Abstract

We investigate the use of a Genetic Algorithm (GA) to design a set of photonic crystals (PCs) in one and two dimensions. Our flexible design methodology allows us to optimize PC structures for specific objectives. In this paper, we report the results of several such GA-based PC optimizations. We show that the GA performs well even in very complex design spaces, and therefore has great potential as a robust design tool in a range of PC applications.

©2007 Optical Society of America

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References

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  1. S. John, “Strong localization of photons in certain disordered dielectric superlattices,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 58, 2486–2489 (1987).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  2. E. Yablonovitch, “Inhibited spontaneous emission in solid-state physics and electronics,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 58, 2059–2062 (1987).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  3. D. Englund, D. Fattal, E. Waks, G. Solomon, B. Zhang, T. Nakaoka, Y. Arakawa, Y. Yamamoto, and J. Vučković, “Controlling the spontaneous emission rate of single quantum dots in a two-dimensional photonic crystal,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 (2005).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  4. M. Boroditsky, R. Vrijen, T. Krauss, R. Coccioli, R. Bhat, and E. Yablonovitch, “Control of spontaneous emission in photonic crystals,” Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering 3621, 190–197 (1999).
  5. H. Altug and J. Vučković, “Experimental demonstration of the slow group velocity of light in two-dimensional coupled photonic crystal microcavity arrays,“ Appl. Phys. Lett. 86 (2005).
    [Crossref]
  6. Y. A. Vlasov, M. O’Boyle, H. F. Hamann, and S. J. McNab, “Active control of slow light on a chip with photonic crystal waveguides,” Nature 438, 65–69 (2005).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  7. H. Altug and J. Vučković, “Photonic crystal nanocavity array laser,“ Opt. Express 13, 8819–8828 (2005).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  8. B.-S. Song, S. Noda, T. Asano, and Y. Akahane, ”Ultra-high-Q photonic double-heterostructure nanocavity,“ck Nat. Mat. 4, 207–210 (2005).
    [Crossref]
  9. J. Vučković, M. Lončar, H. Mabuchi, and A. Scherer, “Design of photonic crystal microcavities for cavity QED,” Phys. Rev. E 65 (2001).
  10. D. Englund, I. Fushman, and J. Vucčković, “General recipe for designing photonic crystal cavities,” Opt. Express 13, 5961–5975 (2005).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  11. D.A.B. Miller, Y. Jiao, and S. Fan, “Demonstration of systematic photonic crystal device design and optimization by low-rank adjustments: an extremely compact mode separator,” Opt. Lett. 30, 141–143 (2005).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  12. S. Preble, H. Lipson, and M. Lipson, “Two-dimensional photonic crystals designed by evolutionary algorithms,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 86 (2005).
    [Crossref]
  13. R. P. Drupp, J. A. Bossard, D. H. Werner, and T. S. Mayer, “Single-layer multiband infrared metallodielectric photonic crystals designed by genetic algorithm optimization,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 86 (2005).
    [Crossref]
  14. J. H. Holland, Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems: An Introductory Analysis with Applications to Biology, Control and Artificial Intelligence, Univ. of Michigan Press (1975).
    [PubMed]
  15. D. E. Goldberg, Genetic Algorithms in Search, Optimization and Machine Learning, Addison Wesley (1989).
  16. L. Davis, Genetic Algorithms and Simulated Annealing, Morgan Kaufmann (1987).
  17. L. Shen, Z. Ye, and S. He, “Design of two-dimensional photonic crystals with large absolute band gaps using a genetic algorithm,” Phys. Rev. B 68 (2003).
    [Crossref]
  18. E. Kerrinckx, L. Bigot, M. Douay, and Y. Quiquempois, “Photonic crystal fiber design by means of a genetic algorithm,“ Opt. Express 12, 1990–1995 (2004).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  19. S. G. Johnson and J. D. Joannopoulos, “Block-iterative frequency-domain methods for maxwell’s equations in a planewave basis,” Opt. Express 8, 173–190 (2001).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  20. Y. Akahane, T. Asano, B.-S. Song, and S. Noda, “High-Q photonic nanocavity in a two-dimensional photonic crystal,” Nature 425, 944–947 (2003).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  21. P. Lalanne, S. Mias, and J. Hugonin, “Two physical mechanisms for boosting the quality factor to cavity volume ratio of photonic crystal microcavities,” Opt. Express 12, 458–467 (2004).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  22. A. Yariv and P. Yeh, Optical Waves in Crystals: Propagation and Control of Laser Radiation, John Wiley and Sons Inc (2002).
  23. L. Coldren and S. Corzine, Diode Lasers and Photonic Integrated Circuits, John Wiley and Sons Inc (1995).
  24. J. Vučković, M. Pelton, A. Scherer, and Y. Yamamoto, “Optimization of three-dimensional micropost microcav-ities for cavity quantum electrodynamics,” Phys. Rev. A 66 (2002).
  25. R. Brent, Algorithms for Minimization Without Derivatives. Prentice-Hall (1973).

2005 (9)

D. Englund, D. Fattal, E. Waks, G. Solomon, B. Zhang, T. Nakaoka, Y. Arakawa, Y. Yamamoto, and J. Vučković, “Controlling the spontaneous emission rate of single quantum dots in a two-dimensional photonic crystal,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. Altug and J. Vučković, “Experimental demonstration of the slow group velocity of light in two-dimensional coupled photonic crystal microcavity arrays,“ Appl. Phys. Lett. 86 (2005).
[Crossref]

Y. A. Vlasov, M. O’Boyle, H. F. Hamann, and S. J. McNab, “Active control of slow light on a chip with photonic crystal waveguides,” Nature 438, 65–69 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. Altug and J. Vučković, “Photonic crystal nanocavity array laser,“ Opt. Express 13, 8819–8828 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

B.-S. Song, S. Noda, T. Asano, and Y. Akahane, ”Ultra-high-Q photonic double-heterostructure nanocavity,“ck Nat. Mat. 4, 207–210 (2005).
[Crossref]

D. Englund, I. Fushman, and J. Vucčković, “General recipe for designing photonic crystal cavities,” Opt. Express 13, 5961–5975 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

D.A.B. Miller, Y. Jiao, and S. Fan, “Demonstration of systematic photonic crystal device design and optimization by low-rank adjustments: an extremely compact mode separator,” Opt. Lett. 30, 141–143 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. Preble, H. Lipson, and M. Lipson, “Two-dimensional photonic crystals designed by evolutionary algorithms,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 86 (2005).
[Crossref]

R. P. Drupp, J. A. Bossard, D. H. Werner, and T. S. Mayer, “Single-layer multiband infrared metallodielectric photonic crystals designed by genetic algorithm optimization,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 86 (2005).
[Crossref]

2004 (2)

2003 (2)

L. Shen, Z. Ye, and S. He, “Design of two-dimensional photonic crystals with large absolute band gaps using a genetic algorithm,” Phys. Rev. B 68 (2003).
[Crossref]

Y. Akahane, T. Asano, B.-S. Song, and S. Noda, “High-Q photonic nanocavity in a two-dimensional photonic crystal,” Nature 425, 944–947 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2002 (1)

J. Vučković, M. Pelton, A. Scherer, and Y. Yamamoto, “Optimization of three-dimensional micropost microcav-ities for cavity quantum electrodynamics,” Phys. Rev. A 66 (2002).

2001 (2)

S. G. Johnson and J. D. Joannopoulos, “Block-iterative frequency-domain methods for maxwell’s equations in a planewave basis,” Opt. Express 8, 173–190 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Vučković, M. Lončar, H. Mabuchi, and A. Scherer, “Design of photonic crystal microcavities for cavity QED,” Phys. Rev. E 65 (2001).

1999 (1)

M. Boroditsky, R. Vrijen, T. Krauss, R. Coccioli, R. Bhat, and E. Yablonovitch, “Control of spontaneous emission in photonic crystals,” Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering 3621, 190–197 (1999).

1987 (3)

S. John, “Strong localization of photons in certain disordered dielectric superlattices,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 58, 2486–2489 (1987).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

E. Yablonovitch, “Inhibited spontaneous emission in solid-state physics and electronics,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 58, 2059–2062 (1987).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

L. Davis, Genetic Algorithms and Simulated Annealing, Morgan Kaufmann (1987).

Akahane, Y.

B.-S. Song, S. Noda, T. Asano, and Y. Akahane, ”Ultra-high-Q photonic double-heterostructure nanocavity,“ck Nat. Mat. 4, 207–210 (2005).
[Crossref]

Y. Akahane, T. Asano, B.-S. Song, and S. Noda, “High-Q photonic nanocavity in a two-dimensional photonic crystal,” Nature 425, 944–947 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Altug, H.

H. Altug and J. Vučković, “Photonic crystal nanocavity array laser,“ Opt. Express 13, 8819–8828 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. Altug and J. Vučković, “Experimental demonstration of the slow group velocity of light in two-dimensional coupled photonic crystal microcavity arrays,“ Appl. Phys. Lett. 86 (2005).
[Crossref]

Arakawa, Y.

D. Englund, D. Fattal, E. Waks, G. Solomon, B. Zhang, T. Nakaoka, Y. Arakawa, Y. Yamamoto, and J. Vučković, “Controlling the spontaneous emission rate of single quantum dots in a two-dimensional photonic crystal,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Asano, T.

B.-S. Song, S. Noda, T. Asano, and Y. Akahane, ”Ultra-high-Q photonic double-heterostructure nanocavity,“ck Nat. Mat. 4, 207–210 (2005).
[Crossref]

Y. Akahane, T. Asano, B.-S. Song, and S. Noda, “High-Q photonic nanocavity in a two-dimensional photonic crystal,” Nature 425, 944–947 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Bhat, R.

M. Boroditsky, R. Vrijen, T. Krauss, R. Coccioli, R. Bhat, and E. Yablonovitch, “Control of spontaneous emission in photonic crystals,” Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering 3621, 190–197 (1999).

Bigot, L.

Boroditsky, M.

M. Boroditsky, R. Vrijen, T. Krauss, R. Coccioli, R. Bhat, and E. Yablonovitch, “Control of spontaneous emission in photonic crystals,” Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering 3621, 190–197 (1999).

Bossard, J. A.

R. P. Drupp, J. A. Bossard, D. H. Werner, and T. S. Mayer, “Single-layer multiband infrared metallodielectric photonic crystals designed by genetic algorithm optimization,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 86 (2005).
[Crossref]

Brent, R.

R. Brent, Algorithms for Minimization Without Derivatives. Prentice-Hall (1973).

Coccioli, R.

M. Boroditsky, R. Vrijen, T. Krauss, R. Coccioli, R. Bhat, and E. Yablonovitch, “Control of spontaneous emission in photonic crystals,” Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering 3621, 190–197 (1999).

Coldren, L.

L. Coldren and S. Corzine, Diode Lasers and Photonic Integrated Circuits, John Wiley and Sons Inc (1995).

Corzine, S.

L. Coldren and S. Corzine, Diode Lasers and Photonic Integrated Circuits, John Wiley and Sons Inc (1995).

Davis, L.

L. Davis, Genetic Algorithms and Simulated Annealing, Morgan Kaufmann (1987).

Douay, M.

Drupp, R. P.

R. P. Drupp, J. A. Bossard, D. H. Werner, and T. S. Mayer, “Single-layer multiband infrared metallodielectric photonic crystals designed by genetic algorithm optimization,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 86 (2005).
[Crossref]

Englund, D.

D. Englund, D. Fattal, E. Waks, G. Solomon, B. Zhang, T. Nakaoka, Y. Arakawa, Y. Yamamoto, and J. Vučković, “Controlling the spontaneous emission rate of single quantum dots in a two-dimensional photonic crystal,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

D. Englund, I. Fushman, and J. Vucčković, “General recipe for designing photonic crystal cavities,” Opt. Express 13, 5961–5975 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Fan, S.

Fattal, D.

D. Englund, D. Fattal, E. Waks, G. Solomon, B. Zhang, T. Nakaoka, Y. Arakawa, Y. Yamamoto, and J. Vučković, “Controlling the spontaneous emission rate of single quantum dots in a two-dimensional photonic crystal,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Fushman, I.

Goldberg, D. E.

D. E. Goldberg, Genetic Algorithms in Search, Optimization and Machine Learning, Addison Wesley (1989).

Hamann, H. F.

Y. A. Vlasov, M. O’Boyle, H. F. Hamann, and S. J. McNab, “Active control of slow light on a chip with photonic crystal waveguides,” Nature 438, 65–69 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

He, S.

L. Shen, Z. Ye, and S. He, “Design of two-dimensional photonic crystals with large absolute band gaps using a genetic algorithm,” Phys. Rev. B 68 (2003).
[Crossref]

Holland, J. H.

J. H. Holland, Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems: An Introductory Analysis with Applications to Biology, Control and Artificial Intelligence, Univ. of Michigan Press (1975).
[PubMed]

Hugonin, J.

Jiao, Y.

Joannopoulos, J. D.

John, S.

S. John, “Strong localization of photons in certain disordered dielectric superlattices,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 58, 2486–2489 (1987).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Johnson, S. G.

Kerrinckx, E.

Krauss, T.

M. Boroditsky, R. Vrijen, T. Krauss, R. Coccioli, R. Bhat, and E. Yablonovitch, “Control of spontaneous emission in photonic crystals,” Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering 3621, 190–197 (1999).

Lalanne, P.

Lipson, H.

S. Preble, H. Lipson, and M. Lipson, “Two-dimensional photonic crystals designed by evolutionary algorithms,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 86 (2005).
[Crossref]

Lipson, M.

S. Preble, H. Lipson, and M. Lipson, “Two-dimensional photonic crystals designed by evolutionary algorithms,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 86 (2005).
[Crossref]

Loncar, M.

J. Vučković, M. Lončar, H. Mabuchi, and A. Scherer, “Design of photonic crystal microcavities for cavity QED,” Phys. Rev. E 65 (2001).

Mabuchi, H.

J. Vučković, M. Lončar, H. Mabuchi, and A. Scherer, “Design of photonic crystal microcavities for cavity QED,” Phys. Rev. E 65 (2001).

Mayer, T. S.

R. P. Drupp, J. A. Bossard, D. H. Werner, and T. S. Mayer, “Single-layer multiband infrared metallodielectric photonic crystals designed by genetic algorithm optimization,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 86 (2005).
[Crossref]

McNab, S. J.

Y. A. Vlasov, M. O’Boyle, H. F. Hamann, and S. J. McNab, “Active control of slow light on a chip with photonic crystal waveguides,” Nature 438, 65–69 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Mias, S.

Miller, D.A.B.

Nakaoka, T.

D. Englund, D. Fattal, E. Waks, G. Solomon, B. Zhang, T. Nakaoka, Y. Arakawa, Y. Yamamoto, and J. Vučković, “Controlling the spontaneous emission rate of single quantum dots in a two-dimensional photonic crystal,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Noda, S.

B.-S. Song, S. Noda, T. Asano, and Y. Akahane, ”Ultra-high-Q photonic double-heterostructure nanocavity,“ck Nat. Mat. 4, 207–210 (2005).
[Crossref]

Y. Akahane, T. Asano, B.-S. Song, and S. Noda, “High-Q photonic nanocavity in a two-dimensional photonic crystal,” Nature 425, 944–947 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

O’Boyle, M.

Y. A. Vlasov, M. O’Boyle, H. F. Hamann, and S. J. McNab, “Active control of slow light on a chip with photonic crystal waveguides,” Nature 438, 65–69 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Pelton, M.

J. Vučković, M. Pelton, A. Scherer, and Y. Yamamoto, “Optimization of three-dimensional micropost microcav-ities for cavity quantum electrodynamics,” Phys. Rev. A 66 (2002).

Preble, S.

S. Preble, H. Lipson, and M. Lipson, “Two-dimensional photonic crystals designed by evolutionary algorithms,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 86 (2005).
[Crossref]

Quiquempois, Y.

Scherer, A.

J. Vučković, M. Pelton, A. Scherer, and Y. Yamamoto, “Optimization of three-dimensional micropost microcav-ities for cavity quantum electrodynamics,” Phys. Rev. A 66 (2002).

J. Vučković, M. Lončar, H. Mabuchi, and A. Scherer, “Design of photonic crystal microcavities for cavity QED,” Phys. Rev. E 65 (2001).

Shen, L.

L. Shen, Z. Ye, and S. He, “Design of two-dimensional photonic crystals with large absolute band gaps using a genetic algorithm,” Phys. Rev. B 68 (2003).
[Crossref]

Solomon, G.

D. Englund, D. Fattal, E. Waks, G. Solomon, B. Zhang, T. Nakaoka, Y. Arakawa, Y. Yamamoto, and J. Vučković, “Controlling the spontaneous emission rate of single quantum dots in a two-dimensional photonic crystal,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Song, B.-S.

B.-S. Song, S. Noda, T. Asano, and Y. Akahane, ”Ultra-high-Q photonic double-heterostructure nanocavity,“ck Nat. Mat. 4, 207–210 (2005).
[Crossref]

Y. Akahane, T. Asano, B.-S. Song, and S. Noda, “High-Q photonic nanocavity in a two-dimensional photonic crystal,” Nature 425, 944–947 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Vlasov, Y. A.

Y. A. Vlasov, M. O’Boyle, H. F. Hamann, and S. J. McNab, “Active control of slow light on a chip with photonic crystal waveguides,” Nature 438, 65–69 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Vrijen, R.

M. Boroditsky, R. Vrijen, T. Krauss, R. Coccioli, R. Bhat, and E. Yablonovitch, “Control of spontaneous emission in photonic crystals,” Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering 3621, 190–197 (1999).

Vucckovic, J.

Vuckovic, J.

H. Altug and J. Vučković, “Photonic crystal nanocavity array laser,“ Opt. Express 13, 8819–8828 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

D. Englund, D. Fattal, E. Waks, G. Solomon, B. Zhang, T. Nakaoka, Y. Arakawa, Y. Yamamoto, and J. Vučković, “Controlling the spontaneous emission rate of single quantum dots in a two-dimensional photonic crystal,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. Altug and J. Vučković, “Experimental demonstration of the slow group velocity of light in two-dimensional coupled photonic crystal microcavity arrays,“ Appl. Phys. Lett. 86 (2005).
[Crossref]

J. Vučković, M. Pelton, A. Scherer, and Y. Yamamoto, “Optimization of three-dimensional micropost microcav-ities for cavity quantum electrodynamics,” Phys. Rev. A 66 (2002).

J. Vučković, M. Lončar, H. Mabuchi, and A. Scherer, “Design of photonic crystal microcavities for cavity QED,” Phys. Rev. E 65 (2001).

Waks, E.

D. Englund, D. Fattal, E. Waks, G. Solomon, B. Zhang, T. Nakaoka, Y. Arakawa, Y. Yamamoto, and J. Vučković, “Controlling the spontaneous emission rate of single quantum dots in a two-dimensional photonic crystal,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Werner, D. H.

R. P. Drupp, J. A. Bossard, D. H. Werner, and T. S. Mayer, “Single-layer multiband infrared metallodielectric photonic crystals designed by genetic algorithm optimization,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 86 (2005).
[Crossref]

Yablonovitch, E.

M. Boroditsky, R. Vrijen, T. Krauss, R. Coccioli, R. Bhat, and E. Yablonovitch, “Control of spontaneous emission in photonic crystals,” Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering 3621, 190–197 (1999).

E. Yablonovitch, “Inhibited spontaneous emission in solid-state physics and electronics,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 58, 2059–2062 (1987).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Yamamoto, Y.

D. Englund, D. Fattal, E. Waks, G. Solomon, B. Zhang, T. Nakaoka, Y. Arakawa, Y. Yamamoto, and J. Vučković, “Controlling the spontaneous emission rate of single quantum dots in a two-dimensional photonic crystal,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Vučković, M. Pelton, A. Scherer, and Y. Yamamoto, “Optimization of three-dimensional micropost microcav-ities for cavity quantum electrodynamics,” Phys. Rev. A 66 (2002).

Yariv, A.

A. Yariv and P. Yeh, Optical Waves in Crystals: Propagation and Control of Laser Radiation, John Wiley and Sons Inc (2002).

Ye, Z.

L. Shen, Z. Ye, and S. He, “Design of two-dimensional photonic crystals with large absolute band gaps using a genetic algorithm,” Phys. Rev. B 68 (2003).
[Crossref]

Yeh, P.

A. Yariv and P. Yeh, Optical Waves in Crystals: Propagation and Control of Laser Radiation, John Wiley and Sons Inc (2002).

Zhang, B.

D. Englund, D. Fattal, E. Waks, G. Solomon, B. Zhang, T. Nakaoka, Y. Arakawa, Y. Yamamoto, and J. Vučković, “Controlling the spontaneous emission rate of single quantum dots in a two-dimensional photonic crystal,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Appl. Phys. Lett. (3)

H. Altug and J. Vučković, “Experimental demonstration of the slow group velocity of light in two-dimensional coupled photonic crystal microcavity arrays,“ Appl. Phys. Lett. 86 (2005).
[Crossref]

S. Preble, H. Lipson, and M. Lipson, “Two-dimensional photonic crystals designed by evolutionary algorithms,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 86 (2005).
[Crossref]

R. P. Drupp, J. A. Bossard, D. H. Werner, and T. S. Mayer, “Single-layer multiband infrared metallodielectric photonic crystals designed by genetic algorithm optimization,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 86 (2005).
[Crossref]

Nat. Mat. (1)

B.-S. Song, S. Noda, T. Asano, and Y. Akahane, ”Ultra-high-Q photonic double-heterostructure nanocavity,“ck Nat. Mat. 4, 207–210 (2005).
[Crossref]

Nature (2)

Y. A. Vlasov, M. O’Boyle, H. F. Hamann, and S. J. McNab, “Active control of slow light on a chip with photonic crystal waveguides,” Nature 438, 65–69 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. Akahane, T. Asano, B.-S. Song, and S. Noda, “High-Q photonic nanocavity in a two-dimensional photonic crystal,” Nature 425, 944–947 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Opt. Express (5)

Opt. Lett. (1)

Phys. Rev. A (1)

J. Vučković, M. Pelton, A. Scherer, and Y. Yamamoto, “Optimization of three-dimensional micropost microcav-ities for cavity quantum electrodynamics,” Phys. Rev. A 66 (2002).

Phys. Rev. B (1)

L. Shen, Z. Ye, and S. He, “Design of two-dimensional photonic crystals with large absolute band gaps using a genetic algorithm,” Phys. Rev. B 68 (2003).
[Crossref]

Phys. Rev. E (1)

J. Vučković, M. Lončar, H. Mabuchi, and A. Scherer, “Design of photonic crystal microcavities for cavity QED,” Phys. Rev. E 65 (2001).

Phys. Rev. Lett. (3)

S. John, “Strong localization of photons in certain disordered dielectric superlattices,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 58, 2486–2489 (1987).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

E. Yablonovitch, “Inhibited spontaneous emission in solid-state physics and electronics,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 58, 2059–2062 (1987).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

D. Englund, D. Fattal, E. Waks, G. Solomon, B. Zhang, T. Nakaoka, Y. Arakawa, Y. Yamamoto, and J. Vučković, “Controlling the spontaneous emission rate of single quantum dots in a two-dimensional photonic crystal,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering (1)

M. Boroditsky, R. Vrijen, T. Krauss, R. Coccioli, R. Bhat, and E. Yablonovitch, “Control of spontaneous emission in photonic crystals,” Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering 3621, 190–197 (1999).

Other (6)

J. H. Holland, Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems: An Introductory Analysis with Applications to Biology, Control and Artificial Intelligence, Univ. of Michigan Press (1975).
[PubMed]

D. E. Goldberg, Genetic Algorithms in Search, Optimization and Machine Learning, Addison Wesley (1989).

L. Davis, Genetic Algorithms and Simulated Annealing, Morgan Kaufmann (1987).

R. Brent, Algorithms for Minimization Without Derivatives. Prentice-Hall (1973).

A. Yariv and P. Yeh, Optical Waves in Crystals: Propagation and Control of Laser Radiation, John Wiley and Sons Inc (2002).

L. Coldren and S. Corzine, Diode Lasers and Photonic Integrated Circuits, John Wiley and Sons Inc (1995).

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Figures (8)

Fig. 1.
Fig. 1.

Top-left: Real-space mode profile after optimizing for closest-match to a sinc-envelope target mode. Top-right: k-space mode profile of the optimized simulated mode and a sinc-envelope target mode. Bottom: Real-space and k-space mode profiles for matching against a sinc2-envelope target mode. All: Red curves represent the real-space (k-space) mode profiles of the optimized fields, blue curves represents the real-space (k-space) mode profiles of the target fields. The horizontal axes of the k-space plots are in units of π/a, where a = 20 computational units.

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Fig. 2.
Fig. 2.

Top: Real-space mode profile of optimized resonant E-field mode using direct light-cone minimization. Bottom: Corresponding k-space mode profile of optimized mode.

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Fig. 3.
Fig. 3.

Top: Electric field amplitude of the resonant mode in a slab-waveguide uniform quarter-wave-stack cavity, with a half-wavelength thick central spacer, with Q = 85. Bottom: Electric field amplitude of the resonant mode of our GA-optimized cavity, with Q = 6510. The modal shape at the slab center closely resembles the modal profile of our 1D simulation in Fig 2. In FDTD program units, the widths of the high-index layers (starting from the central spacer) were rhigh = {16, 7, 10, 9, 9, 16, 6, 5, 13, 7} and the widths of the air gaps were rlow = {9, 10, 10, 10, 9, 7, 6, 6, 7}. Both: The thickness of both structures in the vertical direction were fixed at 40 units, and refractive indices are nhigh = 3.30 and nlow = 1.

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Fig. 4.
Fig. 4.

Left: Tiled unit cells in a hexagonal lattice. Right: Enlarged unit cell, showing the hexagonal arrangement of the nine air holes within each unit cell. The radii of the nine holes are used to encode the chromosomes in our optimization. The white holes with the dotted outlines are not part of the displayed unit cell, but belong to the adjacent cells. Top: Brillouin zone (white hexagon), irreducible Brillouin zone (blue triangle) and Γ, K, and M reciprocal lattice points. The Brillouin zone has the same shape as that of a regular triangular lattice (i.e. a hexagon). However, since the lattice constants in the real-space lattice are longer by a factor of 3 than those of the underlying triangular lattice (as a result of the supercell), the reciprocal-space vectors are correspondingly shorter by a factor of 3.

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Fig. 5.
Fig. 5.

Fitness (gap-to-midgap ratio at K-point of the band diagram) of maximally-fit structure of each generation for 100 generations. Each line in this figure represents one simulation run of our algorithm. Different runs of the algorithm take different optimization paths, but eventually converge to an optimal solution within approximately 80 generations. The maximum fitness is a monotonically non-decreasing function due to cloning (see section 3). A general increase in fitness arises as a result of various genetic operations (selection, mating, mutation).

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Fig. 6.
Fig. 6.

Table (a) shows the optimal PC structures predicted by 4 runs of our Genetic Algorithm. The unit cell for each structure is depicted by the yellow bounding box with dimensions 3a × 3 √3a/2, and the unit cell hole radii are listen in the third column. A sample band diagram (for Run 4) is shown in (c). The optimized K-point TE gap, calculated as the ratio of the size of the gap to the midgap value, was found to be ≃ 72%. More bands are shown in (c) to account for the folding of bands due to the supercell. The corresponding K-point gap for a triangular lattice with uniform air holes (r/a = 0.4445) is shown in (d) for reference. The band diagram for the uniform triangular lattice (d) was calculated without a supercell approximation, so the unit cell is three times smaller than for (c). This also implies that the normalized frequencies at the band gap are three times larger, and k-segments on the horizontal axis are three times bigger than for (c).

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Fig. 7.
Fig. 7.

Table (a) shows the PC structures with a maximized M-point gap, predicted by 4 runs our Genetic Algorithm for unit cells (yellow boxes) with size 3a × 3 √3a/2 for all four runs. (c) shows a sample band diagram (for Run 4). The GA-designed structures have a maximized M-point gap of 64%, which is higher than the M-point gap of 55% of a reference uniform triangular lattice (d). The uniform triangular lattice band diagram (d) was calculated without a supercell approximation, so k-space segments shown on the horizontal axis are 3 times larger than for (c), and normalized frequencies are also 3 times larger than for (c).

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Fig. 8.
Fig. 8.

Genetic Algorithm prediction of PC structures that have optimally matched E and H fields, for the lowest 4 bands, at the K point. The E-fields are shown for structures with dielectric rods, that have a TM bandgap, while the H-fields are shown for structures with air holes, that have a TE bandgap. The displayed fields are in the direction aligned with the rods. The fields for the lowest 3 bands are very well matched, but begin to deviate significantly from each other at band 4.

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Equations (10)

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P i = f i ∑ k = 1 N f k
λ ~ U 0,1
v → child = λ v → parent , 1 + ( 1 − λ ) v → parent , 2
v → orig = v 1 v 2 . . . v N T
k ~ U { 0 , 1 , 2 , . . . , N − 1 }
v → mut = v k + 1 v k + 2 . . . v N v 1 v 2 . . . v k − 1 T
v i mut ~ N v i orig σ 2 i ∈ { 1 , 2 , . . . , N }
1 Q total = 1 Q ∥ + 1 Q ⊥
fitness ∝ { ∫ − ∞ ∞ ∣ f sim ( x ) − f t arg et ( x ) ∣ 2 dx } − 1
fitness = { ∫ V ∣ F ( k ) ∣ 2 dk } − 1

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