Abstract

We explored the use of diffuse reflectance spectroscopy in the ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS) spectrum for the diagnosis of epithelial pre-cancers and cancers in vivo. A physical model (Monte Carlo inverse model) and an empirical model (principal component analysis, (PCA)) based approach were compared for extracting diagnostic features from diffuse reflectance spectra measured in vivo from the dimethylbenz[α]anthracene-treated hamster cheek pouch model of oral carcinogenesis. These diagnostic features were input into a support vector machine algorithm to classify each tissue sample as normal (n=10) or neoplastic (dysplasia to carcinoma, n=10) and cross-validated using a leave one out method. There was a statistically significant decrease in the absorption and reduced scattering coefficient at 460 nm in neoplastic compared to normal tissues, and these two features provided 90% classification accuracy. The first two principal components extracted from PCA provided a classification accuracy of 95%. The first principal component was highly correlated with the wavelength-averaged reduced scattering coefficient. Although both methods show similar classification accuracy, the physical model provides insight into the physiological and structural features that discriminate between normal and neoplastic tissues and does not require a priori, a representative set of spectral data from which to derive the principal components.

© 2007 Optical Society of America

Full Article  |  PDF Article
OSA Recommended Articles
Monte Carlo-based inverse model for calculating tissue optical properties. Part II: Application to breast cancer diagnosis

Gregory M. Palmer, Changfang Zhu, Tara M. Breslin, Fushen Xu, Kennedy W. Gilchrist, and Nirmala Ramanujam
Appl. Opt. 45(5) 1072-1078 (2006)

Model based and empirical spectral analysis for the diagnosis of breast cancer

Changfang Zhu, Tara M. Breslin, Josephine Harter, and Nirmala Ramanujam
Opt. Express 16(19) 14961-14978 (2008)

Multispectral digital microscopy for in vivo monitoring of oral neoplasia in the hamster cheek pouch model of carcinogenesis

Sun Young Park, Tom Collier, Jesse Aaron, Mia K. Markey, Rebecca Richards-Kortum, Konstantin Sokolov, Nick Mackinnon, Calum MacAulay, Lezlee Coghlan, Andrea Milbourne, and Michele Follen
Opt. Express 13(3) 749-762 (2005)

More Recommended Articles

References

  • View by:
  • Article Order
  • |
  • Year
  • |
  • Author
  • |
  • Publication
  1. “Cancer Facts and Figures,“ (American Cancer Society, 2006).
  2. R. J. Nordstrom, L. Burke, J. M. Niloff, and J. F. Myrtle, “Identification of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) using UV-excited fluorescence and diffuse-reflectance tissue spectroscopy,” Lasers Surg. Med. 29, 118–127 (2001).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  3. I. Georgakoudi, E. E. Sheets, M. G. Muller, V. Backman, C. P. Crum, K. Badizadegan, R. R. Dasari, and M. S. Feld, “Trimodal spectroscopy for the detection and characterization of cervical precancers in vivo,“ Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 186, 374–382 (2002).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  4. M. G. Muller, T. A. Valdez, I. Georgakoudi, V. Backman, C. Fuentes, S. Kabani, N. Laver, Z. Wang, C. W. Boone, R. R. Dasari, S. M. Shapshay, and M. S. Feld, “Spectroscopic detection and evaluation of morphologic and biochemical changes in early human oral carcinoma,” Cancer 97, 1681–1692 (2003).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  5. D. J. Parekh, W. C. Lin, and S. D. Herrell, “Optical spectroscopy characteristics can differentiate benign and malignant renal tissues: a potentially useful modality,” J. Urol. 174, 1754–1758 (2005).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  6. N. Subhash, J. R. Mallia, S. S. Thomas, A. Mathews, P. Sebastian, and J. Madhavan, “Oral cancer detection using diffuse reflectance spectral ratio R540/R575 of oxygenated hemoglobin bands,” J. Biomed. Opt. 11, 014018 (2006).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  7. D. C. de Veld, M. Skurichina, M. J. Witjes, R. P. Duin, H. J. Sterenborg, and J. L. Roodenburg, “Autofluorescence and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy for oral oncology,” Lasers Surg. Med. 36, 356–364 (2005).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  8. G. M. Palmer, C. Zhu, T. M. Breslin, F. Xu, K. W. Gilchrist, and N. Ramanujam, “Comparison of multiexcitation fluorescence and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy for the diagnosis of breast cancer (March 2003),” IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 50, 1233–1242 (2003).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  9. Y. S. Fawzy, M. Petek, M. Tercelj, and H. Zeng, “In vivo assessment and evaluation of lung tissue morphologic and physiological changes from non-contact endoscopic reflectance spectroscopy for improving lung cancer detection,” J. Biomed. Opt. 11, 044003 (2006).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  10. A. Amelink, H. J. Sterenborg, M. P. Bard, and S. A. Burgers, “In vivo measurement of the local optical properties of tissue by use of differential path-length spectroscopy,” Opt. Lett. 29, 1087–1089 (2004).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  11. P. Thueler, I. Charvet, F. Bevilacqua, M. St Ghislain, G. Ory, P. Marquet, P. Meda, B. Vermeulen, and C. Depeursinge, “In vivo endoscopic tissue diagnostics based on spectroscopic absorption, scattering, and phase function properties,” J. Biomed. Opt. 8, 495–503 (2003).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  12. G. Zonios, L. Perelman, V. Backman, R. Manoharan, M. Fitzmaurice, J. Van Dam, and M. S. Feld, “Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy of human adenomatous colon polyps in vivo,” Appl. Opt. 38, 6628–6637 (1999).
    [Crossref]
  13. J. C. Finlay and T. H. Foster, “Hemoglobin oxygen saturations in phantoms and in vivo from measurements of steady-state diffuse reflectance at a single, short source-detector separation,” Med. Phys. 31, 1949–1959 (2004).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  14. T. J. Pfefer, L. S. Matchette, C. L. Bennett, J. A. Gall, J. N. Wilke, A. J. Durkin, and M. N. Ediger, “Reflectance-based determination of optical properties in highly attenuating tissue,” J. Biomed. Opt. 8, 206–215 (2003).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  15. N. Ghosh, S. K. Mohanty, S. K. Majumder, and P. K. Gupta, “Measurement of optical transport properties of normal and malignant human breast tissue,” Appl. Opt. 40, 176–184 (2001).
    [Crossref]
  16. G. M. Palmer and N. Ramanujam, “Monte Carlo-based inverse model for calculating tissue optical properties. Part I: Theory and validation on synthetic phantoms,” Appl. Opt. 45, 1062–1071 (2006).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  17. C. T. Chen, H. K. Chiang, S. N. Chow, C. Y. Wang, Y. S. Lee, J. C. Tsai, and C. P. Chiang, “Autofluorescence in normal and malignant human oral tissues and in DMBA-induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis,” J. Oral Pathol. Med. 27, 470–474 (1998).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  18. S. Andrejevic, J. F. Savary, C. Fontolliet, P. Monnier, and H. van Den Bergh, “7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced ‘early’ squamous cell carcinoma in the Golden Syrian hamster: evaluation of an animal model and comparison with ‘early’ forms of human squamous cell carcinoma in the upper aero-digestive tract,” Int. J. Exp. Pathol. 77, 7–14 (1996).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  19. F. H. White, K. Gohari, and C. J. Smith, “Histological and ultrastructural morphology of 7,12 dimethylbenz(alpha)-anthracene carcinogenesis in hamster cheek pouch epithelium,” Diagn. Histopathol. 4, 307–333 (1981).
    [PubMed]
  20. M. C. Skala, G. M. Palmer, C. Zhu, Q. Liu, K. M. Vrotsos, C. L. Marshek-Stone, A. Gendron-Fitzpatrick, and N. Ramanujam, “Investigation of fiber-optic probe designs for optical spectroscopic diagnosis of epithelial pre-cancers,” Lasers Surg. Med. 34, 25–38 (2004).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  21. M. C. Skala, K. M. Riching, D. K. Bird, A. Gendron-Fitzpatrick, J. Eickhoff, K. W. Eliceiri, P. J. Keely, and N. Ramanujam, “In vivo multiphoton fluorescence lifetime imaging of protein-bound and free nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide in normal and precancerous epithelia,” J. Biomed. Opt. 12, 024014 (2007).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  22. M. C. Skala, J. M. Squirrell, K. M. Vrotsos, J. C. Eickhoff, A. Gendron-Fitzpatrick, K. W. Eliceiri, and N. Ramanujam, “Multiphoton microscopy of endogenous fluorescence differentiates normal, precancerous, and cancerous squamous epithelial tissues,” Cancer Res. 65, 1180–1186 (2005).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  23. C. Zhu, G. M. Palmer, T. M. Breslin, F. Xu, and N. Ramanujam, “Use of a multiseparation fiber optic probe for the optical diagnosis of breast cancer,” J. Biomed. Opt. 10, 024032 (2005).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  24. C. Zhu, G. M. Palmer, T. M. Breslin, J. Harter, and N. Ramanujam, “Diagnosis of breast cancer using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy: Comparison of a Monte Carlo versus partial least squares analysis based feature extraction technique,” Lasers Surg. Med. 38, 714–724 (2006).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  25. D. G. MacDonald and S. M. Saka, Structural Indicators of the High Risk Lesion(Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1991).
  26. M. L. Ellsworth, R. N. Pittman, and C. G. Ellis, “Measurement of hemoglobin oxygen saturation in capillaries,” Am. J. Physiol. 252, H1031–1040 (1987).
    [PubMed]
  27. S. R. Millon, K. M. Roldan-Perez, K. M. Riching, G. M. Palmer, and N. Ramanujam, “Effect of optical clearing agents on the in vivo optical properties of squamous epithelial tissue,” Lasers Surg. Med. 38, 920–927 (2006).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  28. J. Mourant, J. Freyer, A. Hielscher, A. Eick, D. Shen, and T. Johnson, “Mechanisms of light scattering from biological cells relevant to noninvasive optical-tissue diagnostics,” Appl. Opt. 37, 3586–3593 (1998).
    [Crossref]
  29. G. M. Palmer, C. Zhu, T. M. Breslin, F. Xu, K. W. Gilchrist, and N. Ramanujam, “Monte Carlo-based inverse model for calculating tissue optical properties. Part II: Application to breast cancer diagnosis,” Appl. Opt. 45, 1072–1078 (2006).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  30. W. R. Dillon and M. Goldstein, Multivariate analysis: methods and applications (Wiley, New York, 1984).
  31. J. Devore, Probability and Statistics for Engineering and the Sciences (Duxbury, Pacific Grove, 2000).
  32. N. Cristianini and J. Shawe-Taylor, An introduction to support vector machines: and other Kernel-based learning methods (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000).
  33. J. Hjorth, Computer intensive statistical methods: Validation, model selection, and bootstrap (Chapman & Hall, London, New York, 1994).
  34. R. Drezek, K. Sokolov, U. Utzinger, I. Boiko, A. Malpica, M. Follen, and R. Richards-Kortum, “Understanding the contributions of NADH and collagen to cervical tissue fluorescence spectra: modeling, measurements, and implications,” J. Biomed. Opt. 6, 385–396 (2001).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  35. U. Sunar, H. Quon, T. Durduran, J. Zhang, J. Du, C. Zhou, G. Yu, R. Choe, A. Kilger, R. Lustig, L. Loevner, S. Nioka, B. Chance, and A. G. Yodh, “Noninvasive diffuse optical measurement of blood flow and blood oxygenation for monitoring radiation therapy in patients with head and neck tumors: a pilot study,” J. Biomed. Opt. 11, 064021 (2006).
    [Crossref]
  36. R. Hornung, T. H. Pham, K. A. Keefe, M. W. Berns, Y. Tadir, and B. J. Tromberg, “Quantitative near-infrared spectroscopy of cervical dysplasia in vivo,” Hum. Reprod. 14, 2908–2916 (1999).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  37. C. J. Gulledge and M. W. Dewhirst, “Tumor oxygenation: a matter of supply and demand,” Anticancer Res. 16, 741–749 (1996).
    [PubMed]
  38. C. Baudelet and B. Gallez, “Effect of anesthesia on the signal intensity in tumors using BOLD-MRI: comparison with flow measurements by Laser Doppler flowmetry and oxygen measurements by luminescence-based probes,” Magn. Reson. Imaging 22, 905–912 (2004).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  39. F. Steinberg, H. J. Rohrborn, T. Otto, K. M. Scheufler, and C. Streffer, “NIR reflection measurements of hemoglobin and cytochrome aa3 in healthy tissue and tumors. Correlations to oxygen consumption: preclinical and clinical data,” Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 428, 69–77 (1997).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  40. T. Collier, M. Follen, A. Malpica, and R. Richards-Kortum, “Sources of scattering in cervical tissue: determination of the scattering coefficient by confocal microscopy,” Appl. Opt. 44, 2072–2081 (2005).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  41. I. Pavlova, K. Sokolov, R. Drezek, A. Malpica, M. Follen, and R. Richards-Kortum, “Microanatomical and biochemical origins of normal and precancerous cervical autofluorescence using laser-scanning fluorescence confocal microscopy,” Photochem. Photobiol. 77, 550–555 (2003).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  42. I. Saidi, S. Jacques, and F. Tittel, “Mie and Rayleigh modeling of visible-light scattering in neonatal skin,” Appl. Opt. 34, 7410–7418 (1995).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]

2007 (1)

M. C. Skala, K. M. Riching, D. K. Bird, A. Gendron-Fitzpatrick, J. Eickhoff, K. W. Eliceiri, P. J. Keely, and N. Ramanujam, “In vivo multiphoton fluorescence lifetime imaging of protein-bound and free nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide in normal and precancerous epithelia,” J. Biomed. Opt. 12, 024014 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2006 (7)

N. Subhash, J. R. Mallia, S. S. Thomas, A. Mathews, P. Sebastian, and J. Madhavan, “Oral cancer detection using diffuse reflectance spectral ratio R540/R575 of oxygenated hemoglobin bands,” J. Biomed. Opt. 11, 014018 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. R. Millon, K. M. Roldan-Perez, K. M. Riching, G. M. Palmer, and N. Ramanujam, “Effect of optical clearing agents on the in vivo optical properties of squamous epithelial tissue,” Lasers Surg. Med. 38, 920–927 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. S. Fawzy, M. Petek, M. Tercelj, and H. Zeng, “In vivo assessment and evaluation of lung tissue morphologic and physiological changes from non-contact endoscopic reflectance spectroscopy for improving lung cancer detection,” J. Biomed. Opt. 11, 044003 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

C. Zhu, G. M. Palmer, T. M. Breslin, J. Harter, and N. Ramanujam, “Diagnosis of breast cancer using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy: Comparison of a Monte Carlo versus partial least squares analysis based feature extraction technique,” Lasers Surg. Med. 38, 714–724 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

U. Sunar, H. Quon, T. Durduran, J. Zhang, J. Du, C. Zhou, G. Yu, R. Choe, A. Kilger, R. Lustig, L. Loevner, S. Nioka, B. Chance, and A. G. Yodh, “Noninvasive diffuse optical measurement of blood flow and blood oxygenation for monitoring radiation therapy in patients with head and neck tumors: a pilot study,” J. Biomed. Opt. 11, 064021 (2006).
[Crossref]

G. M. Palmer and N. Ramanujam, “Monte Carlo-based inverse model for calculating tissue optical properties. Part I: Theory and validation on synthetic phantoms,” Appl. Opt. 45, 1062–1071 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

G. M. Palmer, C. Zhu, T. M. Breslin, F. Xu, K. W. Gilchrist, and N. Ramanujam, “Monte Carlo-based inverse model for calculating tissue optical properties. Part II: Application to breast cancer diagnosis,” Appl. Opt. 45, 1072–1078 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2005 (5)

T. Collier, M. Follen, A. Malpica, and R. Richards-Kortum, “Sources of scattering in cervical tissue: determination of the scattering coefficient by confocal microscopy,” Appl. Opt. 44, 2072–2081 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

D. J. Parekh, W. C. Lin, and S. D. Herrell, “Optical spectroscopy characteristics can differentiate benign and malignant renal tissues: a potentially useful modality,” J. Urol. 174, 1754–1758 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

D. C. de Veld, M. Skurichina, M. J. Witjes, R. P. Duin, H. J. Sterenborg, and J. L. Roodenburg, “Autofluorescence and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy for oral oncology,” Lasers Surg. Med. 36, 356–364 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. C. Skala, J. M. Squirrell, K. M. Vrotsos, J. C. Eickhoff, A. Gendron-Fitzpatrick, K. W. Eliceiri, and N. Ramanujam, “Multiphoton microscopy of endogenous fluorescence differentiates normal, precancerous, and cancerous squamous epithelial tissues,” Cancer Res. 65, 1180–1186 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

C. Zhu, G. M. Palmer, T. M. Breslin, F. Xu, and N. Ramanujam, “Use of a multiseparation fiber optic probe for the optical diagnosis of breast cancer,” J. Biomed. Opt. 10, 024032 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2004 (4)

J. C. Finlay and T. H. Foster, “Hemoglobin oxygen saturations in phantoms and in vivo from measurements of steady-state diffuse reflectance at a single, short source-detector separation,” Med. Phys. 31, 1949–1959 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Amelink, H. J. Sterenborg, M. P. Bard, and S. A. Burgers, “In vivo measurement of the local optical properties of tissue by use of differential path-length spectroscopy,” Opt. Lett. 29, 1087–1089 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. C. Skala, G. M. Palmer, C. Zhu, Q. Liu, K. M. Vrotsos, C. L. Marshek-Stone, A. Gendron-Fitzpatrick, and N. Ramanujam, “Investigation of fiber-optic probe designs for optical spectroscopic diagnosis of epithelial pre-cancers,” Lasers Surg. Med. 34, 25–38 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

C. Baudelet and B. Gallez, “Effect of anesthesia on the signal intensity in tumors using BOLD-MRI: comparison with flow measurements by Laser Doppler flowmetry and oxygen measurements by luminescence-based probes,” Magn. Reson. Imaging 22, 905–912 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2003 (5)

P. Thueler, I. Charvet, F. Bevilacqua, M. St Ghislain, G. Ory, P. Marquet, P. Meda, B. Vermeulen, and C. Depeursinge, “In vivo endoscopic tissue diagnostics based on spectroscopic absorption, scattering, and phase function properties,” J. Biomed. Opt. 8, 495–503 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

I. Pavlova, K. Sokolov, R. Drezek, A. Malpica, M. Follen, and R. Richards-Kortum, “Microanatomical and biochemical origins of normal and precancerous cervical autofluorescence using laser-scanning fluorescence confocal microscopy,” Photochem. Photobiol. 77, 550–555 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. J. Pfefer, L. S. Matchette, C. L. Bennett, J. A. Gall, J. N. Wilke, A. J. Durkin, and M. N. Ediger, “Reflectance-based determination of optical properties in highly attenuating tissue,” J. Biomed. Opt. 8, 206–215 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

G. M. Palmer, C. Zhu, T. M. Breslin, F. Xu, K. W. Gilchrist, and N. Ramanujam, “Comparison of multiexcitation fluorescence and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy for the diagnosis of breast cancer (March 2003),” IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 50, 1233–1242 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. G. Muller, T. A. Valdez, I. Georgakoudi, V. Backman, C. Fuentes, S. Kabani, N. Laver, Z. Wang, C. W. Boone, R. R. Dasari, S. M. Shapshay, and M. S. Feld, “Spectroscopic detection and evaluation of morphologic and biochemical changes in early human oral carcinoma,” Cancer 97, 1681–1692 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2002 (1)

I. Georgakoudi, E. E. Sheets, M. G. Muller, V. Backman, C. P. Crum, K. Badizadegan, R. R. Dasari, and M. S. Feld, “Trimodal spectroscopy for the detection and characterization of cervical precancers in vivo,“ Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 186, 374–382 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2001 (3)

R. J. Nordstrom, L. Burke, J. M. Niloff, and J. F. Myrtle, “Identification of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) using UV-excited fluorescence and diffuse-reflectance tissue spectroscopy,” Lasers Surg. Med. 29, 118–127 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

R. Drezek, K. Sokolov, U. Utzinger, I. Boiko, A. Malpica, M. Follen, and R. Richards-Kortum, “Understanding the contributions of NADH and collagen to cervical tissue fluorescence spectra: modeling, measurements, and implications,” J. Biomed. Opt. 6, 385–396 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

N. Ghosh, S. K. Mohanty, S. K. Majumder, and P. K. Gupta, “Measurement of optical transport properties of normal and malignant human breast tissue,” Appl. Opt. 40, 176–184 (2001).
[Crossref]

1999 (2)

G. Zonios, L. Perelman, V. Backman, R. Manoharan, M. Fitzmaurice, J. Van Dam, and M. S. Feld, “Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy of human adenomatous colon polyps in vivo,” Appl. Opt. 38, 6628–6637 (1999).
[Crossref]

R. Hornung, T. H. Pham, K. A. Keefe, M. W. Berns, Y. Tadir, and B. J. Tromberg, “Quantitative near-infrared spectroscopy of cervical dysplasia in vivo,” Hum. Reprod. 14, 2908–2916 (1999).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1998 (2)

J. Mourant, J. Freyer, A. Hielscher, A. Eick, D. Shen, and T. Johnson, “Mechanisms of light scattering from biological cells relevant to noninvasive optical-tissue diagnostics,” Appl. Opt. 37, 3586–3593 (1998).
[Crossref]

C. T. Chen, H. K. Chiang, S. N. Chow, C. Y. Wang, Y. S. Lee, J. C. Tsai, and C. P. Chiang, “Autofluorescence in normal and malignant human oral tissues and in DMBA-induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis,” J. Oral Pathol. Med. 27, 470–474 (1998).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1997 (1)

F. Steinberg, H. J. Rohrborn, T. Otto, K. M. Scheufler, and C. Streffer, “NIR reflection measurements of hemoglobin and cytochrome aa3 in healthy tissue and tumors. Correlations to oxygen consumption: preclinical and clinical data,” Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 428, 69–77 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1996 (2)

C. J. Gulledge and M. W. Dewhirst, “Tumor oxygenation: a matter of supply and demand,” Anticancer Res. 16, 741–749 (1996).
[PubMed]

S. Andrejevic, J. F. Savary, C. Fontolliet, P. Monnier, and H. van Den Bergh, “7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced ‘early’ squamous cell carcinoma in the Golden Syrian hamster: evaluation of an animal model and comparison with ‘early’ forms of human squamous cell carcinoma in the upper aero-digestive tract,” Int. J. Exp. Pathol. 77, 7–14 (1996).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1995 (1)

1987 (1)

M. L. Ellsworth, R. N. Pittman, and C. G. Ellis, “Measurement of hemoglobin oxygen saturation in capillaries,” Am. J. Physiol. 252, H1031–1040 (1987).
[PubMed]

1981 (1)

F. H. White, K. Gohari, and C. J. Smith, “Histological and ultrastructural morphology of 7,12 dimethylbenz(alpha)-anthracene carcinogenesis in hamster cheek pouch epithelium,” Diagn. Histopathol. 4, 307–333 (1981).
[PubMed]

Amelink, A.

Andrejevic, S.

S. Andrejevic, J. F. Savary, C. Fontolliet, P. Monnier, and H. van Den Bergh, “7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced ‘early’ squamous cell carcinoma in the Golden Syrian hamster: evaluation of an animal model and comparison with ‘early’ forms of human squamous cell carcinoma in the upper aero-digestive tract,” Int. J. Exp. Pathol. 77, 7–14 (1996).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Backman, V.

M. G. Muller, T. A. Valdez, I. Georgakoudi, V. Backman, C. Fuentes, S. Kabani, N. Laver, Z. Wang, C. W. Boone, R. R. Dasari, S. M. Shapshay, and M. S. Feld, “Spectroscopic detection and evaluation of morphologic and biochemical changes in early human oral carcinoma,” Cancer 97, 1681–1692 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

I. Georgakoudi, E. E. Sheets, M. G. Muller, V. Backman, C. P. Crum, K. Badizadegan, R. R. Dasari, and M. S. Feld, “Trimodal spectroscopy for the detection and characterization of cervical precancers in vivo,“ Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 186, 374–382 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

G. Zonios, L. Perelman, V. Backman, R. Manoharan, M. Fitzmaurice, J. Van Dam, and M. S. Feld, “Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy of human adenomatous colon polyps in vivo,” Appl. Opt. 38, 6628–6637 (1999).
[Crossref]

Badizadegan, K.

I. Georgakoudi, E. E. Sheets, M. G. Muller, V. Backman, C. P. Crum, K. Badizadegan, R. R. Dasari, and M. S. Feld, “Trimodal spectroscopy for the detection and characterization of cervical precancers in vivo,“ Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 186, 374–382 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Bard, M. P.

Baudelet, C.

C. Baudelet and B. Gallez, “Effect of anesthesia on the signal intensity in tumors using BOLD-MRI: comparison with flow measurements by Laser Doppler flowmetry and oxygen measurements by luminescence-based probes,” Magn. Reson. Imaging 22, 905–912 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Bennett, C. L.

T. J. Pfefer, L. S. Matchette, C. L. Bennett, J. A. Gall, J. N. Wilke, A. J. Durkin, and M. N. Ediger, “Reflectance-based determination of optical properties in highly attenuating tissue,” J. Biomed. Opt. 8, 206–215 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Berns, M. W.

R. Hornung, T. H. Pham, K. A. Keefe, M. W. Berns, Y. Tadir, and B. J. Tromberg, “Quantitative near-infrared spectroscopy of cervical dysplasia in vivo,” Hum. Reprod. 14, 2908–2916 (1999).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Bevilacqua, F.

P. Thueler, I. Charvet, F. Bevilacqua, M. St Ghislain, G. Ory, P. Marquet, P. Meda, B. Vermeulen, and C. Depeursinge, “In vivo endoscopic tissue diagnostics based on spectroscopic absorption, scattering, and phase function properties,” J. Biomed. Opt. 8, 495–503 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Bird, D. K.

M. C. Skala, K. M. Riching, D. K. Bird, A. Gendron-Fitzpatrick, J. Eickhoff, K. W. Eliceiri, P. J. Keely, and N. Ramanujam, “In vivo multiphoton fluorescence lifetime imaging of protein-bound and free nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide in normal and precancerous epithelia,” J. Biomed. Opt. 12, 024014 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Boiko, I.

R. Drezek, K. Sokolov, U. Utzinger, I. Boiko, A. Malpica, M. Follen, and R. Richards-Kortum, “Understanding the contributions of NADH and collagen to cervical tissue fluorescence spectra: modeling, measurements, and implications,” J. Biomed. Opt. 6, 385–396 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Boone, C. W.

M. G. Muller, T. A. Valdez, I. Georgakoudi, V. Backman, C. Fuentes, S. Kabani, N. Laver, Z. Wang, C. W. Boone, R. R. Dasari, S. M. Shapshay, and M. S. Feld, “Spectroscopic detection and evaluation of morphologic and biochemical changes in early human oral carcinoma,” Cancer 97, 1681–1692 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Breslin, T. M.

C. Zhu, G. M. Palmer, T. M. Breslin, J. Harter, and N. Ramanujam, “Diagnosis of breast cancer using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy: Comparison of a Monte Carlo versus partial least squares analysis based feature extraction technique,” Lasers Surg. Med. 38, 714–724 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

G. M. Palmer, C. Zhu, T. M. Breslin, F. Xu, K. W. Gilchrist, and N. Ramanujam, “Monte Carlo-based inverse model for calculating tissue optical properties. Part II: Application to breast cancer diagnosis,” Appl. Opt. 45, 1072–1078 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

C. Zhu, G. M. Palmer, T. M. Breslin, F. Xu, and N. Ramanujam, “Use of a multiseparation fiber optic probe for the optical diagnosis of breast cancer,” J. Biomed. Opt. 10, 024032 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

G. M. Palmer, C. Zhu, T. M. Breslin, F. Xu, K. W. Gilchrist, and N. Ramanujam, “Comparison of multiexcitation fluorescence and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy for the diagnosis of breast cancer (March 2003),” IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 50, 1233–1242 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Burgers, S. A.

Burke, L.

R. J. Nordstrom, L. Burke, J. M. Niloff, and J. F. Myrtle, “Identification of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) using UV-excited fluorescence and diffuse-reflectance tissue spectroscopy,” Lasers Surg. Med. 29, 118–127 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Chance, B.

U. Sunar, H. Quon, T. Durduran, J. Zhang, J. Du, C. Zhou, G. Yu, R. Choe, A. Kilger, R. Lustig, L. Loevner, S. Nioka, B. Chance, and A. G. Yodh, “Noninvasive diffuse optical measurement of blood flow and blood oxygenation for monitoring radiation therapy in patients with head and neck tumors: a pilot study,” J. Biomed. Opt. 11, 064021 (2006).
[Crossref]

Charvet, I.

P. Thueler, I. Charvet, F. Bevilacqua, M. St Ghislain, G. Ory, P. Marquet, P. Meda, B. Vermeulen, and C. Depeursinge, “In vivo endoscopic tissue diagnostics based on spectroscopic absorption, scattering, and phase function properties,” J. Biomed. Opt. 8, 495–503 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Chen, C. T.

C. T. Chen, H. K. Chiang, S. N. Chow, C. Y. Wang, Y. S. Lee, J. C. Tsai, and C. P. Chiang, “Autofluorescence in normal and malignant human oral tissues and in DMBA-induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis,” J. Oral Pathol. Med. 27, 470–474 (1998).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Chiang, C. P.

C. T. Chen, H. K. Chiang, S. N. Chow, C. Y. Wang, Y. S. Lee, J. C. Tsai, and C. P. Chiang, “Autofluorescence in normal and malignant human oral tissues and in DMBA-induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis,” J. Oral Pathol. Med. 27, 470–474 (1998).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Chiang, H. K.

C. T. Chen, H. K. Chiang, S. N. Chow, C. Y. Wang, Y. S. Lee, J. C. Tsai, and C. P. Chiang, “Autofluorescence in normal and malignant human oral tissues and in DMBA-induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis,” J. Oral Pathol. Med. 27, 470–474 (1998).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Choe, R.

U. Sunar, H. Quon, T. Durduran, J. Zhang, J. Du, C. Zhou, G. Yu, R. Choe, A. Kilger, R. Lustig, L. Loevner, S. Nioka, B. Chance, and A. G. Yodh, “Noninvasive diffuse optical measurement of blood flow and blood oxygenation for monitoring radiation therapy in patients with head and neck tumors: a pilot study,” J. Biomed. Opt. 11, 064021 (2006).
[Crossref]

Chow, S. N.

C. T. Chen, H. K. Chiang, S. N. Chow, C. Y. Wang, Y. S. Lee, J. C. Tsai, and C. P. Chiang, “Autofluorescence in normal and malignant human oral tissues and in DMBA-induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis,” J. Oral Pathol. Med. 27, 470–474 (1998).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Collier, T.

Cristianini, N.

N. Cristianini and J. Shawe-Taylor, An introduction to support vector machines: and other Kernel-based learning methods (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000).

Crum, C. P.

I. Georgakoudi, E. E. Sheets, M. G. Muller, V. Backman, C. P. Crum, K. Badizadegan, R. R. Dasari, and M. S. Feld, “Trimodal spectroscopy for the detection and characterization of cervical precancers in vivo,“ Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 186, 374–382 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Dasari, R. R.

M. G. Muller, T. A. Valdez, I. Georgakoudi, V. Backman, C. Fuentes, S. Kabani, N. Laver, Z. Wang, C. W. Boone, R. R. Dasari, S. M. Shapshay, and M. S. Feld, “Spectroscopic detection and evaluation of morphologic and biochemical changes in early human oral carcinoma,” Cancer 97, 1681–1692 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

I. Georgakoudi, E. E. Sheets, M. G. Muller, V. Backman, C. P. Crum, K. Badizadegan, R. R. Dasari, and M. S. Feld, “Trimodal spectroscopy for the detection and characterization of cervical precancers in vivo,“ Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 186, 374–382 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

de Veld, D. C.

D. C. de Veld, M. Skurichina, M. J. Witjes, R. P. Duin, H. J. Sterenborg, and J. L. Roodenburg, “Autofluorescence and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy for oral oncology,” Lasers Surg. Med. 36, 356–364 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Depeursinge, C.

P. Thueler, I. Charvet, F. Bevilacqua, M. St Ghislain, G. Ory, P. Marquet, P. Meda, B. Vermeulen, and C. Depeursinge, “In vivo endoscopic tissue diagnostics based on spectroscopic absorption, scattering, and phase function properties,” J. Biomed. Opt. 8, 495–503 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Devore, J.

J. Devore, Probability and Statistics for Engineering and the Sciences (Duxbury, Pacific Grove, 2000).

Dewhirst, M. W.

C. J. Gulledge and M. W. Dewhirst, “Tumor oxygenation: a matter of supply and demand,” Anticancer Res. 16, 741–749 (1996).
[PubMed]

Dillon, W. R.

W. R. Dillon and M. Goldstein, Multivariate analysis: methods and applications (Wiley, New York, 1984).

Drezek, R.

I. Pavlova, K. Sokolov, R. Drezek, A. Malpica, M. Follen, and R. Richards-Kortum, “Microanatomical and biochemical origins of normal and precancerous cervical autofluorescence using laser-scanning fluorescence confocal microscopy,” Photochem. Photobiol. 77, 550–555 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

R. Drezek, K. Sokolov, U. Utzinger, I. Boiko, A. Malpica, M. Follen, and R. Richards-Kortum, “Understanding the contributions of NADH and collagen to cervical tissue fluorescence spectra: modeling, measurements, and implications,” J. Biomed. Opt. 6, 385–396 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Du, J.

U. Sunar, H. Quon, T. Durduran, J. Zhang, J. Du, C. Zhou, G. Yu, R. Choe, A. Kilger, R. Lustig, L. Loevner, S. Nioka, B. Chance, and A. G. Yodh, “Noninvasive diffuse optical measurement of blood flow and blood oxygenation for monitoring radiation therapy in patients with head and neck tumors: a pilot study,” J. Biomed. Opt. 11, 064021 (2006).
[Crossref]

Duin, R. P.

D. C. de Veld, M. Skurichina, M. J. Witjes, R. P. Duin, H. J. Sterenborg, and J. L. Roodenburg, “Autofluorescence and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy for oral oncology,” Lasers Surg. Med. 36, 356–364 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Durduran, T.

U. Sunar, H. Quon, T. Durduran, J. Zhang, J. Du, C. Zhou, G. Yu, R. Choe, A. Kilger, R. Lustig, L. Loevner, S. Nioka, B. Chance, and A. G. Yodh, “Noninvasive diffuse optical measurement of blood flow and blood oxygenation for monitoring radiation therapy in patients with head and neck tumors: a pilot study,” J. Biomed. Opt. 11, 064021 (2006).
[Crossref]

Durkin, A. J.

T. J. Pfefer, L. S. Matchette, C. L. Bennett, J. A. Gall, J. N. Wilke, A. J. Durkin, and M. N. Ediger, “Reflectance-based determination of optical properties in highly attenuating tissue,” J. Biomed. Opt. 8, 206–215 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Ediger, M. N.

T. J. Pfefer, L. S. Matchette, C. L. Bennett, J. A. Gall, J. N. Wilke, A. J. Durkin, and M. N. Ediger, “Reflectance-based determination of optical properties in highly attenuating tissue,” J. Biomed. Opt. 8, 206–215 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Eick, A.

Eickhoff, J.

M. C. Skala, K. M. Riching, D. K. Bird, A. Gendron-Fitzpatrick, J. Eickhoff, K. W. Eliceiri, P. J. Keely, and N. Ramanujam, “In vivo multiphoton fluorescence lifetime imaging of protein-bound and free nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide in normal and precancerous epithelia,” J. Biomed. Opt. 12, 024014 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Eickhoff, J. C.

M. C. Skala, J. M. Squirrell, K. M. Vrotsos, J. C. Eickhoff, A. Gendron-Fitzpatrick, K. W. Eliceiri, and N. Ramanujam, “Multiphoton microscopy of endogenous fluorescence differentiates normal, precancerous, and cancerous squamous epithelial tissues,” Cancer Res. 65, 1180–1186 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Eliceiri, K. W.

M. C. Skala, K. M. Riching, D. K. Bird, A. Gendron-Fitzpatrick, J. Eickhoff, K. W. Eliceiri, P. J. Keely, and N. Ramanujam, “In vivo multiphoton fluorescence lifetime imaging of protein-bound and free nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide in normal and precancerous epithelia,” J. Biomed. Opt. 12, 024014 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. C. Skala, J. M. Squirrell, K. M. Vrotsos, J. C. Eickhoff, A. Gendron-Fitzpatrick, K. W. Eliceiri, and N. Ramanujam, “Multiphoton microscopy of endogenous fluorescence differentiates normal, precancerous, and cancerous squamous epithelial tissues,” Cancer Res. 65, 1180–1186 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Ellis, C. G.

M. L. Ellsworth, R. N. Pittman, and C. G. Ellis, “Measurement of hemoglobin oxygen saturation in capillaries,” Am. J. Physiol. 252, H1031–1040 (1987).
[PubMed]

Ellsworth, M. L.

M. L. Ellsworth, R. N. Pittman, and C. G. Ellis, “Measurement of hemoglobin oxygen saturation in capillaries,” Am. J. Physiol. 252, H1031–1040 (1987).
[PubMed]

Fawzy, Y. S.

Y. S. Fawzy, M. Petek, M. Tercelj, and H. Zeng, “In vivo assessment and evaluation of lung tissue morphologic and physiological changes from non-contact endoscopic reflectance spectroscopy for improving lung cancer detection,” J. Biomed. Opt. 11, 044003 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Feld, M. S.

M. G. Muller, T. A. Valdez, I. Georgakoudi, V. Backman, C. Fuentes, S. Kabani, N. Laver, Z. Wang, C. W. Boone, R. R. Dasari, S. M. Shapshay, and M. S. Feld, “Spectroscopic detection and evaluation of morphologic and biochemical changes in early human oral carcinoma,” Cancer 97, 1681–1692 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

I. Georgakoudi, E. E. Sheets, M. G. Muller, V. Backman, C. P. Crum, K. Badizadegan, R. R. Dasari, and M. S. Feld, “Trimodal spectroscopy for the detection and characterization of cervical precancers in vivo,“ Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 186, 374–382 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

G. Zonios, L. Perelman, V. Backman, R. Manoharan, M. Fitzmaurice, J. Van Dam, and M. S. Feld, “Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy of human adenomatous colon polyps in vivo,” Appl. Opt. 38, 6628–6637 (1999).
[Crossref]

Finlay, J. C.

J. C. Finlay and T. H. Foster, “Hemoglobin oxygen saturations in phantoms and in vivo from measurements of steady-state diffuse reflectance at a single, short source-detector separation,” Med. Phys. 31, 1949–1959 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Fitzmaurice, M.

Follen, M.

T. Collier, M. Follen, A. Malpica, and R. Richards-Kortum, “Sources of scattering in cervical tissue: determination of the scattering coefficient by confocal microscopy,” Appl. Opt. 44, 2072–2081 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

I. Pavlova, K. Sokolov, R. Drezek, A. Malpica, M. Follen, and R. Richards-Kortum, “Microanatomical and biochemical origins of normal and precancerous cervical autofluorescence using laser-scanning fluorescence confocal microscopy,” Photochem. Photobiol. 77, 550–555 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

R. Drezek, K. Sokolov, U. Utzinger, I. Boiko, A. Malpica, M. Follen, and R. Richards-Kortum, “Understanding the contributions of NADH and collagen to cervical tissue fluorescence spectra: modeling, measurements, and implications,” J. Biomed. Opt. 6, 385–396 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Fontolliet, C.

S. Andrejevic, J. F. Savary, C. Fontolliet, P. Monnier, and H. van Den Bergh, “7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced ‘early’ squamous cell carcinoma in the Golden Syrian hamster: evaluation of an animal model and comparison with ‘early’ forms of human squamous cell carcinoma in the upper aero-digestive tract,” Int. J. Exp. Pathol. 77, 7–14 (1996).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Foster, T. H.

J. C. Finlay and T. H. Foster, “Hemoglobin oxygen saturations in phantoms and in vivo from measurements of steady-state diffuse reflectance at a single, short source-detector separation,” Med. Phys. 31, 1949–1959 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Freyer, J.

Fuentes, C.

M. G. Muller, T. A. Valdez, I. Georgakoudi, V. Backman, C. Fuentes, S. Kabani, N. Laver, Z. Wang, C. W. Boone, R. R. Dasari, S. M. Shapshay, and M. S. Feld, “Spectroscopic detection and evaluation of morphologic and biochemical changes in early human oral carcinoma,” Cancer 97, 1681–1692 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Gall, J. A.

T. J. Pfefer, L. S. Matchette, C. L. Bennett, J. A. Gall, J. N. Wilke, A. J. Durkin, and M. N. Ediger, “Reflectance-based determination of optical properties in highly attenuating tissue,” J. Biomed. Opt. 8, 206–215 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Gallez, B.

C. Baudelet and B. Gallez, “Effect of anesthesia on the signal intensity in tumors using BOLD-MRI: comparison with flow measurements by Laser Doppler flowmetry and oxygen measurements by luminescence-based probes,” Magn. Reson. Imaging 22, 905–912 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Gendron-Fitzpatrick, A.

M. C. Skala, K. M. Riching, D. K. Bird, A. Gendron-Fitzpatrick, J. Eickhoff, K. W. Eliceiri, P. J. Keely, and N. Ramanujam, “In vivo multiphoton fluorescence lifetime imaging of protein-bound and free nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide in normal and precancerous epithelia,” J. Biomed. Opt. 12, 024014 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. C. Skala, J. M. Squirrell, K. M. Vrotsos, J. C. Eickhoff, A. Gendron-Fitzpatrick, K. W. Eliceiri, and N. Ramanujam, “Multiphoton microscopy of endogenous fluorescence differentiates normal, precancerous, and cancerous squamous epithelial tissues,” Cancer Res. 65, 1180–1186 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. C. Skala, G. M. Palmer, C. Zhu, Q. Liu, K. M. Vrotsos, C. L. Marshek-Stone, A. Gendron-Fitzpatrick, and N. Ramanujam, “Investigation of fiber-optic probe designs for optical spectroscopic diagnosis of epithelial pre-cancers,” Lasers Surg. Med. 34, 25–38 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Georgakoudi, I.

M. G. Muller, T. A. Valdez, I. Georgakoudi, V. Backman, C. Fuentes, S. Kabani, N. Laver, Z. Wang, C. W. Boone, R. R. Dasari, S. M. Shapshay, and M. S. Feld, “Spectroscopic detection and evaluation of morphologic and biochemical changes in early human oral carcinoma,” Cancer 97, 1681–1692 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

I. Georgakoudi, E. E. Sheets, M. G. Muller, V. Backman, C. P. Crum, K. Badizadegan, R. R. Dasari, and M. S. Feld, “Trimodal spectroscopy for the detection and characterization of cervical precancers in vivo,“ Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 186, 374–382 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Ghosh, N.

Gilchrist, K. W.

G. M. Palmer, C. Zhu, T. M. Breslin, F. Xu, K. W. Gilchrist, and N. Ramanujam, “Monte Carlo-based inverse model for calculating tissue optical properties. Part II: Application to breast cancer diagnosis,” Appl. Opt. 45, 1072–1078 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

G. M. Palmer, C. Zhu, T. M. Breslin, F. Xu, K. W. Gilchrist, and N. Ramanujam, “Comparison of multiexcitation fluorescence and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy for the diagnosis of breast cancer (March 2003),” IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 50, 1233–1242 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Gohari, K.

F. H. White, K. Gohari, and C. J. Smith, “Histological and ultrastructural morphology of 7,12 dimethylbenz(alpha)-anthracene carcinogenesis in hamster cheek pouch epithelium,” Diagn. Histopathol. 4, 307–333 (1981).
[PubMed]

Goldstein, M.

W. R. Dillon and M. Goldstein, Multivariate analysis: methods and applications (Wiley, New York, 1984).

Gulledge, C. J.

C. J. Gulledge and M. W. Dewhirst, “Tumor oxygenation: a matter of supply and demand,” Anticancer Res. 16, 741–749 (1996).
[PubMed]

Gupta, P. K.

Harter, J.

C. Zhu, G. M. Palmer, T. M. Breslin, J. Harter, and N. Ramanujam, “Diagnosis of breast cancer using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy: Comparison of a Monte Carlo versus partial least squares analysis based feature extraction technique,” Lasers Surg. Med. 38, 714–724 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Herrell, S. D.

D. J. Parekh, W. C. Lin, and S. D. Herrell, “Optical spectroscopy characteristics can differentiate benign and malignant renal tissues: a potentially useful modality,” J. Urol. 174, 1754–1758 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Hielscher, A.

Hjorth, J.

J. Hjorth, Computer intensive statistical methods: Validation, model selection, and bootstrap (Chapman & Hall, London, New York, 1994).

Hornung, R.

R. Hornung, T. H. Pham, K. A. Keefe, M. W. Berns, Y. Tadir, and B. J. Tromberg, “Quantitative near-infrared spectroscopy of cervical dysplasia in vivo,” Hum. Reprod. 14, 2908–2916 (1999).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Jacques, S.

Johnson, T.

Kabani, S.

M. G. Muller, T. A. Valdez, I. Georgakoudi, V. Backman, C. Fuentes, S. Kabani, N. Laver, Z. Wang, C. W. Boone, R. R. Dasari, S. M. Shapshay, and M. S. Feld, “Spectroscopic detection and evaluation of morphologic and biochemical changes in early human oral carcinoma,” Cancer 97, 1681–1692 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Keefe, K. A.

R. Hornung, T. H. Pham, K. A. Keefe, M. W. Berns, Y. Tadir, and B. J. Tromberg, “Quantitative near-infrared spectroscopy of cervical dysplasia in vivo,” Hum. Reprod. 14, 2908–2916 (1999).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Keely, P. J.

M. C. Skala, K. M. Riching, D. K. Bird, A. Gendron-Fitzpatrick, J. Eickhoff, K. W. Eliceiri, P. J. Keely, and N. Ramanujam, “In vivo multiphoton fluorescence lifetime imaging of protein-bound and free nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide in normal and precancerous epithelia,” J. Biomed. Opt. 12, 024014 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Kilger, A.

U. Sunar, H. Quon, T. Durduran, J. Zhang, J. Du, C. Zhou, G. Yu, R. Choe, A. Kilger, R. Lustig, L. Loevner, S. Nioka, B. Chance, and A. G. Yodh, “Noninvasive diffuse optical measurement of blood flow and blood oxygenation for monitoring radiation therapy in patients with head and neck tumors: a pilot study,” J. Biomed. Opt. 11, 064021 (2006).
[Crossref]

Laver, N.

M. G. Muller, T. A. Valdez, I. Georgakoudi, V. Backman, C. Fuentes, S. Kabani, N. Laver, Z. Wang, C. W. Boone, R. R. Dasari, S. M. Shapshay, and M. S. Feld, “Spectroscopic detection and evaluation of morphologic and biochemical changes in early human oral carcinoma,” Cancer 97, 1681–1692 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Lee, Y. S.

C. T. Chen, H. K. Chiang, S. N. Chow, C. Y. Wang, Y. S. Lee, J. C. Tsai, and C. P. Chiang, “Autofluorescence in normal and malignant human oral tissues and in DMBA-induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis,” J. Oral Pathol. Med. 27, 470–474 (1998).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Lin, W. C.

D. J. Parekh, W. C. Lin, and S. D. Herrell, “Optical spectroscopy characteristics can differentiate benign and malignant renal tissues: a potentially useful modality,” J. Urol. 174, 1754–1758 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Liu, Q.

M. C. Skala, G. M. Palmer, C. Zhu, Q. Liu, K. M. Vrotsos, C. L. Marshek-Stone, A. Gendron-Fitzpatrick, and N. Ramanujam, “Investigation of fiber-optic probe designs for optical spectroscopic diagnosis of epithelial pre-cancers,” Lasers Surg. Med. 34, 25–38 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Loevner, L.

U. Sunar, H. Quon, T. Durduran, J. Zhang, J. Du, C. Zhou, G. Yu, R. Choe, A. Kilger, R. Lustig, L. Loevner, S. Nioka, B. Chance, and A. G. Yodh, “Noninvasive diffuse optical measurement of blood flow and blood oxygenation for monitoring radiation therapy in patients with head and neck tumors: a pilot study,” J. Biomed. Opt. 11, 064021 (2006).
[Crossref]

Lustig, R.

U. Sunar, H. Quon, T. Durduran, J. Zhang, J. Du, C. Zhou, G. Yu, R. Choe, A. Kilger, R. Lustig, L. Loevner, S. Nioka, B. Chance, and A. G. Yodh, “Noninvasive diffuse optical measurement of blood flow and blood oxygenation for monitoring radiation therapy in patients with head and neck tumors: a pilot study,” J. Biomed. Opt. 11, 064021 (2006).
[Crossref]

MacDonald, D. G.

D. G. MacDonald and S. M. Saka, Structural Indicators of the High Risk Lesion(Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1991).

Madhavan, J.

N. Subhash, J. R. Mallia, S. S. Thomas, A. Mathews, P. Sebastian, and J. Madhavan, “Oral cancer detection using diffuse reflectance spectral ratio R540/R575 of oxygenated hemoglobin bands,” J. Biomed. Opt. 11, 014018 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Majumder, S. K.

Mallia, J. R.

N. Subhash, J. R. Mallia, S. S. Thomas, A. Mathews, P. Sebastian, and J. Madhavan, “Oral cancer detection using diffuse reflectance spectral ratio R540/R575 of oxygenated hemoglobin bands,” J. Biomed. Opt. 11, 014018 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Malpica, A.

T. Collier, M. Follen, A. Malpica, and R. Richards-Kortum, “Sources of scattering in cervical tissue: determination of the scattering coefficient by confocal microscopy,” Appl. Opt. 44, 2072–2081 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

I. Pavlova, K. Sokolov, R. Drezek, A. Malpica, M. Follen, and R. Richards-Kortum, “Microanatomical and biochemical origins of normal and precancerous cervical autofluorescence using laser-scanning fluorescence confocal microscopy,” Photochem. Photobiol. 77, 550–555 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

R. Drezek, K. Sokolov, U. Utzinger, I. Boiko, A. Malpica, M. Follen, and R. Richards-Kortum, “Understanding the contributions of NADH and collagen to cervical tissue fluorescence spectra: modeling, measurements, and implications,” J. Biomed. Opt. 6, 385–396 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Manoharan, R.

Marquet, P.

P. Thueler, I. Charvet, F. Bevilacqua, M. St Ghislain, G. Ory, P. Marquet, P. Meda, B. Vermeulen, and C. Depeursinge, “In vivo endoscopic tissue diagnostics based on spectroscopic absorption, scattering, and phase function properties,” J. Biomed. Opt. 8, 495–503 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Marshek-Stone, C. L.

M. C. Skala, G. M. Palmer, C. Zhu, Q. Liu, K. M. Vrotsos, C. L. Marshek-Stone, A. Gendron-Fitzpatrick, and N. Ramanujam, “Investigation of fiber-optic probe designs for optical spectroscopic diagnosis of epithelial pre-cancers,” Lasers Surg. Med. 34, 25–38 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Matchette, L. S.

T. J. Pfefer, L. S. Matchette, C. L. Bennett, J. A. Gall, J. N. Wilke, A. J. Durkin, and M. N. Ediger, “Reflectance-based determination of optical properties in highly attenuating tissue,” J. Biomed. Opt. 8, 206–215 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Mathews, A.

N. Subhash, J. R. Mallia, S. S. Thomas, A. Mathews, P. Sebastian, and J. Madhavan, “Oral cancer detection using diffuse reflectance spectral ratio R540/R575 of oxygenated hemoglobin bands,” J. Biomed. Opt. 11, 014018 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Meda, P.

P. Thueler, I. Charvet, F. Bevilacqua, M. St Ghislain, G. Ory, P. Marquet, P. Meda, B. Vermeulen, and C. Depeursinge, “In vivo endoscopic tissue diagnostics based on spectroscopic absorption, scattering, and phase function properties,” J. Biomed. Opt. 8, 495–503 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Millon, S. R.

S. R. Millon, K. M. Roldan-Perez, K. M. Riching, G. M. Palmer, and N. Ramanujam, “Effect of optical clearing agents on the in vivo optical properties of squamous epithelial tissue,” Lasers Surg. Med. 38, 920–927 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Mohanty, S. K.

Monnier, P.

S. Andrejevic, J. F. Savary, C. Fontolliet, P. Monnier, and H. van Den Bergh, “7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced ‘early’ squamous cell carcinoma in the Golden Syrian hamster: evaluation of an animal model and comparison with ‘early’ forms of human squamous cell carcinoma in the upper aero-digestive tract,” Int. J. Exp. Pathol. 77, 7–14 (1996).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Mourant, J.

Muller, M. G.

M. G. Muller, T. A. Valdez, I. Georgakoudi, V. Backman, C. Fuentes, S. Kabani, N. Laver, Z. Wang, C. W. Boone, R. R. Dasari, S. M. Shapshay, and M. S. Feld, “Spectroscopic detection and evaluation of morphologic and biochemical changes in early human oral carcinoma,” Cancer 97, 1681–1692 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

I. Georgakoudi, E. E. Sheets, M. G. Muller, V. Backman, C. P. Crum, K. Badizadegan, R. R. Dasari, and M. S. Feld, “Trimodal spectroscopy for the detection and characterization of cervical precancers in vivo,“ Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 186, 374–382 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Myrtle, J. F.

R. J. Nordstrom, L. Burke, J. M. Niloff, and J. F. Myrtle, “Identification of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) using UV-excited fluorescence and diffuse-reflectance tissue spectroscopy,” Lasers Surg. Med. 29, 118–127 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Niloff, J. M.

R. J. Nordstrom, L. Burke, J. M. Niloff, and J. F. Myrtle, “Identification of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) using UV-excited fluorescence and diffuse-reflectance tissue spectroscopy,” Lasers Surg. Med. 29, 118–127 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Nioka, S.

U. Sunar, H. Quon, T. Durduran, J. Zhang, J. Du, C. Zhou, G. Yu, R. Choe, A. Kilger, R. Lustig, L. Loevner, S. Nioka, B. Chance, and A. G. Yodh, “Noninvasive diffuse optical measurement of blood flow and blood oxygenation for monitoring radiation therapy in patients with head and neck tumors: a pilot study,” J. Biomed. Opt. 11, 064021 (2006).
[Crossref]

Nordstrom, R. J.

R. J. Nordstrom, L. Burke, J. M. Niloff, and J. F. Myrtle, “Identification of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) using UV-excited fluorescence and diffuse-reflectance tissue spectroscopy,” Lasers Surg. Med. 29, 118–127 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Ory, G.

P. Thueler, I. Charvet, F. Bevilacqua, M. St Ghislain, G. Ory, P. Marquet, P. Meda, B. Vermeulen, and C. Depeursinge, “In vivo endoscopic tissue diagnostics based on spectroscopic absorption, scattering, and phase function properties,” J. Biomed. Opt. 8, 495–503 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Otto, T.

F. Steinberg, H. J. Rohrborn, T. Otto, K. M. Scheufler, and C. Streffer, “NIR reflection measurements of hemoglobin and cytochrome aa3 in healthy tissue and tumors. Correlations to oxygen consumption: preclinical and clinical data,” Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 428, 69–77 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Palmer, G. M.

G. M. Palmer, C. Zhu, T. M. Breslin, F. Xu, K. W. Gilchrist, and N. Ramanujam, “Monte Carlo-based inverse model for calculating tissue optical properties. Part II: Application to breast cancer diagnosis,” Appl. Opt. 45, 1072–1078 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

G. M. Palmer and N. Ramanujam, “Monte Carlo-based inverse model for calculating tissue optical properties. Part I: Theory and validation on synthetic phantoms,” Appl. Opt. 45, 1062–1071 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. R. Millon, K. M. Roldan-Perez, K. M. Riching, G. M. Palmer, and N. Ramanujam, “Effect of optical clearing agents on the in vivo optical properties of squamous epithelial tissue,” Lasers Surg. Med. 38, 920–927 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

C. Zhu, G. M. Palmer, T. M. Breslin, J. Harter, and N. Ramanujam, “Diagnosis of breast cancer using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy: Comparison of a Monte Carlo versus partial least squares analysis based feature extraction technique,” Lasers Surg. Med. 38, 714–724 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

C. Zhu, G. M. Palmer, T. M. Breslin, F. Xu, and N. Ramanujam, “Use of a multiseparation fiber optic probe for the optical diagnosis of breast cancer,” J. Biomed. Opt. 10, 024032 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. C. Skala, G. M. Palmer, C. Zhu, Q. Liu, K. M. Vrotsos, C. L. Marshek-Stone, A. Gendron-Fitzpatrick, and N. Ramanujam, “Investigation of fiber-optic probe designs for optical spectroscopic diagnosis of epithelial pre-cancers,” Lasers Surg. Med. 34, 25–38 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

G. M. Palmer, C. Zhu, T. M. Breslin, F. Xu, K. W. Gilchrist, and N. Ramanujam, “Comparison of multiexcitation fluorescence and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy for the diagnosis of breast cancer (March 2003),” IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 50, 1233–1242 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Parekh, D. J.

D. J. Parekh, W. C. Lin, and S. D. Herrell, “Optical spectroscopy characteristics can differentiate benign and malignant renal tissues: a potentially useful modality,” J. Urol. 174, 1754–1758 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Pavlova, I.

I. Pavlova, K. Sokolov, R. Drezek, A. Malpica, M. Follen, and R. Richards-Kortum, “Microanatomical and biochemical origins of normal and precancerous cervical autofluorescence using laser-scanning fluorescence confocal microscopy,” Photochem. Photobiol. 77, 550–555 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Perelman, L.

Petek, M.

Y. S. Fawzy, M. Petek, M. Tercelj, and H. Zeng, “In vivo assessment and evaluation of lung tissue morphologic and physiological changes from non-contact endoscopic reflectance spectroscopy for improving lung cancer detection,” J. Biomed. Opt. 11, 044003 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Pfefer, T. J.

T. J. Pfefer, L. S. Matchette, C. L. Bennett, J. A. Gall, J. N. Wilke, A. J. Durkin, and M. N. Ediger, “Reflectance-based determination of optical properties in highly attenuating tissue,” J. Biomed. Opt. 8, 206–215 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Pham, T. H.

R. Hornung, T. H. Pham, K. A. Keefe, M. W. Berns, Y. Tadir, and B. J. Tromberg, “Quantitative near-infrared spectroscopy of cervical dysplasia in vivo,” Hum. Reprod. 14, 2908–2916 (1999).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Pittman, R. N.

M. L. Ellsworth, R. N. Pittman, and C. G. Ellis, “Measurement of hemoglobin oxygen saturation in capillaries,” Am. J. Physiol. 252, H1031–1040 (1987).
[PubMed]

Quon, H.

U. Sunar, H. Quon, T. Durduran, J. Zhang, J. Du, C. Zhou, G. Yu, R. Choe, A. Kilger, R. Lustig, L. Loevner, S. Nioka, B. Chance, and A. G. Yodh, “Noninvasive diffuse optical measurement of blood flow and blood oxygenation for monitoring radiation therapy in patients with head and neck tumors: a pilot study,” J. Biomed. Opt. 11, 064021 (2006).
[Crossref]

Ramanujam, N.

M. C. Skala, K. M. Riching, D. K. Bird, A. Gendron-Fitzpatrick, J. Eickhoff, K. W. Eliceiri, P. J. Keely, and N. Ramanujam, “In vivo multiphoton fluorescence lifetime imaging of protein-bound and free nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide in normal and precancerous epithelia,” J. Biomed. Opt. 12, 024014 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

C. Zhu, G. M. Palmer, T. M. Breslin, J. Harter, and N. Ramanujam, “Diagnosis of breast cancer using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy: Comparison of a Monte Carlo versus partial least squares analysis based feature extraction technique,” Lasers Surg. Med. 38, 714–724 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. R. Millon, K. M. Roldan-Perez, K. M. Riching, G. M. Palmer, and N. Ramanujam, “Effect of optical clearing agents on the in vivo optical properties of squamous epithelial tissue,” Lasers Surg. Med. 38, 920–927 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

G. M. Palmer and N. Ramanujam, “Monte Carlo-based inverse model for calculating tissue optical properties. Part I: Theory and validation on synthetic phantoms,” Appl. Opt. 45, 1062–1071 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

G. M. Palmer, C. Zhu, T. M. Breslin, F. Xu, K. W. Gilchrist, and N. Ramanujam, “Monte Carlo-based inverse model for calculating tissue optical properties. Part II: Application to breast cancer diagnosis,” Appl. Opt. 45, 1072–1078 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

C. Zhu, G. M. Palmer, T. M. Breslin, F. Xu, and N. Ramanujam, “Use of a multiseparation fiber optic probe for the optical diagnosis of breast cancer,” J. Biomed. Opt. 10, 024032 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. C. Skala, J. M. Squirrell, K. M. Vrotsos, J. C. Eickhoff, A. Gendron-Fitzpatrick, K. W. Eliceiri, and N. Ramanujam, “Multiphoton microscopy of endogenous fluorescence differentiates normal, precancerous, and cancerous squamous epithelial tissues,” Cancer Res. 65, 1180–1186 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. C. Skala, G. M. Palmer, C. Zhu, Q. Liu, K. M. Vrotsos, C. L. Marshek-Stone, A. Gendron-Fitzpatrick, and N. Ramanujam, “Investigation of fiber-optic probe designs for optical spectroscopic diagnosis of epithelial pre-cancers,” Lasers Surg. Med. 34, 25–38 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

G. M. Palmer, C. Zhu, T. M. Breslin, F. Xu, K. W. Gilchrist, and N. Ramanujam, “Comparison of multiexcitation fluorescence and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy for the diagnosis of breast cancer (March 2003),” IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 50, 1233–1242 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Richards-Kortum, R.

T. Collier, M. Follen, A. Malpica, and R. Richards-Kortum, “Sources of scattering in cervical tissue: determination of the scattering coefficient by confocal microscopy,” Appl. Opt. 44, 2072–2081 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

I. Pavlova, K. Sokolov, R. Drezek, A. Malpica, M. Follen, and R. Richards-Kortum, “Microanatomical and biochemical origins of normal and precancerous cervical autofluorescence using laser-scanning fluorescence confocal microscopy,” Photochem. Photobiol. 77, 550–555 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

R. Drezek, K. Sokolov, U. Utzinger, I. Boiko, A. Malpica, M. Follen, and R. Richards-Kortum, “Understanding the contributions of NADH and collagen to cervical tissue fluorescence spectra: modeling, measurements, and implications,” J. Biomed. Opt. 6, 385–396 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Riching, K. M.

M. C. Skala, K. M. Riching, D. K. Bird, A. Gendron-Fitzpatrick, J. Eickhoff, K. W. Eliceiri, P. J. Keely, and N. Ramanujam, “In vivo multiphoton fluorescence lifetime imaging of protein-bound and free nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide in normal and precancerous epithelia,” J. Biomed. Opt. 12, 024014 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. R. Millon, K. M. Roldan-Perez, K. M. Riching, G. M. Palmer, and N. Ramanujam, “Effect of optical clearing agents on the in vivo optical properties of squamous epithelial tissue,” Lasers Surg. Med. 38, 920–927 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Rohrborn, H. J.

F. Steinberg, H. J. Rohrborn, T. Otto, K. M. Scheufler, and C. Streffer, “NIR reflection measurements of hemoglobin and cytochrome aa3 in healthy tissue and tumors. Correlations to oxygen consumption: preclinical and clinical data,” Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 428, 69–77 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Roldan-Perez, K. M.

S. R. Millon, K. M. Roldan-Perez, K. M. Riching, G. M. Palmer, and N. Ramanujam, “Effect of optical clearing agents on the in vivo optical properties of squamous epithelial tissue,” Lasers Surg. Med. 38, 920–927 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Roodenburg, J. L.

D. C. de Veld, M. Skurichina, M. J. Witjes, R. P. Duin, H. J. Sterenborg, and J. L. Roodenburg, “Autofluorescence and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy for oral oncology,” Lasers Surg. Med. 36, 356–364 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Saidi, I.

Saka, S. M.

D. G. MacDonald and S. M. Saka, Structural Indicators of the High Risk Lesion(Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1991).

Savary, J. F.

S. Andrejevic, J. F. Savary, C. Fontolliet, P. Monnier, and H. van Den Bergh, “7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced ‘early’ squamous cell carcinoma in the Golden Syrian hamster: evaluation of an animal model and comparison with ‘early’ forms of human squamous cell carcinoma in the upper aero-digestive tract,” Int. J. Exp. Pathol. 77, 7–14 (1996).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Scheufler, K. M.

F. Steinberg, H. J. Rohrborn, T. Otto, K. M. Scheufler, and C. Streffer, “NIR reflection measurements of hemoglobin and cytochrome aa3 in healthy tissue and tumors. Correlations to oxygen consumption: preclinical and clinical data,” Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 428, 69–77 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Sebastian, P.

N. Subhash, J. R. Mallia, S. S. Thomas, A. Mathews, P. Sebastian, and J. Madhavan, “Oral cancer detection using diffuse reflectance spectral ratio R540/R575 of oxygenated hemoglobin bands,” J. Biomed. Opt. 11, 014018 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Shapshay, S. M.

M. G. Muller, T. A. Valdez, I. Georgakoudi, V. Backman, C. Fuentes, S. Kabani, N. Laver, Z. Wang, C. W. Boone, R. R. Dasari, S. M. Shapshay, and M. S. Feld, “Spectroscopic detection and evaluation of morphologic and biochemical changes in early human oral carcinoma,” Cancer 97, 1681–1692 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Shawe-Taylor, J.

N. Cristianini and J. Shawe-Taylor, An introduction to support vector machines: and other Kernel-based learning methods (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000).

Sheets, E. E.

I. Georgakoudi, E. E. Sheets, M. G. Muller, V. Backman, C. P. Crum, K. Badizadegan, R. R. Dasari, and M. S. Feld, “Trimodal spectroscopy for the detection and characterization of cervical precancers in vivo,“ Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 186, 374–382 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Shen, D.

Skala, M. C.

M. C. Skala, K. M. Riching, D. K. Bird, A. Gendron-Fitzpatrick, J. Eickhoff, K. W. Eliceiri, P. J. Keely, and N. Ramanujam, “In vivo multiphoton fluorescence lifetime imaging of protein-bound and free nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide in normal and precancerous epithelia,” J. Biomed. Opt. 12, 024014 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. C. Skala, J. M. Squirrell, K. M. Vrotsos, J. C. Eickhoff, A. Gendron-Fitzpatrick, K. W. Eliceiri, and N. Ramanujam, “Multiphoton microscopy of endogenous fluorescence differentiates normal, precancerous, and cancerous squamous epithelial tissues,” Cancer Res. 65, 1180–1186 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. C. Skala, G. M. Palmer, C. Zhu, Q. Liu, K. M. Vrotsos, C. L. Marshek-Stone, A. Gendron-Fitzpatrick, and N. Ramanujam, “Investigation of fiber-optic probe designs for optical spectroscopic diagnosis of epithelial pre-cancers,” Lasers Surg. Med. 34, 25–38 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Skurichina, M.

D. C. de Veld, M. Skurichina, M. J. Witjes, R. P. Duin, H. J. Sterenborg, and J. L. Roodenburg, “Autofluorescence and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy for oral oncology,” Lasers Surg. Med. 36, 356–364 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Smith, C. J.

F. H. White, K. Gohari, and C. J. Smith, “Histological and ultrastructural morphology of 7,12 dimethylbenz(alpha)-anthracene carcinogenesis in hamster cheek pouch epithelium,” Diagn. Histopathol. 4, 307–333 (1981).
[PubMed]

Sokolov, K.

I. Pavlova, K. Sokolov, R. Drezek, A. Malpica, M. Follen, and R. Richards-Kortum, “Microanatomical and biochemical origins of normal and precancerous cervical autofluorescence using laser-scanning fluorescence confocal microscopy,” Photochem. Photobiol. 77, 550–555 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

R. Drezek, K. Sokolov, U. Utzinger, I. Boiko, A. Malpica, M. Follen, and R. Richards-Kortum, “Understanding the contributions of NADH and collagen to cervical tissue fluorescence spectra: modeling, measurements, and implications,” J. Biomed. Opt. 6, 385–396 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Squirrell, J. M.

M. C. Skala, J. M. Squirrell, K. M. Vrotsos, J. C. Eickhoff, A. Gendron-Fitzpatrick, K. W. Eliceiri, and N. Ramanujam, “Multiphoton microscopy of endogenous fluorescence differentiates normal, precancerous, and cancerous squamous epithelial tissues,” Cancer Res. 65, 1180–1186 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

St Ghislain, M.

P. Thueler, I. Charvet, F. Bevilacqua, M. St Ghislain, G. Ory, P. Marquet, P. Meda, B. Vermeulen, and C. Depeursinge, “In vivo endoscopic tissue diagnostics based on spectroscopic absorption, scattering, and phase function properties,” J. Biomed. Opt. 8, 495–503 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Steinberg, F.

F. Steinberg, H. J. Rohrborn, T. Otto, K. M. Scheufler, and C. Streffer, “NIR reflection measurements of hemoglobin and cytochrome aa3 in healthy tissue and tumors. Correlations to oxygen consumption: preclinical and clinical data,” Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 428, 69–77 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Sterenborg, H. J.

D. C. de Veld, M. Skurichina, M. J. Witjes, R. P. Duin, H. J. Sterenborg, and J. L. Roodenburg, “Autofluorescence and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy for oral oncology,” Lasers Surg. Med. 36, 356–364 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Amelink, H. J. Sterenborg, M. P. Bard, and S. A. Burgers, “In vivo measurement of the local optical properties of tissue by use of differential path-length spectroscopy,” Opt. Lett. 29, 1087–1089 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Streffer, C.

F. Steinberg, H. J. Rohrborn, T. Otto, K. M. Scheufler, and C. Streffer, “NIR reflection measurements of hemoglobin and cytochrome aa3 in healthy tissue and tumors. Correlations to oxygen consumption: preclinical and clinical data,” Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 428, 69–77 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Subhash, N.

N. Subhash, J. R. Mallia, S. S. Thomas, A. Mathews, P. Sebastian, and J. Madhavan, “Oral cancer detection using diffuse reflectance spectral ratio R540/R575 of oxygenated hemoglobin bands,” J. Biomed. Opt. 11, 014018 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Sunar, U.

U. Sunar, H. Quon, T. Durduran, J. Zhang, J. Du, C. Zhou, G. Yu, R. Choe, A. Kilger, R. Lustig, L. Loevner, S. Nioka, B. Chance, and A. G. Yodh, “Noninvasive diffuse optical measurement of blood flow and blood oxygenation for monitoring radiation therapy in patients with head and neck tumors: a pilot study,” J. Biomed. Opt. 11, 064021 (2006).
[Crossref]

Tadir, Y.

R. Hornung, T. H. Pham, K. A. Keefe, M. W. Berns, Y. Tadir, and B. J. Tromberg, “Quantitative near-infrared spectroscopy of cervical dysplasia in vivo,” Hum. Reprod. 14, 2908–2916 (1999).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Tercelj, M.

Y. S. Fawzy, M. Petek, M. Tercelj, and H. Zeng, “In vivo assessment and evaluation of lung tissue morphologic and physiological changes from non-contact endoscopic reflectance spectroscopy for improving lung cancer detection,” J. Biomed. Opt. 11, 044003 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Thomas, S. S.

N. Subhash, J. R. Mallia, S. S. Thomas, A. Mathews, P. Sebastian, and J. Madhavan, “Oral cancer detection using diffuse reflectance spectral ratio R540/R575 of oxygenated hemoglobin bands,” J. Biomed. Opt. 11, 014018 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Thueler, P.

P. Thueler, I. Charvet, F. Bevilacqua, M. St Ghislain, G. Ory, P. Marquet, P. Meda, B. Vermeulen, and C. Depeursinge, “In vivo endoscopic tissue diagnostics based on spectroscopic absorption, scattering, and phase function properties,” J. Biomed. Opt. 8, 495–503 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Tittel, F.

Tromberg, B. J.

R. Hornung, T. H. Pham, K. A. Keefe, M. W. Berns, Y. Tadir, and B. J. Tromberg, “Quantitative near-infrared spectroscopy of cervical dysplasia in vivo,” Hum. Reprod. 14, 2908–2916 (1999).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Tsai, J. C.

C. T. Chen, H. K. Chiang, S. N. Chow, C. Y. Wang, Y. S. Lee, J. C. Tsai, and C. P. Chiang, “Autofluorescence in normal and malignant human oral tissues and in DMBA-induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis,” J. Oral Pathol. Med. 27, 470–474 (1998).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Utzinger, U.

R. Drezek, K. Sokolov, U. Utzinger, I. Boiko, A. Malpica, M. Follen, and R. Richards-Kortum, “Understanding the contributions of NADH and collagen to cervical tissue fluorescence spectra: modeling, measurements, and implications,” J. Biomed. Opt. 6, 385–396 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Valdez, T. A.

M. G. Muller, T. A. Valdez, I. Georgakoudi, V. Backman, C. Fuentes, S. Kabani, N. Laver, Z. Wang, C. W. Boone, R. R. Dasari, S. M. Shapshay, and M. S. Feld, “Spectroscopic detection and evaluation of morphologic and biochemical changes in early human oral carcinoma,” Cancer 97, 1681–1692 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Van Dam, J.

van Den Bergh, H.

S. Andrejevic, J. F. Savary, C. Fontolliet, P. Monnier, and H. van Den Bergh, “7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced ‘early’ squamous cell carcinoma in the Golden Syrian hamster: evaluation of an animal model and comparison with ‘early’ forms of human squamous cell carcinoma in the upper aero-digestive tract,” Int. J. Exp. Pathol. 77, 7–14 (1996).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Vermeulen, B.

P. Thueler, I. Charvet, F. Bevilacqua, M. St Ghislain, G. Ory, P. Marquet, P. Meda, B. Vermeulen, and C. Depeursinge, “In vivo endoscopic tissue diagnostics based on spectroscopic absorption, scattering, and phase function properties,” J. Biomed. Opt. 8, 495–503 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Vrotsos, K. M.

M. C. Skala, J. M. Squirrell, K. M. Vrotsos, J. C. Eickhoff, A. Gendron-Fitzpatrick, K. W. Eliceiri, and N. Ramanujam, “Multiphoton microscopy of endogenous fluorescence differentiates normal, precancerous, and cancerous squamous epithelial tissues,” Cancer Res. 65, 1180–1186 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. C. Skala, G. M. Palmer, C. Zhu, Q. Liu, K. M. Vrotsos, C. L. Marshek-Stone, A. Gendron-Fitzpatrick, and N. Ramanujam, “Investigation of fiber-optic probe designs for optical spectroscopic diagnosis of epithelial pre-cancers,” Lasers Surg. Med. 34, 25–38 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Wang, C. Y.

C. T. Chen, H. K. Chiang, S. N. Chow, C. Y. Wang, Y. S. Lee, J. C. Tsai, and C. P. Chiang, “Autofluorescence in normal and malignant human oral tissues and in DMBA-induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis,” J. Oral Pathol. Med. 27, 470–474 (1998).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Wang, Z.

M. G. Muller, T. A. Valdez, I. Georgakoudi, V. Backman, C. Fuentes, S. Kabani, N. Laver, Z. Wang, C. W. Boone, R. R. Dasari, S. M. Shapshay, and M. S. Feld, “Spectroscopic detection and evaluation of morphologic and biochemical changes in early human oral carcinoma,” Cancer 97, 1681–1692 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

White, F. H.

F. H. White, K. Gohari, and C. J. Smith, “Histological and ultrastructural morphology of 7,12 dimethylbenz(alpha)-anthracene carcinogenesis in hamster cheek pouch epithelium,” Diagn. Histopathol. 4, 307–333 (1981).
[PubMed]

Wilke, J. N.

T. J. Pfefer, L. S. Matchette, C. L. Bennett, J. A. Gall, J. N. Wilke, A. J. Durkin, and M. N. Ediger, “Reflectance-based determination of optical properties in highly attenuating tissue,” J. Biomed. Opt. 8, 206–215 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Witjes, M. J.

D. C. de Veld, M. Skurichina, M. J. Witjes, R. P. Duin, H. J. Sterenborg, and J. L. Roodenburg, “Autofluorescence and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy for oral oncology,” Lasers Surg. Med. 36, 356–364 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Xu, F.

G. M. Palmer, C. Zhu, T. M. Breslin, F. Xu, K. W. Gilchrist, and N. Ramanujam, “Monte Carlo-based inverse model for calculating tissue optical properties. Part II: Application to breast cancer diagnosis,” Appl. Opt. 45, 1072–1078 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

C. Zhu, G. M. Palmer, T. M. Breslin, F. Xu, and N. Ramanujam, “Use of a multiseparation fiber optic probe for the optical diagnosis of breast cancer,” J. Biomed. Opt. 10, 024032 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

G. M. Palmer, C. Zhu, T. M. Breslin, F. Xu, K. W. Gilchrist, and N. Ramanujam, “Comparison of multiexcitation fluorescence and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy for the diagnosis of breast cancer (March 2003),” IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 50, 1233–1242 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Yodh, A. G.

U. Sunar, H. Quon, T. Durduran, J. Zhang, J. Du, C. Zhou, G. Yu, R. Choe, A. Kilger, R. Lustig, L. Loevner, S. Nioka, B. Chance, and A. G. Yodh, “Noninvasive diffuse optical measurement of blood flow and blood oxygenation for monitoring radiation therapy in patients with head and neck tumors: a pilot study,” J. Biomed. Opt. 11, 064021 (2006).
[Crossref]

Yu, G.

U. Sunar, H. Quon, T. Durduran, J. Zhang, J. Du, C. Zhou, G. Yu, R. Choe, A. Kilger, R. Lustig, L. Loevner, S. Nioka, B. Chance, and A. G. Yodh, “Noninvasive diffuse optical measurement of blood flow and blood oxygenation for monitoring radiation therapy in patients with head and neck tumors: a pilot study,” J. Biomed. Opt. 11, 064021 (2006).
[Crossref]

Zeng, H.

Y. S. Fawzy, M. Petek, M. Tercelj, and H. Zeng, “In vivo assessment and evaluation of lung tissue morphologic and physiological changes from non-contact endoscopic reflectance spectroscopy for improving lung cancer detection,” J. Biomed. Opt. 11, 044003 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Zhang, J.

U. Sunar, H. Quon, T. Durduran, J. Zhang, J. Du, C. Zhou, G. Yu, R. Choe, A. Kilger, R. Lustig, L. Loevner, S. Nioka, B. Chance, and A. G. Yodh, “Noninvasive diffuse optical measurement of blood flow and blood oxygenation for monitoring radiation therapy in patients with head and neck tumors: a pilot study,” J. Biomed. Opt. 11, 064021 (2006).
[Crossref]

Zhou, C.

U. Sunar, H. Quon, T. Durduran, J. Zhang, J. Du, C. Zhou, G. Yu, R. Choe, A. Kilger, R. Lustig, L. Loevner, S. Nioka, B. Chance, and A. G. Yodh, “Noninvasive diffuse optical measurement of blood flow and blood oxygenation for monitoring radiation therapy in patients with head and neck tumors: a pilot study,” J. Biomed. Opt. 11, 064021 (2006).
[Crossref]

Zhu, C.

C. Zhu, G. M. Palmer, T. M. Breslin, J. Harter, and N. Ramanujam, “Diagnosis of breast cancer using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy: Comparison of a Monte Carlo versus partial least squares analysis based feature extraction technique,” Lasers Surg. Med. 38, 714–724 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

G. M. Palmer, C. Zhu, T. M. Breslin, F. Xu, K. W. Gilchrist, and N. Ramanujam, “Monte Carlo-based inverse model for calculating tissue optical properties. Part II: Application to breast cancer diagnosis,” Appl. Opt. 45, 1072–1078 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

C. Zhu, G. M. Palmer, T. M. Breslin, F. Xu, and N. Ramanujam, “Use of a multiseparation fiber optic probe for the optical diagnosis of breast cancer,” J. Biomed. Opt. 10, 024032 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. C. Skala, G. M. Palmer, C. Zhu, Q. Liu, K. M. Vrotsos, C. L. Marshek-Stone, A. Gendron-Fitzpatrick, and N. Ramanujam, “Investigation of fiber-optic probe designs for optical spectroscopic diagnosis of epithelial pre-cancers,” Lasers Surg. Med. 34, 25–38 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

G. M. Palmer, C. Zhu, T. M. Breslin, F. Xu, K. W. Gilchrist, and N. Ramanujam, “Comparison of multiexcitation fluorescence and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy for the diagnosis of breast cancer (March 2003),” IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 50, 1233–1242 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Zonios, G.

Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. (1)

F. Steinberg, H. J. Rohrborn, T. Otto, K. M. Scheufler, and C. Streffer, “NIR reflection measurements of hemoglobin and cytochrome aa3 in healthy tissue and tumors. Correlations to oxygen consumption: preclinical and clinical data,” Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 428, 69–77 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. (1)

I. Georgakoudi, E. E. Sheets, M. G. Muller, V. Backman, C. P. Crum, K. Badizadegan, R. R. Dasari, and M. S. Feld, “Trimodal spectroscopy for the detection and characterization of cervical precancers in vivo,“ Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 186, 374–382 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Am. J. Physiol. (1)

M. L. Ellsworth, R. N. Pittman, and C. G. Ellis, “Measurement of hemoglobin oxygen saturation in capillaries,” Am. J. Physiol. 252, H1031–1040 (1987).
[PubMed]

Anticancer Res. (1)

C. J. Gulledge and M. W. Dewhirst, “Tumor oxygenation: a matter of supply and demand,” Anticancer Res. 16, 741–749 (1996).
[PubMed]

Appl. Opt. (7)

J. Mourant, J. Freyer, A. Hielscher, A. Eick, D. Shen, and T. Johnson, “Mechanisms of light scattering from biological cells relevant to noninvasive optical-tissue diagnostics,” Appl. Opt. 37, 3586–3593 (1998).
[Crossref]

G. M. Palmer, C. Zhu, T. M. Breslin, F. Xu, K. W. Gilchrist, and N. Ramanujam, “Monte Carlo-based inverse model for calculating tissue optical properties. Part II: Application to breast cancer diagnosis,” Appl. Opt. 45, 1072–1078 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

G. Zonios, L. Perelman, V. Backman, R. Manoharan, M. Fitzmaurice, J. Van Dam, and M. S. Feld, “Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy of human adenomatous colon polyps in vivo,” Appl. Opt. 38, 6628–6637 (1999).
[Crossref]

N. Ghosh, S. K. Mohanty, S. K. Majumder, and P. K. Gupta, “Measurement of optical transport properties of normal and malignant human breast tissue,” Appl. Opt. 40, 176–184 (2001).
[Crossref]

G. M. Palmer and N. Ramanujam, “Monte Carlo-based inverse model for calculating tissue optical properties. Part I: Theory and validation on synthetic phantoms,” Appl. Opt. 45, 1062–1071 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. Collier, M. Follen, A. Malpica, and R. Richards-Kortum, “Sources of scattering in cervical tissue: determination of the scattering coefficient by confocal microscopy,” Appl. Opt. 44, 2072–2081 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

I. Saidi, S. Jacques, and F. Tittel, “Mie and Rayleigh modeling of visible-light scattering in neonatal skin,” Appl. Opt. 34, 7410–7418 (1995).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Cancer (1)

M. G. Muller, T. A. Valdez, I. Georgakoudi, V. Backman, C. Fuentes, S. Kabani, N. Laver, Z. Wang, C. W. Boone, R. R. Dasari, S. M. Shapshay, and M. S. Feld, “Spectroscopic detection and evaluation of morphologic and biochemical changes in early human oral carcinoma,” Cancer 97, 1681–1692 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Cancer Res. (1)

M. C. Skala, J. M. Squirrell, K. M. Vrotsos, J. C. Eickhoff, A. Gendron-Fitzpatrick, K. W. Eliceiri, and N. Ramanujam, “Multiphoton microscopy of endogenous fluorescence differentiates normal, precancerous, and cancerous squamous epithelial tissues,” Cancer Res. 65, 1180–1186 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Diagn. Histopathol. (1)

F. H. White, K. Gohari, and C. J. Smith, “Histological and ultrastructural morphology of 7,12 dimethylbenz(alpha)-anthracene carcinogenesis in hamster cheek pouch epithelium,” Diagn. Histopathol. 4, 307–333 (1981).
[PubMed]

Hum. Reprod. (1)

R. Hornung, T. H. Pham, K. A. Keefe, M. W. Berns, Y. Tadir, and B. J. Tromberg, “Quantitative near-infrared spectroscopy of cervical dysplasia in vivo,” Hum. Reprod. 14, 2908–2916 (1999).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. (1)

G. M. Palmer, C. Zhu, T. M. Breslin, F. Xu, K. W. Gilchrist, and N. Ramanujam, “Comparison of multiexcitation fluorescence and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy for the diagnosis of breast cancer (March 2003),” IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 50, 1233–1242 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Int. J. Exp. Pathol. (1)

S. Andrejevic, J. F. Savary, C. Fontolliet, P. Monnier, and H. van Den Bergh, “7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced ‘early’ squamous cell carcinoma in the Golden Syrian hamster: evaluation of an animal model and comparison with ‘early’ forms of human squamous cell carcinoma in the upper aero-digestive tract,” Int. J. Exp. Pathol. 77, 7–14 (1996).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Biomed. Opt. (8)

M. C. Skala, K. M. Riching, D. K. Bird, A. Gendron-Fitzpatrick, J. Eickhoff, K. W. Eliceiri, P. J. Keely, and N. Ramanujam, “In vivo multiphoton fluorescence lifetime imaging of protein-bound and free nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide in normal and precancerous epithelia,” J. Biomed. Opt. 12, 024014 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

C. Zhu, G. M. Palmer, T. M. Breslin, F. Xu, and N. Ramanujam, “Use of a multiseparation fiber optic probe for the optical diagnosis of breast cancer,” J. Biomed. Opt. 10, 024032 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

R. Drezek, K. Sokolov, U. Utzinger, I. Boiko, A. Malpica, M. Follen, and R. Richards-Kortum, “Understanding the contributions of NADH and collagen to cervical tissue fluorescence spectra: modeling, measurements, and implications,” J. Biomed. Opt. 6, 385–396 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

U. Sunar, H. Quon, T. Durduran, J. Zhang, J. Du, C. Zhou, G. Yu, R. Choe, A. Kilger, R. Lustig, L. Loevner, S. Nioka, B. Chance, and A. G. Yodh, “Noninvasive diffuse optical measurement of blood flow and blood oxygenation for monitoring radiation therapy in patients with head and neck tumors: a pilot study,” J. Biomed. Opt. 11, 064021 (2006).
[Crossref]

Y. S. Fawzy, M. Petek, M. Tercelj, and H. Zeng, “In vivo assessment and evaluation of lung tissue morphologic and physiological changes from non-contact endoscopic reflectance spectroscopy for improving lung cancer detection,” J. Biomed. Opt. 11, 044003 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

N. Subhash, J. R. Mallia, S. S. Thomas, A. Mathews, P. Sebastian, and J. Madhavan, “Oral cancer detection using diffuse reflectance spectral ratio R540/R575 of oxygenated hemoglobin bands,” J. Biomed. Opt. 11, 014018 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

P. Thueler, I. Charvet, F. Bevilacqua, M. St Ghislain, G. Ory, P. Marquet, P. Meda, B. Vermeulen, and C. Depeursinge, “In vivo endoscopic tissue diagnostics based on spectroscopic absorption, scattering, and phase function properties,” J. Biomed. Opt. 8, 495–503 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. J. Pfefer, L. S. Matchette, C. L. Bennett, J. A. Gall, J. N. Wilke, A. J. Durkin, and M. N. Ediger, “Reflectance-based determination of optical properties in highly attenuating tissue,” J. Biomed. Opt. 8, 206–215 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Oral Pathol. Med. (1)

C. T. Chen, H. K. Chiang, S. N. Chow, C. Y. Wang, Y. S. Lee, J. C. Tsai, and C. P. Chiang, “Autofluorescence in normal and malignant human oral tissues and in DMBA-induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis,” J. Oral Pathol. Med. 27, 470–474 (1998).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Urol. (1)

D. J. Parekh, W. C. Lin, and S. D. Herrell, “Optical spectroscopy characteristics can differentiate benign and malignant renal tissues: a potentially useful modality,” J. Urol. 174, 1754–1758 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Lasers Surg. Med. (5)

R. J. Nordstrom, L. Burke, J. M. Niloff, and J. F. Myrtle, “Identification of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) using UV-excited fluorescence and diffuse-reflectance tissue spectroscopy,” Lasers Surg. Med. 29, 118–127 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

D. C. de Veld, M. Skurichina, M. J. Witjes, R. P. Duin, H. J. Sterenborg, and J. L. Roodenburg, “Autofluorescence and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy for oral oncology,” Lasers Surg. Med. 36, 356–364 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. C. Skala, G. M. Palmer, C. Zhu, Q. Liu, K. M. Vrotsos, C. L. Marshek-Stone, A. Gendron-Fitzpatrick, and N. Ramanujam, “Investigation of fiber-optic probe designs for optical spectroscopic diagnosis of epithelial pre-cancers,” Lasers Surg. Med. 34, 25–38 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

C. Zhu, G. M. Palmer, T. M. Breslin, J. Harter, and N. Ramanujam, “Diagnosis of breast cancer using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy: Comparison of a Monte Carlo versus partial least squares analysis based feature extraction technique,” Lasers Surg. Med. 38, 714–724 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. R. Millon, K. M. Roldan-Perez, K. M. Riching, G. M. Palmer, and N. Ramanujam, “Effect of optical clearing agents on the in vivo optical properties of squamous epithelial tissue,” Lasers Surg. Med. 38, 920–927 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Magn. Reson. Imaging (1)

C. Baudelet and B. Gallez, “Effect of anesthesia on the signal intensity in tumors using BOLD-MRI: comparison with flow measurements by Laser Doppler flowmetry and oxygen measurements by luminescence-based probes,” Magn. Reson. Imaging 22, 905–912 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Med. Phys. (1)

J. C. Finlay and T. H. Foster, “Hemoglobin oxygen saturations in phantoms and in vivo from measurements of steady-state diffuse reflectance at a single, short source-detector separation,” Med. Phys. 31, 1949–1959 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Opt. Lett. (1)

Photochem. Photobiol. (1)

I. Pavlova, K. Sokolov, R. Drezek, A. Malpica, M. Follen, and R. Richards-Kortum, “Microanatomical and biochemical origins of normal and precancerous cervical autofluorescence using laser-scanning fluorescence confocal microscopy,” Photochem. Photobiol. 77, 550–555 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Other (6)

“Cancer Facts and Figures,“ (American Cancer Society, 2006).

W. R. Dillon and M. Goldstein, Multivariate analysis: methods and applications (Wiley, New York, 1984).

J. Devore, Probability and Statistics for Engineering and the Sciences (Duxbury, Pacific Grove, 2000).

N. Cristianini and J. Shawe-Taylor, An introduction to support vector machines: and other Kernel-based learning methods (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000).

J. Hjorth, Computer intensive statistical methods: Validation, model selection, and bootstrap (Chapman & Hall, London, New York, 1994).

D. G. MacDonald and S. M. Saka, Structural Indicators of the High Risk Lesion(Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1991).

Cited By

OSA participates in Crossref's Cited-By Linking service. Citing articles from OSA journals and other participating publishers are listed here.

Alert me when this article is cited.


Figures (4)

Fig. 1.
Fig. 1.

Measured diffuse reflectance spectra of one normal and neoplastic (squamous cell carcinoma) tissue site within the same animal, and the corresponding fits to the physical model (c.u. = calibrated units). The measured and fitted data were multiplied by the reference phantom after the fitting procedure, so that the original diffuse reflectance spectra and its corresponding fit are shown in this figure. The residuals for the normal and neoplastic sample are also shown.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 3.
Fig. 3.

Scatter plot of the two of the most diagnostic tissue parameters obtained from the physical model based analysis (mean reduced scattering coefficient and absorption coefficient at 460 nm). The samples include normal (•), dysplasia and CIS (+), and SCC (*). The decision line (—) was obtained from the SVM classifier. (SCC=squamous cell carcinoma, CIS = carcinoma in situ).

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 4.
Fig. 4.

Average phantom normalized spectra for normal (n=10, —) and neoplastic (dysplasia/CIS/SCC, n=10, ╍) tissues, and spectral re-projections of PC1 + PC2 for normal (•) and neoplastic (*) tissues. The difference between the re-projected spectra and the phantom-normalized spectra are shown as residuals for normal (Δ) and neoplastic (∇) tissues.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 5.
Fig. 5.

Scatter plot of two diagnostic parameters (PC1 and PC2) extracted from the diffuse reflectance spectra using the empirical model (PCA) based analysis for phantom-normalized spectra. The samples include normal (•), dysplasia and CIS (+), and SCC (*). The decision line (—) was obtained from the SVM classifier.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Tables (4)

Tables Icon

Table 1. Mean and standard deviation of the reduced scattering coefficient (μs’) and absorption coefficient (μa) calculated across all normal (n=10) and neoplastic (dysplasia/CIS/SCC, n=10) tissues. Significant differences between normal vs. neoplastic tissues were found for the variables marked with an asterisk (*), based on unpaired Wilcoxon tests.

View Table | View all tables in this article
Tables Icon

Table 2. Results from the SVM classifier for the physical model based analysis. The two variables shown in Fig. 3 were used to classify normal (n=10) and neoplastic (dysplasia/CIS/SCC, n=10) samples. The mean and standard deviation of the overall classification rate, sensitivity and specificity are shown for the training sets, and the “leave one out” cross validation result is also shown.

View Table | View all tables in this article
Tables Icon

Table 3. Principal components obtained from the empirical (PCA) analysis, the percent variance accounted for by each PC, and the p-value from unpaired Wilcoxon tests of normal (n=10) vs. neoplastic (dysplasia/CIS/SCC, n=10) tissues. These PCs were derived from phantom-normalized diffuse reflectance spectra.

View Table | View all tables in this article
Tables Icon

Table 4: Results from the SVM classifier for the empirical model based analysis. PC1 and PC2 from phantom-normalized spectra were used to classify normal (n=10) and neoplastic (dysplasia/CIS/SCC n=10) samples. The mean and standard deviation of the overall classification rate, sensitivity and specificity are shown for the training sets, and the “leave one out” cross validation result is also shown.

View Table | View all tables in this article

Metrics