Abstract

In this contribution, different measurement noise pre-filtering techniques were developed using frequency-domain fluorescence measurements of homogeneous breast phantoms. We demonstrated that implementing noise pre-filtering, based on modulation depth and measurement error in amplitude, can improve model match between experimental and simulated data under varying experimental conditions (target depths, 1–3 cm and fluorescence optical contrast, 1:0 and 100:1). Noise pre-filtering also improves the qualitative estimation of target(s) location in reconstructed images in deep target(s) when there was fluorescence in the background. Interestingly, decreases in model mismatch did not necessarily correlate with increases in reconstructed target accuracy. In addition, it was observed that pre-filtering measurement noise using different criteria can help differentiate target(s) from artifacts, thus possibly minimizing the false-positive cases in a clinical environment.

©2007 Optical Society of America

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  1. M. A. Franceschini, K. T. Moesta, S. Fantini, G. Gaida, E. Gratton, H. Jess, W. W. Mantulin, M. Seeber, P. M. Schlag, and M. Kaschke, “Frequency-domain techniques enhance optical mammography: Initial clinical results,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 6468–6473 (1997).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  2. S. Fantini, S. A. Walker, M. A. Franceschini, M. Kaschke, P. M. Schlag, and K. T. Moesta, “Assessment of the size, position, and optical properties of breast tumors in vivo by noninvasive optical methods,” Appl. Opt. 37, 1982–1989 (1998).
    [Crossref]
  3. K. T. Moesta, S. Fantini, H. Jess, S. Totkas, M. A. Franceschini, M. Kaschke, and P. M. Schlag, “Contrast features of breast cancer in frequency-domain laser scanning mammography,” J. Biomed. Opt. 3, 129–136 (1998).
    [Crossref]
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    [Crossref]
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    [Crossref]
  6. B. W. Pogue, S. P. Poplack, T. O. McBride, W. A. Wells, K. S. Osterman, U. L. Osterberg, and K. D. Paulsen, “Quantitative hemoglobin tomography with diffuse near-infrared spectroscopy: Pilot results in the breast,” Radiology 218, 261–266 (2001).
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  8. A. Li, G. Boverman, Y. Zhang, D. Brooks, E.L. Miller, M.E. Kilmer, Q. Zhang, E.M. Hillman, and D.A. Boas, “Optimal linear inverse solution with multiple priors in diffuse optical tomography,” Appl. Opt. 44, 1948–56 (2005).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  9. Q. Zhang, T.J. Brukilacchio, A. Li, J.J. Stott, T. Chaves, E. Hillman, T. Wu, M. Chorlton, E. Rafferty, R.H. Moore, D.B. Kopans, and D.A. Boas, “Coregistered tomographic x-ray and optical breast imaging: initial results,” J. Biomed. Opt. 10, 24033(2005).
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  10. A.P. Gibson, J.C. Hebden, and S.R. Arridge, “Recent advances in diffuse optical imaging,” Phys. Med. Biol.. 50, R1–43 (2005).
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  14. A. Godavarty, M. J. Eppstein, C. Zhang, S. Theru, A. B. Thompson, M. Gurfinkel, and E. M. Sevick-Muraca, “Fluorescence-enhanced optical imaging in large tissue volumes using a gain-modulated ICCD camera,” Phys. Med. Biol. 48, 1701–1720 (2003).
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  16. A. Godavarty, C. Zhang, M. J. Eppstein, and E. M. Sevick-Muraca, “Fluorescence-enhanced optical imaging of large phantoms using single and simultaneous dual point illumination geometries,” Med. Phys. 31, 183–190 (2004).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  17. A. Godavarty, E. M. Sevick-Muraca, and M. J. Eppstein, “Three-dimensional fluorescence lifetime tomography,” Med. Phys. 32, 992–1000 (2005).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  18. Y. Chen, X. Intes, and B. Chance, “Development of high-sensitivity near-infrared fluorescence imaging device for early cancer detection,” Biomed. Instrum. Technol.,  39, 75–85 (2005).
    [PubMed]
  19. Z. Sun, Y. Huang, and E. M. Sevick-Muraca, “Precise analysis of frequency domain migration measurement for characterization of concentrated colloidal suspensions,SCI. Instrum. 73, 383–393(2002)
    [Crossref]
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  22. M. J. Eppstein, D. E. Dougherty, T. L. Troy, and E. M. Sevick-Muraca, “Biomedical optical tomography using dynamic parameterization and Bayesian conditioning on photon migration measurements”, Appl. Opt.,  38:2138–2150 (1999).
    [Crossref]
  23. M. J. Eppstein, D. J. Hawrysz, A. Godavarty, and E. M. Sevick-Muraca,“Three-dimensional, near-infrared fluorescence tomography with Bayesian methodologies for image reconstruction from sparse and noisy data sets,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99, 9619–9624 (2002).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]

2005 (6)

Q. Zhang, T.J. Brukilacchio, A. Li, J.J. Stott, T. Chaves, E. Hillman, T. Wu, M. Chorlton, E. Rafferty, R.H. Moore, D.B. Kopans, and D.A. Boas, “Coregistered tomographic x-ray and optical breast imaging: initial results,” J. Biomed. Opt. 10, 24033(2005).
[Crossref]

A.P. Gibson, J.C. Hebden, and S.R. Arridge, “Recent advances in diffuse optical imaging,” Phys. Med. Biol.. 50, R1–43 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

G. Zacharakis, J. Ripoll, R. Weissleder, and V. Ntziachristos, “Fluorescent protein tomography scanner for small animal imaging,” IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging 24, 878–885 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Godavarty, E. M. Sevick-Muraca, and M. J. Eppstein, “Three-dimensional fluorescence lifetime tomography,” Med. Phys. 32, 992–1000 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. Chen, X. Intes, and B. Chance, “Development of high-sensitivity near-infrared fluorescence imaging device for early cancer detection,” Biomed. Instrum. Technol.,  39, 75–85 (2005).
[PubMed]

A. Li, G. Boverman, Y. Zhang, D. Brooks, E.L. Miller, M.E. Kilmer, Q. Zhang, E.M. Hillman, and D.A. Boas, “Optimal linear inverse solution with multiple priors in diffuse optical tomography,” Appl. Opt. 44, 1948–56 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2004 (2)

A. Godavarty, A. B. Thompson, R. Roy, M. Gurfinkel, M. J. Eppstein, C. Zhang, and E. M. Sevick-Muraca, “Diagnostic imaging of breast cancer using fluorescence-enhanced optical tomography: phantom studies,” J. Biomed. Opt. 9, 488–496 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Godavarty, C. Zhang, M. J. Eppstein, and E. M. Sevick-Muraca, “Fluorescence-enhanced optical imaging of large phantoms using single and simultaneous dual point illumination geometries,” Med. Phys. 31, 183–190 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2003 (2)

A. Godavarty, M. J. Eppstein, C. Zhang, S. Theru, A. B. Thompson, M. Gurfinkel, and E. M. Sevick-Muraca, “Fluorescence-enhanced optical imaging in large tissue volumes using a gain-modulated ICCD camera,” Phys. Med. Biol. 48, 1701–1720 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

E. E. Graves, J. Ripoll, R. Weissleder, and V. Ntziachristos, “A submillimeter resolution fluorescence molecular imaging system for small animal imaging,” Med. Phys. 30, 901–911 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2002 (3)

V. Ntziachristos, C.-H. Tung, C. Bremer, and Weissleder, “Fluorescence molecular tomography resolves protease activity in vivo,” Nat. Med. 8, 757–760 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Z. Sun, Y. Huang, and E. M. Sevick-Muraca, “Precise analysis of frequency domain migration measurement for characterization of concentrated colloidal suspensions,SCI. Instrum. 73, 383–393(2002)
[Crossref]

M. J. Eppstein, D. J. Hawrysz, A. Godavarty, and E. M. Sevick-Muraca,“Three-dimensional, near-infrared fluorescence tomography with Bayesian methodologies for image reconstruction from sparse and noisy data sets,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99, 9619–9624 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2001 (2)

B. W. Pogue, S. P. Poplack, T. O. McBride, W. A. Wells, K. S. Osterman, U. L. Osterberg, and K. D. Paulsen, “Quantitative hemoglobin tomography with diffuse near-infrared spectroscopy: Pilot results in the breast,” Radiology 218, 261–266 (2001).
[PubMed]

H. Jiang, Y. Xu, N. Iftimia, J. Eggert, K. Klove, L. Baron, and L. Fajardo, “Three-dimensional optical tomographic imaging of breast in a human subject,” IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging 20, 1334–1340 (2001).
[Crossref]

1999 (3)

1998 (2)

S. Fantini, S. A. Walker, M. A. Franceschini, M. Kaschke, P. M. Schlag, and K. T. Moesta, “Assessment of the size, position, and optical properties of breast tumors in vivo by noninvasive optical methods,” Appl. Opt. 37, 1982–1989 (1998).
[Crossref]

K. T. Moesta, S. Fantini, H. Jess, S. Totkas, M. A. Franceschini, M. Kaschke, and P. M. Schlag, “Contrast features of breast cancer in frequency-domain laser scanning mammography,” J. Biomed. Opt. 3, 129–136 (1998).
[Crossref]

1997 (1)

M. A. Franceschini, K. T. Moesta, S. Fantini, G. Gaida, E. Gratton, H. Jess, W. W. Mantulin, M. Seeber, P. M. Schlag, and M. Kaschke, “Frequency-domain techniques enhance optical mammography: Initial clinical results,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 6468–6473 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

’t Hooft, G. W.

S. B. Colak, M. B. van der Mark, G. W. ’t Hooft, J. H. Hoogenraad, E. S. van der Linden, and F. A. Kuijpers, “Clinical Optical Tomography and NIR Spectroscopy for Breast Cancer Detection,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 5, 1143–1158 (1999).
[Crossref]

Arridge, S.R.

A.P. Gibson, J.C. Hebden, and S.R. Arridge, “Recent advances in diffuse optical imaging,” Phys. Med. Biol.. 50, R1–43 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Baron, L.

H. Jiang, Y. Xu, N. Iftimia, J. Eggert, K. Klove, L. Baron, and L. Fajardo, “Three-dimensional optical tomographic imaging of breast in a human subject,” IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging 20, 1334–1340 (2001).
[Crossref]

Boas, D.A.

Q. Zhang, T.J. Brukilacchio, A. Li, J.J. Stott, T. Chaves, E. Hillman, T. Wu, M. Chorlton, E. Rafferty, R.H. Moore, D.B. Kopans, and D.A. Boas, “Coregistered tomographic x-ray and optical breast imaging: initial results,” J. Biomed. Opt. 10, 24033(2005).
[Crossref]

A. Li, G. Boverman, Y. Zhang, D. Brooks, E.L. Miller, M.E. Kilmer, Q. Zhang, E.M. Hillman, and D.A. Boas, “Optimal linear inverse solution with multiple priors in diffuse optical tomography,” Appl. Opt. 44, 1948–56 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Boverman, G.

Bremer, C.

V. Ntziachristos, C.-H. Tung, C. Bremer, and Weissleder, “Fluorescence molecular tomography resolves protease activity in vivo,” Nat. Med. 8, 757–760 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Brooks, D.

Brukilacchio, T.J.

Q. Zhang, T.J. Brukilacchio, A. Li, J.J. Stott, T. Chaves, E. Hillman, T. Wu, M. Chorlton, E. Rafferty, R.H. Moore, D.B. Kopans, and D.A. Boas, “Coregistered tomographic x-ray and optical breast imaging: initial results,” J. Biomed. Opt. 10, 24033(2005).
[Crossref]

Chance, B.

Y. Chen, X. Intes, and B. Chance, “Development of high-sensitivity near-infrared fluorescence imaging device for early cancer detection,” Biomed. Instrum. Technol.,  39, 75–85 (2005).
[PubMed]

Chaves, T.

Q. Zhang, T.J. Brukilacchio, A. Li, J.J. Stott, T. Chaves, E. Hillman, T. Wu, M. Chorlton, E. Rafferty, R.H. Moore, D.B. Kopans, and D.A. Boas, “Coregistered tomographic x-ray and optical breast imaging: initial results,” J. Biomed. Opt. 10, 24033(2005).
[Crossref]

Chen, Y.

Y. Chen, X. Intes, and B. Chance, “Development of high-sensitivity near-infrared fluorescence imaging device for early cancer detection,” Biomed. Instrum. Technol.,  39, 75–85 (2005).
[PubMed]

Chorlton, M.

Q. Zhang, T.J. Brukilacchio, A. Li, J.J. Stott, T. Chaves, E. Hillman, T. Wu, M. Chorlton, E. Rafferty, R.H. Moore, D.B. Kopans, and D.A. Boas, “Coregistered tomographic x-ray and optical breast imaging: initial results,” J. Biomed. Opt. 10, 24033(2005).
[Crossref]

Colak, S. B.

S. B. Colak, M. B. van der Mark, G. W. ’t Hooft, J. H. Hoogenraad, E. S. van der Linden, and F. A. Kuijpers, “Clinical Optical Tomography and NIR Spectroscopy for Breast Cancer Detection,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 5, 1143–1158 (1999).
[Crossref]

Dougherty, D. E.

Eggert, J.

H. Jiang, Y. Xu, N. Iftimia, J. Eggert, K. Klove, L. Baron, and L. Fajardo, “Three-dimensional optical tomographic imaging of breast in a human subject,” IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging 20, 1334–1340 (2001).
[Crossref]

Eppstein, M. J.

A. Godavarty, E. M. Sevick-Muraca, and M. J. Eppstein, “Three-dimensional fluorescence lifetime tomography,” Med. Phys. 32, 992–1000 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Godavarty, A. B. Thompson, R. Roy, M. Gurfinkel, M. J. Eppstein, C. Zhang, and E. M. Sevick-Muraca, “Diagnostic imaging of breast cancer using fluorescence-enhanced optical tomography: phantom studies,” J. Biomed. Opt. 9, 488–496 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Godavarty, C. Zhang, M. J. Eppstein, and E. M. Sevick-Muraca, “Fluorescence-enhanced optical imaging of large phantoms using single and simultaneous dual point illumination geometries,” Med. Phys. 31, 183–190 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Godavarty, M. J. Eppstein, C. Zhang, S. Theru, A. B. Thompson, M. Gurfinkel, and E. M. Sevick-Muraca, “Fluorescence-enhanced optical imaging in large tissue volumes using a gain-modulated ICCD camera,” Phys. Med. Biol. 48, 1701–1720 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. J. Eppstein, D. J. Hawrysz, A. Godavarty, and E. M. Sevick-Muraca,“Three-dimensional, near-infrared fluorescence tomography with Bayesian methodologies for image reconstruction from sparse and noisy data sets,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99, 9619–9624 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. J. Eppstein, D. E. Dougherty, T. L. Troy, and E. M. Sevick-Muraca, “Biomedical optical tomography using dynamic parameterization and Bayesian conditioning on photon migration measurements”, Appl. Opt.,  38:2138–2150 (1999).
[Crossref]

Fajardo, L.

H. Jiang, Y. Xu, N. Iftimia, J. Eggert, K. Klove, L. Baron, and L. Fajardo, “Three-dimensional optical tomographic imaging of breast in a human subject,” IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging 20, 1334–1340 (2001).
[Crossref]

Fantini, S.

S. Fantini, S. A. Walker, M. A. Franceschini, M. Kaschke, P. M. Schlag, and K. T. Moesta, “Assessment of the size, position, and optical properties of breast tumors in vivo by noninvasive optical methods,” Appl. Opt. 37, 1982–1989 (1998).
[Crossref]

K. T. Moesta, S. Fantini, H. Jess, S. Totkas, M. A. Franceschini, M. Kaschke, and P. M. Schlag, “Contrast features of breast cancer in frequency-domain laser scanning mammography,” J. Biomed. Opt. 3, 129–136 (1998).
[Crossref]

M. A. Franceschini, K. T. Moesta, S. Fantini, G. Gaida, E. Gratton, H. Jess, W. W. Mantulin, M. Seeber, P. M. Schlag, and M. Kaschke, “Frequency-domain techniques enhance optical mammography: Initial clinical results,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 6468–6473 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Franceschini, M. A.

K. T. Moesta, S. Fantini, H. Jess, S. Totkas, M. A. Franceschini, M. Kaschke, and P. M. Schlag, “Contrast features of breast cancer in frequency-domain laser scanning mammography,” J. Biomed. Opt. 3, 129–136 (1998).
[Crossref]

S. Fantini, S. A. Walker, M. A. Franceschini, M. Kaschke, P. M. Schlag, and K. T. Moesta, “Assessment of the size, position, and optical properties of breast tumors in vivo by noninvasive optical methods,” Appl. Opt. 37, 1982–1989 (1998).
[Crossref]

M. A. Franceschini, K. T. Moesta, S. Fantini, G. Gaida, E. Gratton, H. Jess, W. W. Mantulin, M. Seeber, P. M. Schlag, and M. Kaschke, “Frequency-domain techniques enhance optical mammography: Initial clinical results,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 6468–6473 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Gaida, G.

M. A. Franceschini, K. T. Moesta, S. Fantini, G. Gaida, E. Gratton, H. Jess, W. W. Mantulin, M. Seeber, P. M. Schlag, and M. Kaschke, “Frequency-domain techniques enhance optical mammography: Initial clinical results,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 6468–6473 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Gibson, A.P.

A.P. Gibson, J.C. Hebden, and S.R. Arridge, “Recent advances in diffuse optical imaging,” Phys. Med. Biol.. 50, R1–43 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Godavarty, A.

A. Godavarty, E. M. Sevick-Muraca, and M. J. Eppstein, “Three-dimensional fluorescence lifetime tomography,” Med. Phys. 32, 992–1000 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Godavarty, A. B. Thompson, R. Roy, M. Gurfinkel, M. J. Eppstein, C. Zhang, and E. M. Sevick-Muraca, “Diagnostic imaging of breast cancer using fluorescence-enhanced optical tomography: phantom studies,” J. Biomed. Opt. 9, 488–496 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Godavarty, C. Zhang, M. J. Eppstein, and E. M. Sevick-Muraca, “Fluorescence-enhanced optical imaging of large phantoms using single and simultaneous dual point illumination geometries,” Med. Phys. 31, 183–190 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Godavarty, M. J. Eppstein, C. Zhang, S. Theru, A. B. Thompson, M. Gurfinkel, and E. M. Sevick-Muraca, “Fluorescence-enhanced optical imaging in large tissue volumes using a gain-modulated ICCD camera,” Phys. Med. Biol. 48, 1701–1720 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. J. Eppstein, D. J. Hawrysz, A. Godavarty, and E. M. Sevick-Muraca,“Three-dimensional, near-infrared fluorescence tomography with Bayesian methodologies for image reconstruction from sparse and noisy data sets,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99, 9619–9624 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Gratton, E.

M. A. Franceschini, K. T. Moesta, S. Fantini, G. Gaida, E. Gratton, H. Jess, W. W. Mantulin, M. Seeber, P. M. Schlag, and M. Kaschke, “Frequency-domain techniques enhance optical mammography: Initial clinical results,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 6468–6473 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Graves, E. E.

E. E. Graves, J. Ripoll, R. Weissleder, and V. Ntziachristos, “A submillimeter resolution fluorescence molecular imaging system for small animal imaging,” Med. Phys. 30, 901–911 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Grosenick, D.

Gurfinkel, M.

A. Godavarty, A. B. Thompson, R. Roy, M. Gurfinkel, M. J. Eppstein, C. Zhang, and E. M. Sevick-Muraca, “Diagnostic imaging of breast cancer using fluorescence-enhanced optical tomography: phantom studies,” J. Biomed. Opt. 9, 488–496 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Godavarty, M. J. Eppstein, C. Zhang, S. Theru, A. B. Thompson, M. Gurfinkel, and E. M. Sevick-Muraca, “Fluorescence-enhanced optical imaging in large tissue volumes using a gain-modulated ICCD camera,” Phys. Med. Biol. 48, 1701–1720 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Hawrysz, D. J.

M. J. Eppstein, D. J. Hawrysz, A. Godavarty, and E. M. Sevick-Muraca,“Three-dimensional, near-infrared fluorescence tomography with Bayesian methodologies for image reconstruction from sparse and noisy data sets,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99, 9619–9624 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Hebden, J.C.

A.P. Gibson, J.C. Hebden, and S.R. Arridge, “Recent advances in diffuse optical imaging,” Phys. Med. Biol.. 50, R1–43 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Hillman, E.

Q. Zhang, T.J. Brukilacchio, A. Li, J.J. Stott, T. Chaves, E. Hillman, T. Wu, M. Chorlton, E. Rafferty, R.H. Moore, D.B. Kopans, and D.A. Boas, “Coregistered tomographic x-ray and optical breast imaging: initial results,” J. Biomed. Opt. 10, 24033(2005).
[Crossref]

Hillman, E.M.

Hoogenraad, J. H.

S. B. Colak, M. B. van der Mark, G. W. ’t Hooft, J. H. Hoogenraad, E. S. van der Linden, and F. A. Kuijpers, “Clinical Optical Tomography and NIR Spectroscopy for Breast Cancer Detection,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 5, 1143–1158 (1999).
[Crossref]

Huang, Y.

Z. Sun, Y. Huang, and E. M. Sevick-Muraca, “Precise analysis of frequency domain migration measurement for characterization of concentrated colloidal suspensions,SCI. Instrum. 73, 383–393(2002)
[Crossref]

Iftimia, N.

H. Jiang, Y. Xu, N. Iftimia, J. Eggert, K. Klove, L. Baron, and L. Fajardo, “Three-dimensional optical tomographic imaging of breast in a human subject,” IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging 20, 1334–1340 (2001).
[Crossref]

Intes, X.

Y. Chen, X. Intes, and B. Chance, “Development of high-sensitivity near-infrared fluorescence imaging device for early cancer detection,” Biomed. Instrum. Technol.,  39, 75–85 (2005).
[PubMed]

Jess, H.

K. T. Moesta, S. Fantini, H. Jess, S. Totkas, M. A. Franceschini, M. Kaschke, and P. M. Schlag, “Contrast features of breast cancer in frequency-domain laser scanning mammography,” J. Biomed. Opt. 3, 129–136 (1998).
[Crossref]

M. A. Franceschini, K. T. Moesta, S. Fantini, G. Gaida, E. Gratton, H. Jess, W. W. Mantulin, M. Seeber, P. M. Schlag, and M. Kaschke, “Frequency-domain techniques enhance optical mammography: Initial clinical results,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 6468–6473 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Jiang, H.

H. Jiang, Y. Xu, N. Iftimia, J. Eggert, K. Klove, L. Baron, and L. Fajardo, “Three-dimensional optical tomographic imaging of breast in a human subject,” IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging 20, 1334–1340 (2001).
[Crossref]

Kaschke, M.

S. Fantini, S. A. Walker, M. A. Franceschini, M. Kaschke, P. M. Schlag, and K. T. Moesta, “Assessment of the size, position, and optical properties of breast tumors in vivo by noninvasive optical methods,” Appl. Opt. 37, 1982–1989 (1998).
[Crossref]

K. T. Moesta, S. Fantini, H. Jess, S. Totkas, M. A. Franceschini, M. Kaschke, and P. M. Schlag, “Contrast features of breast cancer in frequency-domain laser scanning mammography,” J. Biomed. Opt. 3, 129–136 (1998).
[Crossref]

M. A. Franceschini, K. T. Moesta, S. Fantini, G. Gaida, E. Gratton, H. Jess, W. W. Mantulin, M. Seeber, P. M. Schlag, and M. Kaschke, “Frequency-domain techniques enhance optical mammography: Initial clinical results,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 6468–6473 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Kilmer, M.E.

Klove, K.

H. Jiang, Y. Xu, N. Iftimia, J. Eggert, K. Klove, L. Baron, and L. Fajardo, “Three-dimensional optical tomographic imaging of breast in a human subject,” IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging 20, 1334–1340 (2001).
[Crossref]

Kopans, D.B.

Q. Zhang, T.J. Brukilacchio, A. Li, J.J. Stott, T. Chaves, E. Hillman, T. Wu, M. Chorlton, E. Rafferty, R.H. Moore, D.B. Kopans, and D.A. Boas, “Coregistered tomographic x-ray and optical breast imaging: initial results,” J. Biomed. Opt. 10, 24033(2005).
[Crossref]

Kuijpers, F. A.

S. B. Colak, M. B. van der Mark, G. W. ’t Hooft, J. H. Hoogenraad, E. S. van der Linden, and F. A. Kuijpers, “Clinical Optical Tomography and NIR Spectroscopy for Breast Cancer Detection,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 5, 1143–1158 (1999).
[Crossref]

Li, A.

A. Li, G. Boverman, Y. Zhang, D. Brooks, E.L. Miller, M.E. Kilmer, Q. Zhang, E.M. Hillman, and D.A. Boas, “Optimal linear inverse solution with multiple priors in diffuse optical tomography,” Appl. Opt. 44, 1948–56 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Q. Zhang, T.J. Brukilacchio, A. Li, J.J. Stott, T. Chaves, E. Hillman, T. Wu, M. Chorlton, E. Rafferty, R.H. Moore, D.B. Kopans, and D.A. Boas, “Coregistered tomographic x-ray and optical breast imaging: initial results,” J. Biomed. Opt. 10, 24033(2005).
[Crossref]

Mantulin, W. W.

M. A. Franceschini, K. T. Moesta, S. Fantini, G. Gaida, E. Gratton, H. Jess, W. W. Mantulin, M. Seeber, P. M. Schlag, and M. Kaschke, “Frequency-domain techniques enhance optical mammography: Initial clinical results,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 6468–6473 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

McBride, T. O.

B. W. Pogue, S. P. Poplack, T. O. McBride, W. A. Wells, K. S. Osterman, U. L. Osterberg, and K. D. Paulsen, “Quantitative hemoglobin tomography with diffuse near-infrared spectroscopy: Pilot results in the breast,” Radiology 218, 261–266 (2001).
[PubMed]

Miller, E.L.

Moesta, K. T.

D. Grosenick, H. Wabnitz, H. H. Rinneberg, K. T. Moesta, and P. M. Schlag, “Development of a time-domain optical mammograph and first in vivo applications,” Appl. Opt. 38, 2927–2943 (1999).
[Crossref]

K. T. Moesta, S. Fantini, H. Jess, S. Totkas, M. A. Franceschini, M. Kaschke, and P. M. Schlag, “Contrast features of breast cancer in frequency-domain laser scanning mammography,” J. Biomed. Opt. 3, 129–136 (1998).
[Crossref]

S. Fantini, S. A. Walker, M. A. Franceschini, M. Kaschke, P. M. Schlag, and K. T. Moesta, “Assessment of the size, position, and optical properties of breast tumors in vivo by noninvasive optical methods,” Appl. Opt. 37, 1982–1989 (1998).
[Crossref]

M. A. Franceschini, K. T. Moesta, S. Fantini, G. Gaida, E. Gratton, H. Jess, W. W. Mantulin, M. Seeber, P. M. Schlag, and M. Kaschke, “Frequency-domain techniques enhance optical mammography: Initial clinical results,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 6468–6473 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Moore, R.H.

Q. Zhang, T.J. Brukilacchio, A. Li, J.J. Stott, T. Chaves, E. Hillman, T. Wu, M. Chorlton, E. Rafferty, R.H. Moore, D.B. Kopans, and D.A. Boas, “Coregistered tomographic x-ray and optical breast imaging: initial results,” J. Biomed. Opt. 10, 24033(2005).
[Crossref]

Ntziachristos, V.

G. Zacharakis, J. Ripoll, R. Weissleder, and V. Ntziachristos, “Fluorescent protein tomography scanner for small animal imaging,” IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging 24, 878–885 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

E. E. Graves, J. Ripoll, R. Weissleder, and V. Ntziachristos, “A submillimeter resolution fluorescence molecular imaging system for small animal imaging,” Med. Phys. 30, 901–911 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

V. Ntziachristos, C.-H. Tung, C. Bremer, and Weissleder, “Fluorescence molecular tomography resolves protease activity in vivo,” Nat. Med. 8, 757–760 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Osterberg, U. L.

B. W. Pogue, S. P. Poplack, T. O. McBride, W. A. Wells, K. S. Osterman, U. L. Osterberg, and K. D. Paulsen, “Quantitative hemoglobin tomography with diffuse near-infrared spectroscopy: Pilot results in the breast,” Radiology 218, 261–266 (2001).
[PubMed]

Osterman, K. S.

B. W. Pogue, S. P. Poplack, T. O. McBride, W. A. Wells, K. S. Osterman, U. L. Osterberg, and K. D. Paulsen, “Quantitative hemoglobin tomography with diffuse near-infrared spectroscopy: Pilot results in the breast,” Radiology 218, 261–266 (2001).
[PubMed]

Paulsen, K. D.

B. W. Pogue, S. P. Poplack, T. O. McBride, W. A. Wells, K. S. Osterman, U. L. Osterberg, and K. D. Paulsen, “Quantitative hemoglobin tomography with diffuse near-infrared spectroscopy: Pilot results in the breast,” Radiology 218, 261–266 (2001).
[PubMed]

Pogue, B. W.

B. W. Pogue, S. P. Poplack, T. O. McBride, W. A. Wells, K. S. Osterman, U. L. Osterberg, and K. D. Paulsen, “Quantitative hemoglobin tomography with diffuse near-infrared spectroscopy: Pilot results in the breast,” Radiology 218, 261–266 (2001).
[PubMed]

Poplack, S. P.

B. W. Pogue, S. P. Poplack, T. O. McBride, W. A. Wells, K. S. Osterman, U. L. Osterberg, and K. D. Paulsen, “Quantitative hemoglobin tomography with diffuse near-infrared spectroscopy: Pilot results in the breast,” Radiology 218, 261–266 (2001).
[PubMed]

Rafferty, E.

Q. Zhang, T.J. Brukilacchio, A. Li, J.J. Stott, T. Chaves, E. Hillman, T. Wu, M. Chorlton, E. Rafferty, R.H. Moore, D.B. Kopans, and D.A. Boas, “Coregistered tomographic x-ray and optical breast imaging: initial results,” J. Biomed. Opt. 10, 24033(2005).
[Crossref]

Reddy, J. N.

J. N. Reddy. An Introduction to the Finite Element Method2ed. (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1993).

Rinneberg, H. H.

Ripoll, J.

G. Zacharakis, J. Ripoll, R. Weissleder, and V. Ntziachristos, “Fluorescent protein tomography scanner for small animal imaging,” IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging 24, 878–885 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

E. E. Graves, J. Ripoll, R. Weissleder, and V. Ntziachristos, “A submillimeter resolution fluorescence molecular imaging system for small animal imaging,” Med. Phys. 30, 901–911 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Roy, R.

A. Godavarty, A. B. Thompson, R. Roy, M. Gurfinkel, M. J. Eppstein, C. Zhang, and E. M. Sevick-Muraca, “Diagnostic imaging of breast cancer using fluorescence-enhanced optical tomography: phantom studies,” J. Biomed. Opt. 9, 488–496 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Schlag, P. M.

D. Grosenick, H. Wabnitz, H. H. Rinneberg, K. T. Moesta, and P. M. Schlag, “Development of a time-domain optical mammograph and first in vivo applications,” Appl. Opt. 38, 2927–2943 (1999).
[Crossref]

S. Fantini, S. A. Walker, M. A. Franceschini, M. Kaschke, P. M. Schlag, and K. T. Moesta, “Assessment of the size, position, and optical properties of breast tumors in vivo by noninvasive optical methods,” Appl. Opt. 37, 1982–1989 (1998).
[Crossref]

K. T. Moesta, S. Fantini, H. Jess, S. Totkas, M. A. Franceschini, M. Kaschke, and P. M. Schlag, “Contrast features of breast cancer in frequency-domain laser scanning mammography,” J. Biomed. Opt. 3, 129–136 (1998).
[Crossref]

M. A. Franceschini, K. T. Moesta, S. Fantini, G. Gaida, E. Gratton, H. Jess, W. W. Mantulin, M. Seeber, P. M. Schlag, and M. Kaschke, “Frequency-domain techniques enhance optical mammography: Initial clinical results,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 6468–6473 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Seeber, M.

M. A. Franceschini, K. T. Moesta, S. Fantini, G. Gaida, E. Gratton, H. Jess, W. W. Mantulin, M. Seeber, P. M. Schlag, and M. Kaschke, “Frequency-domain techniques enhance optical mammography: Initial clinical results,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 6468–6473 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Sevick-Muraca, E. M.

A. Godavarty, E. M. Sevick-Muraca, and M. J. Eppstein, “Three-dimensional fluorescence lifetime tomography,” Med. Phys. 32, 992–1000 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Godavarty, A. B. Thompson, R. Roy, M. Gurfinkel, M. J. Eppstein, C. Zhang, and E. M. Sevick-Muraca, “Diagnostic imaging of breast cancer using fluorescence-enhanced optical tomography: phantom studies,” J. Biomed. Opt. 9, 488–496 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Godavarty, C. Zhang, M. J. Eppstein, and E. M. Sevick-Muraca, “Fluorescence-enhanced optical imaging of large phantoms using single and simultaneous dual point illumination geometries,” Med. Phys. 31, 183–190 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Godavarty, M. J. Eppstein, C. Zhang, S. Theru, A. B. Thompson, M. Gurfinkel, and E. M. Sevick-Muraca, “Fluorescence-enhanced optical imaging in large tissue volumes using a gain-modulated ICCD camera,” Phys. Med. Biol. 48, 1701–1720 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. J. Eppstein, D. J. Hawrysz, A. Godavarty, and E. M. Sevick-Muraca,“Three-dimensional, near-infrared fluorescence tomography with Bayesian methodologies for image reconstruction from sparse and noisy data sets,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99, 9619–9624 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Z. Sun, Y. Huang, and E. M. Sevick-Muraca, “Precise analysis of frequency domain migration measurement for characterization of concentrated colloidal suspensions,SCI. Instrum. 73, 383–393(2002)
[Crossref]

M. J. Eppstein, D. E. Dougherty, T. L. Troy, and E. M. Sevick-Muraca, “Biomedical optical tomography using dynamic parameterization and Bayesian conditioning on photon migration measurements”, Appl. Opt.,  38:2138–2150 (1999).
[Crossref]

Stott, J.J.

Q. Zhang, T.J. Brukilacchio, A. Li, J.J. Stott, T. Chaves, E. Hillman, T. Wu, M. Chorlton, E. Rafferty, R.H. Moore, D.B. Kopans, and D.A. Boas, “Coregistered tomographic x-ray and optical breast imaging: initial results,” J. Biomed. Opt. 10, 24033(2005).
[Crossref]

Sun, Z.

Z. Sun, Y. Huang, and E. M. Sevick-Muraca, “Precise analysis of frequency domain migration measurement for characterization of concentrated colloidal suspensions,SCI. Instrum. 73, 383–393(2002)
[Crossref]

Taylor, R. L.

O. C. Zeinkiewicz and R. L. Taylor. The Finite Element Methods In Engineering Science (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1989).

Theru, S.

A. Godavarty, M. J. Eppstein, C. Zhang, S. Theru, A. B. Thompson, M. Gurfinkel, and E. M. Sevick-Muraca, “Fluorescence-enhanced optical imaging in large tissue volumes using a gain-modulated ICCD camera,” Phys. Med. Biol. 48, 1701–1720 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Thompson, A. B.

A. Godavarty, A. B. Thompson, R. Roy, M. Gurfinkel, M. J. Eppstein, C. Zhang, and E. M. Sevick-Muraca, “Diagnostic imaging of breast cancer using fluorescence-enhanced optical tomography: phantom studies,” J. Biomed. Opt. 9, 488–496 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Godavarty, M. J. Eppstein, C. Zhang, S. Theru, A. B. Thompson, M. Gurfinkel, and E. M. Sevick-Muraca, “Fluorescence-enhanced optical imaging in large tissue volumes using a gain-modulated ICCD camera,” Phys. Med. Biol. 48, 1701–1720 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Totkas, S.

K. T. Moesta, S. Fantini, H. Jess, S. Totkas, M. A. Franceschini, M. Kaschke, and P. M. Schlag, “Contrast features of breast cancer in frequency-domain laser scanning mammography,” J. Biomed. Opt. 3, 129–136 (1998).
[Crossref]

Troy, T. L.

Tung, C.-H.

V. Ntziachristos, C.-H. Tung, C. Bremer, and Weissleder, “Fluorescence molecular tomography resolves protease activity in vivo,” Nat. Med. 8, 757–760 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

van der Linden, E. S.

S. B. Colak, M. B. van der Mark, G. W. ’t Hooft, J. H. Hoogenraad, E. S. van der Linden, and F. A. Kuijpers, “Clinical Optical Tomography and NIR Spectroscopy for Breast Cancer Detection,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 5, 1143–1158 (1999).
[Crossref]

van der Mark, M. B.

S. B. Colak, M. B. van der Mark, G. W. ’t Hooft, J. H. Hoogenraad, E. S. van der Linden, and F. A. Kuijpers, “Clinical Optical Tomography and NIR Spectroscopy for Breast Cancer Detection,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 5, 1143–1158 (1999).
[Crossref]

Wabnitz, H.

Walker, S. A.

Weissleder,

V. Ntziachristos, C.-H. Tung, C. Bremer, and Weissleder, “Fluorescence molecular tomography resolves protease activity in vivo,” Nat. Med. 8, 757–760 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Weissleder, R.

G. Zacharakis, J. Ripoll, R. Weissleder, and V. Ntziachristos, “Fluorescent protein tomography scanner for small animal imaging,” IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging 24, 878–885 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

E. E. Graves, J. Ripoll, R. Weissleder, and V. Ntziachristos, “A submillimeter resolution fluorescence molecular imaging system for small animal imaging,” Med. Phys. 30, 901–911 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Wells, W. A.

B. W. Pogue, S. P. Poplack, T. O. McBride, W. A. Wells, K. S. Osterman, U. L. Osterberg, and K. D. Paulsen, “Quantitative hemoglobin tomography with diffuse near-infrared spectroscopy: Pilot results in the breast,” Radiology 218, 261–266 (2001).
[PubMed]

Wu, T.

Q. Zhang, T.J. Brukilacchio, A. Li, J.J. Stott, T. Chaves, E. Hillman, T. Wu, M. Chorlton, E. Rafferty, R.H. Moore, D.B. Kopans, and D.A. Boas, “Coregistered tomographic x-ray and optical breast imaging: initial results,” J. Biomed. Opt. 10, 24033(2005).
[Crossref]

Xu, Y.

H. Jiang, Y. Xu, N. Iftimia, J. Eggert, K. Klove, L. Baron, and L. Fajardo, “Three-dimensional optical tomographic imaging of breast in a human subject,” IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging 20, 1334–1340 (2001).
[Crossref]

Zacharakis, G.

G. Zacharakis, J. Ripoll, R. Weissleder, and V. Ntziachristos, “Fluorescent protein tomography scanner for small animal imaging,” IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging 24, 878–885 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Zeinkiewicz, O. C.

O. C. Zeinkiewicz and R. L. Taylor. The Finite Element Methods In Engineering Science (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1989).

Zhang, C.

A. Godavarty, C. Zhang, M. J. Eppstein, and E. M. Sevick-Muraca, “Fluorescence-enhanced optical imaging of large phantoms using single and simultaneous dual point illumination geometries,” Med. Phys. 31, 183–190 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Godavarty, A. B. Thompson, R. Roy, M. Gurfinkel, M. J. Eppstein, C. Zhang, and E. M. Sevick-Muraca, “Diagnostic imaging of breast cancer using fluorescence-enhanced optical tomography: phantom studies,” J. Biomed. Opt. 9, 488–496 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Godavarty, M. J. Eppstein, C. Zhang, S. Theru, A. B. Thompson, M. Gurfinkel, and E. M. Sevick-Muraca, “Fluorescence-enhanced optical imaging in large tissue volumes using a gain-modulated ICCD camera,” Phys. Med. Biol. 48, 1701–1720 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Zhang, Q.

A. Li, G. Boverman, Y. Zhang, D. Brooks, E.L. Miller, M.E. Kilmer, Q. Zhang, E.M. Hillman, and D.A. Boas, “Optimal linear inverse solution with multiple priors in diffuse optical tomography,” Appl. Opt. 44, 1948–56 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Q. Zhang, T.J. Brukilacchio, A. Li, J.J. Stott, T. Chaves, E. Hillman, T. Wu, M. Chorlton, E. Rafferty, R.H. Moore, D.B. Kopans, and D.A. Boas, “Coregistered tomographic x-ray and optical breast imaging: initial results,” J. Biomed. Opt. 10, 24033(2005).
[Crossref]

Zhang, Y.

Appl. Opt. (4)

Biomed. Instrum. Technol. (1)

Y. Chen, X. Intes, and B. Chance, “Development of high-sensitivity near-infrared fluorescence imaging device for early cancer detection,” Biomed. Instrum. Technol.,  39, 75–85 (2005).
[PubMed]

IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. (1)

S. B. Colak, M. B. van der Mark, G. W. ’t Hooft, J. H. Hoogenraad, E. S. van der Linden, and F. A. Kuijpers, “Clinical Optical Tomography and NIR Spectroscopy for Breast Cancer Detection,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 5, 1143–1158 (1999).
[Crossref]

IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging (2)

H. Jiang, Y. Xu, N. Iftimia, J. Eggert, K. Klove, L. Baron, and L. Fajardo, “Three-dimensional optical tomographic imaging of breast in a human subject,” IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging 20, 1334–1340 (2001).
[Crossref]

G. Zacharakis, J. Ripoll, R. Weissleder, and V. Ntziachristos, “Fluorescent protein tomography scanner for small animal imaging,” IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging 24, 878–885 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Biomed. Opt. (3)

Q. Zhang, T.J. Brukilacchio, A. Li, J.J. Stott, T. Chaves, E. Hillman, T. Wu, M. Chorlton, E. Rafferty, R.H. Moore, D.B. Kopans, and D.A. Boas, “Coregistered tomographic x-ray and optical breast imaging: initial results,” J. Biomed. Opt. 10, 24033(2005).
[Crossref]

K. T. Moesta, S. Fantini, H. Jess, S. Totkas, M. A. Franceschini, M. Kaschke, and P. M. Schlag, “Contrast features of breast cancer in frequency-domain laser scanning mammography,” J. Biomed. Opt. 3, 129–136 (1998).
[Crossref]

A. Godavarty, A. B. Thompson, R. Roy, M. Gurfinkel, M. J. Eppstein, C. Zhang, and E. M. Sevick-Muraca, “Diagnostic imaging of breast cancer using fluorescence-enhanced optical tomography: phantom studies,” J. Biomed. Opt. 9, 488–496 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Med. Phys. (3)

A. Godavarty, C. Zhang, M. J. Eppstein, and E. M. Sevick-Muraca, “Fluorescence-enhanced optical imaging of large phantoms using single and simultaneous dual point illumination geometries,” Med. Phys. 31, 183–190 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Godavarty, E. M. Sevick-Muraca, and M. J. Eppstein, “Three-dimensional fluorescence lifetime tomography,” Med. Phys. 32, 992–1000 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

E. E. Graves, J. Ripoll, R. Weissleder, and V. Ntziachristos, “A submillimeter resolution fluorescence molecular imaging system for small animal imaging,” Med. Phys. 30, 901–911 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Nat. Med. (1)

V. Ntziachristos, C.-H. Tung, C. Bremer, and Weissleder, “Fluorescence molecular tomography resolves protease activity in vivo,” Nat. Med. 8, 757–760 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Phys. Med. Biol. (1)

A. Godavarty, M. J. Eppstein, C. Zhang, S. Theru, A. B. Thompson, M. Gurfinkel, and E. M. Sevick-Muraca, “Fluorescence-enhanced optical imaging in large tissue volumes using a gain-modulated ICCD camera,” Phys. Med. Biol. 48, 1701–1720 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Phys. Med. Biol.. (1)

A.P. Gibson, J.C. Hebden, and S.R. Arridge, “Recent advances in diffuse optical imaging,” Phys. Med. Biol.. 50, R1–43 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2)

M. A. Franceschini, K. T. Moesta, S. Fantini, G. Gaida, E. Gratton, H. Jess, W. W. Mantulin, M. Seeber, P. M. Schlag, and M. Kaschke, “Frequency-domain techniques enhance optical mammography: Initial clinical results,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 6468–6473 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. J. Eppstein, D. J. Hawrysz, A. Godavarty, and E. M. Sevick-Muraca,“Three-dimensional, near-infrared fluorescence tomography with Bayesian methodologies for image reconstruction from sparse and noisy data sets,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99, 9619–9624 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Radiology (1)

B. W. Pogue, S. P. Poplack, T. O. McBride, W. A. Wells, K. S. Osterman, U. L. Osterberg, and K. D. Paulsen, “Quantitative hemoglobin tomography with diffuse near-infrared spectroscopy: Pilot results in the breast,” Radiology 218, 261–266 (2001).
[PubMed]

SCI. Instrum. (1)

Z. Sun, Y. Huang, and E. M. Sevick-Muraca, “Precise analysis of frequency domain migration measurement for characterization of concentrated colloidal suspensions,SCI. Instrum. 73, 383–393(2002)
[Crossref]

Other (2)

O. C. Zeinkiewicz and R. L. Taylor. The Finite Element Methods In Engineering Science (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1989).

J. N. Reddy. An Introduction to the Finite Element Method2ed. (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1993).

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Figures (7)

Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Schematic of the instrumentation set-up of the FDPM-ICCD imaging system

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Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. Frequency domain model of data acquisition. AC is the amplitude of the modulation and DC is the average intensity, where the subscripts s and d denotes the source (solid line) and detector (dashed line), respectively. θ represents the phase shift between the two signals.

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Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. Correlations of different measurement parameters from experimental measurements of homogenous phantoms. Here SD represents source-detector distance MD is the modulation depth; and SDNA represents the standard deviation of normalized amplitude. (a) Logarithm of modulation depth vs SD distance, (b) Phase shift vs SD distance, (c) Phase shift from simulated studies vs SD distance, (d) Standard deviation of normalized phase shift vs SD distance, (e) Standard deviation of normalized amplitude (SDNA) vs SD distance, and (f) SDNA vs logarithm of modulation depth.

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Fig. 4.
Fig. 4. Variances of model mismatch error in (a) ln(ACR) and (b) RPS for different target depths (1.4, 2.0, 2.8 cm) with 1:0 absorption optical contrast ratio under different pre-filtering techniques.

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Fig. 5.
Fig. 5. Variances of model mismatch error in (a) ln(ACR) and (a) RPS for different target depths (1.4, 2.0, and 2.8 cm) with 100:1 absorption optical contrast ratio under different pre-filtering techniques.

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Fig. 6.
Fig. 6. Anterior (x-y) and lateral views of reconstructed images of the breast phantom under perfect uptake case (1:0) and target located 2.8 cm deep obtained using different noise pre-filtering techniques: (a) no cut-off, (b) PFT-1, (c) PFT-2, and (d) PFT-3. The size of red ‘+’ symbols is directly proportional to the intensity of the reconstructed parameter µaxf . The green pane indicates the true location of the targets

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Fig. 7.
Fig. 7. Anterior (x-y) and lateral views of reconstructed images of the breast phantom under imperfect uptake case (100:1) and target located 2.8 cm deep obtained using different noise pre-filtering techniques: (a) no cut-off, (b) PFT-1, (c) PFT-2, and (d) PFT-3. The size of red ‘+’ symbols is directly proportional to the intensity of the reconstructed parameter µaxf . The green pane indicates the true location of the targets.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Tables (4)

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Table 1 Optical properties of the background phantom during the homogeneous phantom study

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Table 2 Optical properties of target and background for different contrast ratio experiments and for all the target depth studies.

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Table 3 Quantitative analysis of reconstructed target using different noise pre-filtering techniques for the perfect uptake case (1:0)

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Table 4 Quantitative analysis of reconstructed target using different noise pre-filtering techniques for the imperfect uptake case (100:1)

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Equations (4)

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x ¯ = ∑ n = 1 5 x n
σ = ∑ n = 1 5 ( x n − x ¯ ) 2 5 − 1
ACR error = ln ( ACR ) exp − ln ( ACR ) sim
RPS error = RPS exp − RPS sim

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