crystal laser,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 360 (2004).
[Crossref]

Hofler, G.

M. Troccoli, D. Bour, S. Corzine, G. Hofler, A. Tandon, D. Mars, D. J. Smith, L. Diehl, and F. Capasso, “Low-threshold continuous-wave operation of quantum-cascade lasers grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 5842 (2004).
[Crossref]

Hofstetter, D.

L. Diehl, B.G. Lee, P. Behroozi, M. Loncar, M.A. Belkin, F. Capasso, T. Aellen, D. Hofstetter, M. Beck, and J. Faist, “Microfluidic tuning of distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers,” Opt. Express 14, 11660 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Beck, D. Hofstetter, T. Allen, J. Faist, U. Oesterle, M. Ilegems, E. Gini, and H. Melchior, “Continuous Wave Operation of a Mid-Infrared Semiconductor Laser at Room Temperature,” Science 295, 301 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

D. Hofstetter, T. Aellen, M. Beck, and J. Faist, “High average power first-order distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 12, 1610 (2000).
[Crossref]

Hutchinson, A. L.

Hvozdara, L.

W. Schrenk, N. Finger, S. Gianordoli, L. Hvozdara, G. Strasser, and E. Gornik, “Surface-emitting distributed feedback quantum-cascade lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 77, 2086 (2000).
[Crossref]

Ilegems, M.

M. Beck, D. Hofstetter, T. Allen, J. Faist, U. Oesterle, M. Ilegems, E. Gini, and H. Melchior, “Continuous Wave Operation of a Mid-Infrared Semiconductor Laser at Room Temperature,” Science 295, 301 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Katzir, A.

C. Charlton, A. Katzir, and B. Mizaikoff, “Infrared Evanescent Field Sensing with Quantum Cascade Lasers and Planar Silver Halide Waveguides,” Anal. Chem. 77, 4398 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Kosterev, A. A.

A. A. Kosterev and F. K. Tittel, “Chemical sensors based on quantum cascade lasers,” IEEE J. Quantum Elec. 38, 582 (2002).
[Crossref]

Krysa, A. B.

R. P. Green, L. R. Wilson, E. A. Zibik, D. G. Revin, J. W. Cockburn, C. Pflügl, W. Schrenk, G. Strasser, A. B. Krysa, J. S. Roberts, C. M. Tey, and A. G. Cullis, “High-performance distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 5529 (2004).
[Crossref]

Krysa, A.B.

V. Moreau, M. Bahriz, R. Colombelli, P.-A Lemoine, Y. DeWilde, L.R. Wilson, and A.B. Krysa, “Direct imaging of a laser mode via midinfrared near-field microscopy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 201114 (2007).
[Crossref]

V. Moreau, M. Bahriz, J. Palomo, L.R. Wilson, A.B. Krysa, C. Sirtori, D.A. Austin, J.W. Cockburn, J.S. Roberts, and R. Colombelli, “Optical Mode Control of Surface-Plasmon Quantum Cascade Lasers,” Photon. Technol. Lett. 18, 2499 (2006).
[Crossref]

M. Bahriz, V. Moreau, J. Palomo, R. Colombelli, D.A. Austin, J.W. Cockburn, L.R. Wilson, A.B. Krysa, and J.S. Roberts, “Room temperature operation of λ ≈ 7.5 μm surface-plasmon quantum cascade lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 181103 (2006).
[Crossref]

A.B. Krysa, J.S. Roberts, R.P. Green, L.R. Wilson, H. Page, M. Garcia, and J.W. Cockburn, “MOVPE-grown quantum cascade lasers operating at ≈ 9 μm wavelength,” J. Cryst. Growth,  272, 682 (2004).
[Crossref]

R. Perahia, O. Painter, V. Moreau, M. Bahriz, R. Colombelli, L.R. Wilson, and A.B. Krysa, “Quantum Cascade Microdisk Lasers for Mid Infrared Intra-Cavity Sensing,” CLEO 2007 (CTuE5), Baltimore (MA), May 2007.

Lee, B. G.

Lee, B.G.

Lemoine, P.-A

V. Moreau, M. Bahriz, R. Colombelli, P.-A Lemoine, Y. DeWilde, L.R. Wilson, and A.B. Krysa, “Direct imaging of a laser mode via midinfrared near-field microscopy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 201114 (2007).
[Crossref]

Lendl, B.

M. Schaden, A. Doninguez-Vidal, and B. Lendl, “Simultaneous measurement of two compounds in aqueous solution with dual quantum cascade laser absorption spectroscopy,” Appl. Phys. B 83, 135 (2006).
[Crossref]

Liu, Z.

Loncar, M.

M. Loncar, B. G. Lee, L. Diehl, M. A. Belkin, F. Capasso, M. Giovannini, J. Faist, and E. Gini, “Design and fabrication of photonic crystal quantum cascade lasers for optofluidics,” Opt. Express 15, 4499 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

L. Diehl, B.G. Lee, P. Behroozi, M. Loncar, M.A. Belkin, F. Capasso, T. Aellen, D. Hofstetter, M. Beck, and J. Faist, “Microfluidic tuning of distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers,” Opt. Express 14, 11660 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

B. Maune, M. Loncar, J. Witzens, M. Hochberg, T. Baehr-Jones, D. Psaltis, A. Scherer, and Y. Qiu, “Liquid-crystal electric tuning of a photonic crystal laser,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 360 (2004).
[Crossref]

M. Loncar, A. Scherer, and Y. Qiu, “Photonic crystal laser sources for chemical detection,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 4648 (2003).
[Crossref]

Long, L.L.

M.A. Ordal, L.L. Long, R.J. Bell, S. E. Bell, R. R. Bell, R.W. Alexander, and C. A. Ward, “Optical properties of the metals Al, Co, Cu, Au, Fe, Pb, Ni, Pd, Pt, Ag, Ti, and W in the infrared and far infrared,” App. Opt. 22, 1099 (1983).
[Crossref]

Mars, D.

M. Troccoli, D. Bour, S. Corzine, G. Hofler, A. Tandon, D. Mars, D. J. Smith, L. Diehl, and F. Capasso, “Low-threshold continuous-wave operation of quantum-cascade lasers grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 5842 (2004).
[Crossref]

Maune, B.

B. Maune, M. Loncar, J. Witzens, M. Hochberg, T. Baehr-Jones, D. Psaltis, A. Scherer, and Y. Qiu, “Liquid-crystal electric tuning of a photonic crystal laser,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 360 (2004).
[Crossref]

McCurdy, M.

G. Wysocki, M. McCurdy, S. So, D. Weidmann, C. Roller, R. F. Curl, and F.K. Tittel, “Pulsed Quantum-Cascade Laser-Based Sensor for Trace-Gas Detection of Carbonyl Sulfide,” App. Opt. 43, 6040 (2004).
[Crossref]

Melchior, H.

M. Beck, D. Hofstetter, T. Allen, J. Faist, U. Oesterle, M. Ilegems, E. Gini, and H. Melchior, “Continuous Wave Operation of a Mid-Infrared Semiconductor Laser at Room Temperature,” Science 295, 301 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Mizaikoff, B.

C. Charlton, A. Katzir, and B. Mizaikoff, “Infrared Evanescent Field Sensing with Quantum Cascade Lasers and Planar Silver Halide Waveguides,” Anal. Chem. 77, 4398 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Monat, C.

C. Monat, P. Domachuk, and B. J. Eggleton, “Integrated optofluidics: A new river of light,” Nature Photon. 1, 106 (2007).
[Crossref]

Moreau, V.

V. Moreau, M. Bahriz, R. Colombelli, P.-A Lemoine, Y. DeWilde, L.R. Wilson, and A.B. Krysa, “Direct imaging of a laser mode via midinfrared near-field microscopy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 201114 (2007).
[Crossref]

V. Moreau, M. Bahriz, J. Palomo, L.R. Wilson, A.B. Krysa, C. Sirtori, D.A. Austin, J.W. Cockburn, J.S. Roberts, and R. Colombelli, “Optical Mode Control of Surface-Plasmon Quantum Cascade Lasers,” Photon. Technol. Lett. 18, 2499 (2006).
[Crossref]

M. Bahriz, V. Moreau, J. Palomo, R. Colombelli, D.A. Austin, J.W. Cockburn, L.R. Wilson, A.B. Krysa, and J.S. Roberts, “Room temperature operation of λ ≈ 7.5 μm surface-plasmon quantum cascade lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 181103 (2006).
[Crossref]

R. Perahia, O. Painter, M. Bahriz, V. Moreau, and R. Colombelli, “Design of quantum cascade lasers for intra-cavity sensing in the mid infrared,” manuscript in preparation.

R. Perahia, O. Painter, V. Moreau, M. Bahriz, R. Colombelli, L.R. Wilson, and A.B. Krysa, “Quantum Cascade Microdisk Lasers for Mid Infrared Intra-Cavity Sensing,” CLEO 2007 (CTuE5), Baltimore (MA), May 2007.

R. Perahia, K. Srinivasan, O. Painter, V. Moreau, M. Bahriz, R. Colombelli, and F. Capasso, ”Quantum cascade photonic crystal lasers: design, fabrication, and applications,” CLEO 2006 (CTuAA5), Long Beach CA, May 2006.

Oesterle, U.

M. Beck, D. Hofstetter, T. Allen, J. Faist, U. Oesterle, M. Ilegems, E. Gini, and H. Melchior, “Continuous Wave Operation of a Mid-Infrared Semiconductor Laser at Room Temperature,” Science 295, 301 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Ordal, M.A.

M.A. Ordal, L.L. Long, R.J. Bell, S. E. Bell, R. R. Bell, R.W. Alexander, and C. A. Ward, “Optical properties of the metals Al, Co, Cu, Au, Fe, Pb, Ni, Pd, Pt, Ag, Ti, and W in the infrared and far infrared,” App. Opt. 22, 1099 (1983).
[Crossref]

Page, H.

A.B. Krysa, J.S. Roberts, R.P. Green, L.R. Wilson, H. Page, M. Garcia, and J.W. Cockburn, “MOVPE-grown quantum cascade lasers operating at ≈ 9 μm wavelength,” J. Cryst. Growth,  272, 682 (2004).
[Crossref]

Painter, O.

R. Colombelli, K. Srinivasan, M. Troccoli, O. Painter, C.F. Gmachl, D. M. Tennant, A. M. Sergent, D. L. Sivco, A. Y. Cho, and F. Capasso, “Quantum Cascade Surface-Emitting Photonic Crystal Laser,” Science 302, 1374 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

R. Perahia, O. Painter, M. Bahriz, V. Moreau, and R. Colombelli, “Design of quantum cascade lasers for intra-cavity sensing in the mid infrared,” manuscript in preparation.

R. Perahia, K. Srinivasan, O. Painter, V. Moreau, M. Bahriz, R. Colombelli, and F. Capasso, ”Quantum cascade photonic crystal lasers: design, fabrication, and applications,” CLEO 2006 (CTuAA5), Long Beach CA, May 2006.

R. Perahia, O. Painter, V. Moreau, M. Bahriz, R. Colombelli, L.R. Wilson, and A.B. Krysa, “Quantum Cascade Microdisk Lasers for Mid Infrared Intra-Cavity Sensing,” CLEO 2007 (CTuE5), Baltimore (MA), May 2007.

Palomo, J.

M. Bahriz, V. Moreau, J. Palomo, R. Colombelli, D.A. Austin, J.W. Cockburn, L.R. Wilson, A.B. Krysa, and J.S. Roberts, “Room temperature operation of λ ≈ 7.5 μm surface-plasmon quantum cascade lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 181103 (2006).
[Crossref]

V. Moreau, M. Bahriz, J. Palomo, L.R. Wilson, A.B. Krysa, C. Sirtori, D.A. Austin, J.W. Cockburn, J.S. Roberts, and R. Colombelli, “Optical Mode Control of Surface-Plasmon Quantum Cascade Lasers,” Photon. Technol. Lett. 18, 2499 (2006).
[Crossref]

Perahia, R.

R. Perahia, O. Painter, V. Moreau, M. Bahriz, R. Colombelli, L.R. Wilson, and A.B. Krysa, “Quantum Cascade Microdisk Lasers for Mid Infrared Intra-Cavity Sensing,” CLEO 2007 (CTuE5), Baltimore (MA), May 2007.

R. Perahia, O. Painter, M. Bahriz, V. Moreau, and R. Colombelli, “Design of quantum cascade lasers for intra-cavity sensing in the mid infrared,” manuscript in preparation.

R. Perahia, K. Srinivasan, O. Painter, V. Moreau, M. Bahriz, R. Colombelli, and F. Capasso, ”Quantum cascade photonic crystal lasers: design, fabrication, and applications,” CLEO 2006 (CTuAA5), Long Beach CA, May 2006.

Pflügl, C.

R. P. Green, L. R. Wilson, E. A. Zibik, D. G. Revin, J. W. Cockburn, C. Pflügl, W. Schrenk, G. Strasser, A. B. Krysa, J. S. Roberts, C. M. Tey, and A. G. Cullis, “High-performance distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 5529 (2004).
[Crossref]

Psaltis, D.

D. Psaltis, S. R. Quake, and C. Yang, “Developing optofluidic technology through the fusion of microfluidics and optics,” Nature 442, 381 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

B. Maune, M. Loncar, J. Witzens, M. Hochberg, T. Baehr-Jones, D. Psaltis, A. Scherer, and Y. Qiu, “Liquid-crystal electric tuning of a photonic crystal laser,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 360 (2004).
[Crossref]

Psaltis, Demetri

D. Erickson, T. Rockwood, T. Emery, A. Scherer, and Demetri Psaltis, “Nanofluidic tuning of photonic crystal circuits,” Proc. SPIE 6475, 647513 (2007).
[Crossref]

Qiu, Y.

B. Maune, M. Loncar, J. Witzens, M. Hochberg, T. Baehr-Jones, D. Psaltis, A. Scherer, and Y. Qiu, “Liquid-crystal electric tuning of a photonic crystal laser,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 360 (2004).
[Crossref]

M. Loncar, A. Scherer, and Y. Qiu, “Photonic crystal laser sources for chemical detection,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 4648 (2003).
[Crossref]

Quake, S. R.

D. Psaltis, S. R. Quake, and C. Yang, “Developing optofluidic technology through the fusion of microfluidics and optics,” Nature 442, 381 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Razeghi, M.

J. S. Yu, S. Slivken, A. Evans, L. Doris, and M. Razeghi, “High-power continuous-wave operation of a 6 μm quantum-cascade laser at room temperature,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 2503 (2003).
[Crossref]

Revin, D. G.

R. P. Green, L. R. Wilson, E. A. Zibik, D. G. Revin, J. W. Cockburn, C. Pflügl, W. Schrenk, G. Strasser, A. B. Krysa, J. S. Roberts, C. M. Tey, and A. G. Cullis, “High-performance distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 5529 (2004).
[Crossref]

Roberts, J. S.

R. P. Green, L. R. Wilson, E. A. Zibik, D. G. Revin, J. W. Cockburn, C. Pflügl, W. Schrenk, G. Strasser, A. B. Krysa, J. S. Roberts, C. M. Tey, and A. G. Cullis, “High-performance distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 5529 (2004).
[Crossref]

Roberts, J.S.

V. Moreau, M. Bahriz, J. Palomo, L.R. Wilson, A.B. Krysa, C. Sirtori, D.A. Austin, J.W. Cockburn, J.S. Roberts, and R. Colombelli, “Optical Mode Control of Surface-Plasmon Quantum Cascade Lasers,” Photon. Technol. Lett. 18, 2499 (2006).
[Crossref]

M. Bahriz, V. Moreau, J. Palomo, R. Colombelli, D.A. Austin, J.W. Cockburn, L.R. Wilson, A.B. Krysa, and J.S. Roberts, “Room temperature operation of λ ≈ 7.5 μm surface-plasmon quantum cascade lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 181103 (2006).
[Crossref]

A.B. Krysa, J.S. Roberts, R.P. Green, L.R. Wilson, H. Page, M. Garcia, and J.W. Cockburn, “MOVPE-grown quantum cascade lasers operating at ≈ 9 μm wavelength,” J. Cryst. Growth,  272, 682 (2004).
[Crossref]

Rockwood, T.

D. Erickson, T. Rockwood, T. Emery, A. Scherer, and Demetri Psaltis, “Nanofluidic tuning of photonic crystal circuits,” Proc. SPIE 6475, 647513 (2007).
[Crossref]

Roller, C.

G. Wysocki, M. McCurdy, S. So, D. Weidmann, C. Roller, R. F. Curl, and F.K. Tittel, “Pulsed Quantum-Cascade Laser-Based Sensor for Trace-Gas Detection of Carbonyl Sulfide,” App. Opt. 43, 6040 (2004).
[Crossref]

Schaden, M.

M. Schaden, A. Doninguez-Vidal, and B. Lendl, “Simultaneous measurement of two compounds in aqueous solution with dual quantum cascade laser absorption spectroscopy,” Appl. Phys. B 83, 135 (2006).
[Crossref]

Scherer, A.

D. Erickson, T. Rockwood, T. Emery, A. Scherer, and Demetri Psaltis, “Nanofluidic tuning of photonic crystal circuits,” Proc. SPIE 6475, 647513 (2007).
[Crossref]

B. Maune, M. Loncar, J. Witzens, M. Hochberg, T. Baehr-Jones, D. Psaltis, A. Scherer, and Y. Qiu, “Liquid-crystal electric tuning of a photonic crystal laser,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 360 (2004).
[Crossref]

M. Loncar, A. Scherer, and Y. Qiu, “Photonic crystal laser sources for chemical detection,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 4648 (2003).
[Crossref]

Schrenk, W.

R. P. Green, L. R. Wilson, E. A. Zibik, D. G. Revin, J. W. Cockburn, C. Pflügl, W. Schrenk, G. Strasser, A. B. Krysa, J. S. Roberts, C. M. Tey, and A. G. Cullis, “High-performance distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 5529 (2004).
[Crossref]

W. Schrenk, N. Finger, S. Gianordoli, L. Hvozdara, G. Strasser, and E. Gornik, “Surface-emitting distributed feedback quantum-cascade lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 77, 2086 (2000).
[Crossref]

Sergent, A. M.

R. Colombelli, K. Srinivasan, M. Troccoli, O. Painter, C.F. Gmachl, D. M. Tennant, A. M. Sergent, D. L. Sivco, A. Y. Cho, and F. Capasso, “Quantum Cascade Surface-Emitting Photonic Crystal Laser,” Science 302, 1374 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Sirtori, C.

V. Moreau, M. Bahriz, J. Palomo, L.R. Wilson, A.B. Krysa, C. Sirtori, D.A. Austin, J.W. Cockburn, J.S. Roberts, and R. Colombelli, “Optical Mode Control of Surface-Plasmon Quantum Cascade Lasers,” Photon. Technol. Lett. 18, 2499 (2006).
[Crossref]

C. Sirtori, C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, J. Faist, D. L. Sivco, A. L. Hutchinson, and A. Y. Cho, “Longwavelength (λ ≈ 8 - 11.5 μm) semiconductor lasers with waveguides based on surface plasmons,” Opt. Lett. 23, 1366 (1998).
[Crossref]

J. Faist, F. Capasso, D. L. Sivco, C. Sirtori, A. L. Hutchinson, and A. Y. Cho, “Quantum cascade laser,rdquo; Science 264, 553 (1994).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Faist and C. Sirtori, in ‘Long wavelength infrared semiconductor lasers’ (J. Wiley and Sons, Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2004).

Sivco, D. L.

J. Chen, Z. Liu, C. F. Gmachl, and D. L. Sivco, “Silver halide fiber-based evanescent-wave liquid droplet sensing with room tempreature mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers,” Opt. Express 13, 5953 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

R. Colombelli, K. Srinivasan, M. Troccoli, O. Painter, C.F. Gmachl, D. M. Tennant, A. M. Sergent, D. L. Sivco, A. Y. Cho, and F. Capasso, “Quantum Cascade Surface-Emitting Photonic Crystal Laser,” Science 302, 1374 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, D. L. Sivco, and A. Y. Cho, “Recent progress in quantum cascade lasers and applications,” Rep. Progr. in Physics 64, 1533 (2001).
[Crossref]

C. Sirtori, C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, J. Faist, D. L. Sivco, A. L. Hutchinson, and A. Y. Cho, “Longwavelength (λ ≈ 8 - 11.5 μm) semiconductor lasers with waveguides based on surface plasmons,” Opt. Lett. 23, 1366 (1998).
[Crossref]

J. Faist, F. Capasso, D. L. Sivco, C. Sirtori, A. L. Hutchinson, and A. Y. Cho, “Quantum cascade laser,rdquo; Science 264, 553 (1994).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Slivken, S.

J. S. Yu, S. Slivken, A. Evans, L. Doris, and M. Razeghi, “High-power continuous-wave operation of a 6 μm quantum-cascade laser at room temperature,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 2503 (2003).
[Crossref]

Smith, D. J.

M. Troccoli, D. Bour, S. Corzine, G. Hofler, A. Tandon, D. Mars, D. J. Smith, L. Diehl, and F. Capasso, “Low-threshold continuous-wave operation of quantum-cascade lasers grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 5842 (2004).
[Crossref]

Smith, F. W.

Z. Yin and F. W. Smith, “Optical dielectric function and infrared absorption of hydrogenated amorphous silicon nitride films: Experimental results and effective-medium-approximation analysis,” Phys. Rev. B 42, 3666 (1990).
[Crossref]

So, S.

G. Wysocki, M. McCurdy, S. So, D. Weidmann, C. Roller, R. F. Curl, and F.K. Tittel, “Pulsed Quantum-Cascade Laser-Based Sensor for Trace-Gas Detection of Carbonyl Sulfide,” App. Opt. 43, 6040 (2004).
[Crossref]

Srinivasan, K.

R. Colombelli, K. Srinivasan, M. Troccoli, O. Painter, C.F. Gmachl, D. M. Tennant, A. M. Sergent, D. L. Sivco, A. Y. Cho, and F. Capasso, “Quantum Cascade Surface-Emitting Photonic Crystal Laser,” Science 302, 1374 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

R. Perahia, K. Srinivasan, O. Painter, V. Moreau, M. Bahriz, R. Colombelli, and F. Capasso, ”Quantum cascade photonic crystal lasers: design, fabrication, and applications,” CLEO 2006 (CTuAA5), Long Beach CA, May 2006.

Strasser, G.

R. P. Green, L. R. Wilson, E. A. Zibik, D. G. Revin, J. W. Cockburn, C. Pflügl, W. Schrenk, G. Strasser, A. B. Krysa, J. S. Roberts, C. M. Tey, and A. G. Cullis, “High-performance distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 5529 (2004).
[Crossref]

W. Schrenk, N. Finger, S. Gianordoli, L. Hvozdara, G. Strasser, and E. Gornik, “Surface-emitting distributed feedback quantum-cascade lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 77, 2086 (2000).
[Crossref]

Tandon, A.

M. Troccoli, D. Bour, S. Corzine, G. Hofler, A. Tandon, D. Mars, D. J. Smith, L. Diehl, and F. Capasso, “Low-threshold continuous-wave operation of quantum-cascade lasers grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 5842 (2004).
[Crossref]

Tennant, D. M.

R. Colombelli, K. Srinivasan, M. Troccoli, O. Painter, C.F. Gmachl, D. M. Tennant, A. M. Sergent, D. L. Sivco, A. Y. Cho, and F. Capasso, “Quantum Cascade Surface-Emitting Photonic Crystal Laser,” Science 302, 1374 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Tey, C. M.

R. P. Green, L. R. Wilson, E. A. Zibik, D. G. Revin, J. W. Cockburn, C. Pflügl, W. Schrenk, G. Strasser, A. B. Krysa, J. S. Roberts, C. M. Tey, and A. G. Cullis, “High-performance distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 5529 (2004).
[Crossref]

Tittel, F. K.

A. A. Kosterev and F. K. Tittel, “Chemical sensors based on quantum cascade lasers,” IEEE J. Quantum Elec. 38, 582 (2002).
[Crossref]

Tittel, F.K.

G. Wysocki, M. McCurdy, S. So, D. Weidmann, C. Roller, R. F. Curl, and F.K. Tittel, “Pulsed Quantum-Cascade Laser-Based Sensor for Trace-Gas Detection of Carbonyl Sulfide,” App. Opt. 43, 6040 (2004).
[Crossref]

Troccoli, M.

M. Troccoli, D. Bour, S. Corzine, G. Hofler, A. Tandon, D. Mars, D. J. Smith, L. Diehl, and F. Capasso, “Low-threshold continuous-wave operation of quantum-cascade lasers grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 5842 (2004).
[Crossref]

R. Colombelli, K. Srinivasan, M. Troccoli, O. Painter, C.F. Gmachl, D. M. Tennant, A. M. Sergent, D. L. Sivco, A. Y. Cho, and F. Capasso, “Quantum Cascade Surface-Emitting Photonic Crystal Laser,” Science 302, 1374 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Ward, C. A.

M.A. Ordal, L.L. Long, R.J. Bell, S. E. Bell, R. R. Bell, R.W. Alexander, and C. A. Ward, “Optical properties of the metals Al, Co, Cu, Au, Fe, Pb, Ni, Pd, Pt, Ag, Ti, and W in the infrared and far infrared,” App. Opt. 22, 1099 (1983).
[Crossref]

Weidmann, D.

G. Wysocki, M. McCurdy, S. So, D. Weidmann, C. Roller, R. F. Curl, and F.K. Tittel, “Pulsed Quantum-Cascade Laser-Based Sensor for Trace-Gas Detection of Carbonyl Sulfide,” App. Opt. 43, 6040 (2004).
[Crossref]

Wilson, L. R.

R. P. Green, L. R. Wilson, E. A. Zibik, D. G. Revin, J. W. Cockburn, C. Pflügl, W. Schrenk, G. Strasser, A. B. Krysa, J. S. Roberts, C. M. Tey, and A. G. Cullis, “High-performance distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 5529 (2004).
[Crossref]

Wilson, L.R.

V. Moreau, M. Bahriz, R. Colombelli, P.-A Lemoine, Y. DeWilde, L.R. Wilson, and A.B. Krysa, “Direct imaging of a laser mode via midinfrared near-field microscopy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 201114 (2007).
[Crossref]

V. Moreau, M. Bahriz, J. Palomo, L.R. Wilson, A.B. Krysa, C. Sirtori, D.A. Austin, J.W. Cockburn, J.S. Roberts, and R. Colombelli, “Optical Mode Control of Surface-Plasmon Quantum Cascade Lasers,” Photon. Technol. Lett. 18, 2499 (2006).
[Crossref]

M. Bahriz, V. Moreau, J. Palomo, R. Colombelli, D.A. Austin, J.W. Cockburn, L.R. Wilson, A.B. Krysa, and J.S. Roberts, “Room temperature operation of λ ≈ 7.5 μm surface-plasmon quantum cascade lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 181103 (2006).
[Crossref]

A.B. Krysa, J.S. Roberts, R.P. Green, L.R. Wilson, H. Page, M. Garcia, and J.W. Cockburn, “MOVPE-grown quantum cascade lasers operating at ≈ 9 μm wavelength,” J. Cryst. Growth,  272, 682 (2004).
[Crossref]

R. Perahia, O. Painter, V. Moreau, M. Bahriz, R. Colombelli, L.R. Wilson, and A.B. Krysa, “Quantum Cascade Microdisk Lasers for Mid Infrared Intra-Cavity Sensing,” CLEO 2007 (CTuE5), Baltimore (MA), May 2007.

Witzens, J.

B. Maune, M. Loncar, J. Witzens, M. Hochberg, T. Baehr-Jones, D. Psaltis, A. Scherer, and Y. Qiu, “Liquid-crystal electric tuning of a photonic crystal laser,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 360 (2004).
[Crossref]

Wysocki, G.

G. Wysocki, M. McCurdy, S. So, D. Weidmann, C. Roller, R. F. Curl, and F.K. Tittel, “Pulsed Quantum-Cascade Laser-Based Sensor for Trace-Gas Detection of Carbonyl Sulfide,” App. Opt. 43, 6040 (2004).
[Crossref]

Yang, C.

D. Psaltis, S. R. Quake, and C. Yang, “Developing optofluidic technology through the fusion of microfluidics and optics,” Nature 442, 381 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Yin, Z.

Z. Yin and F. W. Smith, “Optical dielectric function and infrared absorption of hydrogenated amorphous silicon nitride films: Experimental results and effective-medium-approximation analysis,” Phys. Rev. B 42, 3666 (1990).
[Crossref]

Yu, J. S.

J. S. Yu, S. Slivken, A. Evans, L. Doris, and M. Razeghi, “High-power continuous-wave operation of a 6 μm quantum-cascade laser at room temperature,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 2503 (2003).
[Crossref]

Zibik, E. A.

R. P. Green, L. R. Wilson, E. A. Zibik, D. G. Revin, J. W. Cockburn, C. Pflügl, W. Schrenk, G. Strasser, A. B. Krysa, J. S. Roberts, C. M. Tey, and A. G. Cullis, “High-performance distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 5529 (2004).
[Crossref]

Anal. Chem. (1)

C. Charlton, A. Katzir, and B. Mizaikoff, “Infrared Evanescent Field Sensing with Quantum Cascade Lasers and Planar Silver Halide Waveguides,” Anal. Chem. 77, 4398 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

App. Opt. (2)

G. Wysocki, M. McCurdy, S. So, D. Weidmann, C. Roller, R. F. Curl, and F.K. Tittel, “Pulsed Quantum-Cascade Laser-Based Sensor for Trace-Gas Detection of Carbonyl Sulfide,” App. Opt. 43, 6040 (2004).
[Crossref]

M.A. Ordal, L.L. Long, R.J. Bell, S. E. Bell, R. R. Bell, R.W. Alexander, and C. A. Ward, “Optical properties of the metals Al, Co, Cu, Au, Fe, Pb, Ni, Pd, Pt, Ag, Ti, and W in the infrared and far infrared,” App. Opt. 22, 1099 (1983).
[Crossref]

Appl. Phys. B (1)

M. Schaden, A. Doninguez-Vidal, and B. Lendl, “Simultaneous measurement of two compounds in aqueous solution with dual quantum cascade laser absorption spectroscopy,” Appl. Phys. B 83, 135 (2006).
[Crossref]

Appl. Phys. Lett. (8)

B. Maune, M. Loncar, J. Witzens, M. Hochberg, T. Baehr-Jones, D. Psaltis, A. Scherer, and Y. Qiu, “Liquid-crystal electric tuning of a photonic crystal laser,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 360 (2004).
[Crossref]

M. Loncar, A. Scherer, and Y. Qiu, “Photonic crystal laser sources for chemical detection,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 4648 (2003).
[Crossref]

J. S. Yu, S. Slivken, A. Evans, L. Doris, and M. Razeghi, “High-power continuous-wave operation of a 6 μm quantum-cascade laser at room temperature,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 2503 (2003).
[Crossref]

M. Troccoli, D. Bour, S. Corzine, G. Hofler, A. Tandon, D. Mars, D. J. Smith, L. Diehl, and F. Capasso, “Low-threshold continuous-wave operation of quantum-cascade lasers grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 5842 (2004).
[Crossref]

W. Schrenk, N. Finger, S. Gianordoli, L. Hvozdara, G. Strasser, and E. Gornik, “Surface-emitting distributed feedback quantum-cascade lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 77, 2086 (2000).
[Crossref]

M. Bahriz, V. Moreau, J. Palomo, R. Colombelli, D.A. Austin, J.W. Cockburn, L.R. Wilson, A.B. Krysa, and J.S. Roberts, “Room temperature operation of λ ≈ 7.5 μm surface-plasmon quantum cascade lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 181103 (2006).
[Crossref]

R. P. Green, L. R. Wilson, E. A. Zibik, D. G. Revin, J. W. Cockburn, C. Pflügl, W. Schrenk, G. Strasser, A. B. Krysa, J. S. Roberts, C. M. Tey, and A. G. Cullis, “High-performance distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 5529 (2004).
[Crossref]

V. Moreau, M. Bahriz, R. Colombelli, P.-A Lemoine, Y. DeWilde, L.R. Wilson, and A.B. Krysa, “Direct imaging of a laser mode via midinfrared near-field microscopy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 201114 (2007).
[Crossref]

IEEE J. Quantum Elec. (1)

A. A. Kosterev and F. K. Tittel, “Chemical sensors based on quantum cascade lasers,” IEEE J. Quantum Elec. 38, 582 (2002).
[Crossref]

IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. (1)

D. Hofstetter, T. Aellen, M. Beck, and J. Faist, “High average power first-order distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 12, 1610 (2000).
[Crossref]

J. Cryst. Growth (1)

A.B. Krysa, J.S. Roberts, R.P. Green, L.R. Wilson, H. Page, M. Garcia, and J.W. Cockburn, “MOVPE-grown quantum cascade lasers operating at ≈ 9 μm wavelength,” J. Cryst. Growth,  272, 682 (2004).
[Crossref]

Nature (1)

D. Psaltis, S. R. Quake, and C. Yang, “Developing optofluidic technology through the fusion of microfluidics and optics,” Nature 442, 381 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Nature Photon. (1)

C. Monat, P. Domachuk, and B. J. Eggleton, “Integrated optofluidics: A new river of light,” Nature Photon. 1, 106 (2007).
[Crossref]

Opt. Express (3)

Opt. Lett. (1)

Photon. Technol. Lett. (1)

V. Moreau, M. Bahriz, J. Palomo, L.R. Wilson, A.B. Krysa, C. Sirtori, D.A. Austin, J.W. Cockburn, J.S. Roberts, and R. Colombelli, “Optical Mode Control of Surface-Plasmon Quantum Cascade Lasers,” Photon. Technol. Lett. 18, 2499 (2006).
[Crossref]

Phys. Rev. B (1)

Z. Yin and F. W. Smith, “Optical dielectric function and infrared absorption of hydrogenated amorphous silicon nitride films: Experimental results and effective-medium-approximation analysis,” Phys. Rev. B 42, 3666 (1990).
[Crossref]

Proc. SPIE (1)

D. Erickson, T. Rockwood, T. Emery, A. Scherer, and Demetri Psaltis, “Nanofluidic tuning of photonic crystal circuits,” Proc. SPIE 6475, 647513 (2007).
[Crossref]

Rep. Progr. in Physics (1)

C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, D. L. Sivco, and A. Y. Cho, “Recent progress in quantum cascade lasers and applications,” Rep. Progr. in Physics 64, 1533 (2001).
[Crossref]

Science (3)

J. Faist, F. Capasso, D. L. Sivco, C. Sirtori, A. L. Hutchinson, and A. Y. Cho, “Quantum cascade laser,rdquo; Science 264, 553 (1994).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Beck, D. Hofstetter, T. Allen, J. Faist, U. Oesterle, M. Ilegems, E. Gini, and H. Melchior, “Continuous Wave Operation of a Mid-Infrared Semiconductor Laser at Room Temperature,” Science 295, 301 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

R. Colombelli, K. Srinivasan, M. Troccoli, O. Painter, C.F. Gmachl, D. M. Tennant, A. M. Sergent, D. L. Sivco, A. Y. Cho, and F. Capasso, “Quantum Cascade Surface-Emitting Photonic Crystal Laser,” Science 302, 1374 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Other (6)

L. A. Coldren and S. W. Corzine, ”Diode Lasers and Photonic Integrated Circuits,” Wiley-Interscience (1995).

The commercial software Comsol Multiphysics was use.

J. Faist and C. Sirtori, in ‘Long wavelength infrared semiconductor lasers’ (J. Wiley and Sons, Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2004).

R. Perahia, K. Srinivasan, O. Painter, V. Moreau, M. Bahriz, R. Colombelli, and F. Capasso, ”Quantum cascade photonic crystal lasers: design, fabrication, and applications,” CLEO 2006 (CTuAA5), Long Beach CA, May 2006.

R. Perahia, O. Painter, M. Bahriz, V. Moreau, and R. Colombelli, “Design of quantum cascade lasers for intra-cavity sensing in the mid infrared,” manuscript in preparation.

R. Perahia, O. Painter, V. Moreau, M. Bahriz, R. Colombelli, L.R. Wilson, and A.B. Krysa, “Quantum Cascade Microdisk Lasers for Mid Infrared Intra-Cavity Sensing,” CLEO 2007 (CTuE5), Baltimore (MA), May 2007.

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Figures (6)

Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Waveguide calculations, performed in a 1D transfer matrix approach, for two different waveguide geometries applied to the same heterostructure. Dark blue-line: surface-plasmon waveguide mode with a gold plasmon-carrying layer (Γ = 90%, α = 48 cm-1). Light blue-line: air-confinement waveguide with removal of the top n+-layers (Γ = 72%, α = 3 cm-1). The grey areas correspond to the laser active region. The surface is located at x = 0 and the red area is the portion of the mode that leaks evanescently above the surface. Its “confining” factor Γ air is ≈ 0:9%.

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Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. (a) Schematic layout of the fabricated devices. The contacts are deposited laterally on the edge of the ridge waveguide. Most of the ridge surface is left exposed to the air. The sidewalls in the real-devices are slanted, not vertical, since a wet chemical etch (HBr:HNO3:H2O) has been used. (b) A wet etch, or an aggressive oxygen plasma followed by a dip in HCl can remove the thin top n+ layer. (c) SEM image of a typical final device.

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Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. (a) Current-voltage (IV) characteristics at a temperature of 78K for a typical device (100 ns pulse width at 5 kHz repetition rate). The device dimensions are 1500 μm X 36 μm. Inset: Fabry-Perot spectrum of a typical device at 78 K. (b) Emission spectra at different temperatures for a typical device (50 ns pulse width at 84 kHz repetition rate). The spectra were acquired with a Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR) operated in rapidscan mode and with a resolution of 0.125 cm-1. The signal was detected with a DTGS (deuterated triglycine sulfate) detector.

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Fig. 4.
Fig. 4. Light-current (LI) characteristics of a typical device at different temperatures (100ns pulse width at 1 kHz repetition rate). The device dimensions are 1500 μm X 36 μm. The power was measured with a fast MCT (Mercury-Cadmium-Telluride) detector that had been calibrated with a thermopile.

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Fig. 5.
Fig. 5. (a) Schematic geometry of the measured device. (b) High-loss waveguide mode (Ez component) localised below one of the metal bands. We calculate α ≈ 52 cm-1 for this mode. An identical mode exists and it is localised below the other metal band. (c) Low-loss, air-guided modes (Ez component) for a laser device with ridge width of 36 μm. The geometry corresponds to panel (a). We calculate α ≈ 9 cm-1 for this mode.

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Fig. 6.
Fig. 6. (a) Cross-section schematic of the end-facet of the laser ridge. The ridge width is 36 μm. (b) 2D color-plot of the calculated far field for the ridge in panel (a). (c) 2D surface-plot of the calculated far field intensity. (d) Calculated far field as a function of θx (see panel a), for θy = 0 (e) Experimental far field, measured by scanning a liquid-nitrogen-cooled MCT detector in front of the device at a fixed distance. The agreement with the calculated far field is excellent.

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Tables (1)

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Table 1. QCL Epitaxy

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Equations (1)

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∣ E far ( θ x , θ y , R ) ∣ 2 = cos 2 ( θ x ) cos 2 ( θ y ) λ 2 R 2 ( sin 2 ( θ x ) sin 2 ( θ y ) ) ∣ ∫ ∫ ∣ E ( x , y ) ∣ e + ikx ∙ sin ⁡ ( θ x ) e + iky ∙ sin ⁡ ( θ y ) dxdy | 2 ,

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