Fiber-based polarization-sensitive Fourier domain optical coherence tomography using B-scan-oriented polarization modulation method

Masahiro Yamanari; Shuichi Makita; Violeta Dimitrova Madjarova; Toyohiko Yatagai; Yoshiaki Yasuno

doi:10.1364/OE.14.006502

Fiber-based polarization-sensitive Fourier domain optical coherence tomography using B-scan-oriented polarization modulation method

Masahiro Yamanari, Shuichi Makita, Violeta Dimitrova Madjarova, Toyohiko Yatagai, and Yoshiaki Yasuno

Optics Express
Vol. 14,
Issue 14,
pp. 6502-6515
(2006)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.14.006502

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Masahiro Yamanari, Shuichi Makita, Violeta Dimitrova Madjarova, Toyohiko Yatagai, and Yoshiaki Yasuno, "Fiber-based polarization-sensitive Fourier domain optical coherence tomography using B-scan-oriented polarization modulation method," Opt. Express 14, 6502-6515 (2006)

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Related Topics
Table of Contents Category
- Medical Optics and Biotechnology
Optics & Photonics Topics
?

The topics in this list come from the OSA Optics and Photonics Topics applied to this article.
Previously assigned OCIS codes
- Optical coherence tomography (110.4500)
- Ellipsometry and polarimetry (120.2130)
- Medical and biological imaging (170.3880)
- Optical coherence tomography (170.4500)
- Birefringence (260.1440)

About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: April 18, 2006
- Revised Manuscript: June 28, 2006
- Manuscript Accepted: June 29, 2006
- Published: July 10, 2006
Virtual Issues
Virtual Journal for Biomedical Optics Vol. 1, Iss. 8

Accessible

Open Access

Abstract

Fiber-based high-speed polarization-sensitive Fourier domain optical coherence tomography (PS-FD-OCT) is developed at 840 nm wavelengh using polarization modulation method. The incident state of polarization is modulated along B-scan. The spectrometer has a polarizing beamsplitter and two line-CCD cameras operated at a line rate of 27.7 kHz. From the 0th and 1st orders of the spatial frequencies along the B-scanning, a depth-resolved Jones matrix can be derived. Since continuous polarization modulation along B-scan causes fringe washout, equivalent discrete polarization modulation is applied to biological measurements. For the demonstration, an in vitro chicken breast muscle, an in vivo finger pad, and an in vivo caries lesion of a human tooth are measured. Three dimensional phase retardation images show the potentials for applying the system to biological and medical studies.

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References

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[Crossref]
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[Crossref] [PubMed]
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[Crossref] [PubMed]
J. J. Pasquesi, S. C. Schlachter, M. D. Boppart, E. Chaney, S. J. Kaufman, and S. A. Boppart, “In vivo detection of exercise-induced ultrastructural changes in genetically-altered murine skeletal muscle using polarizationsensitive optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Express 14, 1547–1556 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
C. K. Hitzenberger, E. Götzinger, M. Sticker, M. Pircher, and A. F. Fercher, “Measurement and imaging of birefringence and optic axis orientation by phase resolved polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Express 9, 780–790 (2001).
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J. F. de Boer, B. Cense, B. H. Park, M. C. Pierce, G. J. Tearney, and B. E. Bouma, “Improved signal-to-noise ratio in spectral-domain compared with time-domain optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Lett. 28, 2067–2069 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
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[Crossref]
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[Crossref]
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[Crossref] [PubMed]
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[Crossref]
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[Crossref]
S. H. Yun, G. J. Tearney, J. F. de Boer, and B. E. Bouma, “Motion artifacts in optical coherence tomography with frequency-domain ranging,” Opt. Express 12, 2977–2998 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
S. Jiao, G. Yao, and L. V. Wang, “Depth-resolved two-dimensional Stokes vectors of backscattered light and Mueller matrices of biological tissue measured with optical coherence tomography,” Appl. Opt. 39, 6318–6324 (2000).
[Crossref]
J. F. de Boer and T. E. Milner, “Review of polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography and Stokes vector determination,” J. Biomed. Opt. 7, 359–371 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
S. Jiao and L. V. Wang, “Two-dimensional depth-resolved Mueller matrix of biological tissue measured with double-beam polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Lett. 27, 101–103 (2002).
[Crossref]
S. Jiao, G. S.W. Yu, and L. V. Wang, “Optical-fiber-based Mueller optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Lett. 28, 1206–1208 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
B. H. Park, M. C. Pierce, B. Cense, and J. F. de Boer, “Jones matrix analysis for a polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography system using fiber-optic components,” Opt. Lett. 29, 2512–2514 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
B. H. Park, M. C. Pierce, B. Cense, S. H. Yun, M. Mujat, G. J. Tearney, B. E. Bouma, and J. F. de Boer, “Realtime fiber-based multi-functional spectral-domain optical coherence tomography at 1.3 mm,,” Opt. Express 13, 3931–3944 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
S. Guo, J. Zhang, L. Wang, J. S. Nelson, and Z. Chen, “Depth-resolved birefringence and differential optical axis orientation measurements with fiber-based polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Lett. 29, 2025–2027 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
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[Crossref] [PubMed]
S. Makita, Y. Yasuno, T. Endo, M. Itoh, and T. Yatagai, “Polarization contrast imaging of biological tissues by polarization-sensitive Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography,” Appl. Opt. 45, 1142–1147 (2005).
[Crossref]
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[Crossref]
B. R. White, M. C. Pierce, N. Nassif, B. Cense, B. H. Park, G. J. Tearney, B. E. Bouma, T. C. Chen, and J. F. de Boer, “In vivo dynamic human retinal blood flow imaging using ultra-high-speed spectral domain optical Doppler tomography,” Opt. Express 11, 3490–3497 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
M. Wojtkowski, V. J. Srinivasan, T. H. Ko, J. G. Fujimoto, A. Kowalczyk, and J. S. Duker, “Ultrahigh-resolution, high-speed, Fourier domain optical coherence tomography and methods for dispersion compensation,” Opt. Express 12, 2404–2422 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
B. H. Park, M. C. Pierce, B. Cense, and J. F. de Boer, “Optic axis determination accuracy for fiber-based polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Lett. 30, 2587–2589 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
M. C. Pierce, J. Strasswimmer, B. H. Park, B. Cense, and J. F. de Boer, “Birefringence measurements in human skin using polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography,” J. Biomed. Opt. 9, 287–291 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
M. Pircher, E. Goetzinger, R. Leitgeb, and C. K. Hitzenberger, “Three dimensional polarization sensitive OCT of human skin in vivo,” Opt. Express 12, 3236–3244 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2006 (2)

R. S. Jones, C. L. Darling, J. D. B. Featherstone, and D. Fried, “Remineralization of in vitro dental caries assessed with polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography,” J. Biomed. Opt 11, 014016 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. J. Pasquesi, S. C. Schlachter, M. D. Boppart, E. Chaney, S. J. Kaufman, and S. A. Boppart, “In vivo detection of exercise-induced ultrastructural changes in genetically-altered murine skeletal muscle using polarizationsensitive optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Express 14, 1547–1556 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2005 (9)

N. J. Kemp, J. Park, H. N. Zaatari, H. G. Rylander, and T. E. Milner, “High-sensitivity determination of birefringence in turbid media with enhanced polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 22, 552–560 (2005).
[Crossref]

Y. Chen, L. Otis, D. Piao, and Q. Zhu, “Characterization of dentin, enamel, and carious lesions by a polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography system,” Appl. Opt. 44, 2041–2048 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

B. H. Park, M. C. Pierce, B. Cense, S. H. Yun, M. Mujat, G. J. Tearney, B. E. Bouma, and J. F. de Boer, “Realtime fiber-based multi-functional spectral-domain optical coherence tomography at 1.3 mm,,” Opt. Express 13, 3931–3944 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. Jiao, M. Todorović, G. Stoica, and L. V. Wang, “Fiber-based polarization-sensitive Mueller matrix optical coherence tomography with continuous source polarization modulation,” Appl. Opt. 44, 5463–5467 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. C. Pierce, M. Shishkov, B. H. Park, N. A. Nassif, B. E. Bouma, G. J. Tearney, and J. F. de Boer, “Effects of sample arm motion in endoscopic polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Express 13, 5739–5749 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

B. H. Park, M. C. Pierce, B. Cense, and J. F. de Boer, “Optic axis determination accuracy for fiber-based polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Lett. 30, 2587–2589 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. Makita, Y. Yasuno, T. Endo, M. Itoh, and T. Yatagai, “Polarization contrast imaging of biological tissues by polarization-sensitive Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography,” Appl. Opt. 45, 1142–1147 (2005).
[Crossref]

B. Cense, T. C. Chen, M. Mujat, C. Joo, T. Akkin, B. H. Park, M. C. Pierce, A. Yun, B. E. Bouma, G. J. Tearney, and J. F. de Boer, “Spectral-domain polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography at 850 nm,” Proc. of SPIE 5690, 159–162 (2005).
[Crossref]

E. Götzinger, M. Pircher, and C. K. Hitzenberger, “High speed spectral domain polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography of the human retina,” Opt. Express 13, 10,217–10,229 (2005).

2004 (15)

B. Cense, T. C. Chen, B. H. Park, M. C. Pierce, and J. F. de Boer, “Thickness and birefringence of healthy retinal nerve fiber layer tissue measured with polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 45, 2606–2612 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

B. Cense, T. C. Chen, B. H. Park, M. C. Pierce, and J. F. de Boer, “In vivo birefringence and thickness measurements of the human retinal nerve fiber layer using polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography,” J. Biomed. Opt. 9, 121–125 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. C. Pierce, J. Strasswimmer, B. H. Park, B. Cense, and J. F. de Boer, “Advances in optical coherence tomography imaging for dermatology,” J. Invest. Dermatol. 123, 458–463 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. M. Srinivas, J. F. de Boer, H. Park, K. Keikhanzadeh, H. L. Huang, J. Zhang, W. Q. Jung, Z. Chen, and J. S. Nelson, “Determination of burn depth by polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography,” J. Biomed. Opt. 9, 207–212 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Pircher, E. Goetzinger, R. Leitgeb, and C. K. Hitzenberger, “Transversal phase resolved polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography,” Phys. Med. Biol. 49, 1257–1263 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

E. Götzinger, M. Pircher, M. Sticker, A. F. Fercher, and C. K. Hitzenberger, “Measurement and imaging of birefringent properties of the human cornea with phase-resolved, polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography,” J. Biomed. Opt. 9, 94–102 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. Yasuno, S. Makita, T. Endo, M. Itoh, T. Yatagai, M. Takahashi, C. Katada, and M. Mutoh, “Polarization-sensitive complex Fourier domain optical coherence tomography for Jones matrix imaging of biological samples,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 3023–3025 (2004).
[Crossref]

M. C. Pierce, J. Strasswimmer, B. H. Park, B. Cense, and J. F. de Boer, “Birefringence measurements in human skin using polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography,” J. Biomed. Opt. 9, 287–291 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Wojtkowski, V. J. Srinivasan, T. H. Ko, J. G. Fujimoto, A. Kowalczyk, and J. S. Duker, “Ultrahigh-resolution, high-speed, Fourier domain optical coherence tomography and methods for dispersion compensation,” Opt. Express 12, 2404–2422 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. H. Yun, G. J. Tearney, J. F. de Boer, and B. E. Bouma, “Motion artifacts in optical coherence tomography with frequency-domain ranging,” Opt. Express 12, 2977–2998 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Pircher, E. Goetzinger, R. Leitgeb, and C. K. Hitzenberger, “Three dimensional polarization sensitive OCT of human skin in vivo,” Opt. Express 12, 3236–3244 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. Guo, J. Zhang, L. Wang, J. S. Nelson, and Z. Chen, “Depth-resolved birefringence and differential optical axis orientation measurements with fiber-based polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Lett. 29, 2025–2027 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Todorović, S. Jiao, L. V. Wang, and G. Stoica, “Determination of local polarization properties of biological samples in the presence of diattenuation by use of Mueller optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Lett. 29, 2402–2404 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

B. H. Park, M. C. Pierce, B. Cense, and J. F. de Boer, “Jones matrix analysis for a polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography system using fiber-optic components,” Opt. Lett. 29, 2512–2514 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Zhang, W. Jung, J. S. Nelson, and Z. Chen, “Full range polarization-sensitive Fourier domain optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Express 12, 6033–6039 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2003 (5)

R. Leitgeb, C. K. Hitzenberger, and A. F. Fercher, “Performance of fourier domain vs. time domain optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Express 11, 889–894 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. Jiao, G. S.W. Yu, and L. V. Wang, “Optical-fiber-based Mueller optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Lett. 28, 1206–1208 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. Jiao, W. Yu, G. Stoica, and L. V. Wang, “Contrast mechanisms in polarization-sensitiveMueller-matrix optical coherence tomography and application in burn imaging,” Appl. Opt. 42, 5191–5197 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. F. de Boer, B. Cense, B. H. Park, M. C. Pierce, G. J. Tearney, and B. E. Bouma, “Improved signal-to-noise ratio in spectral-domain compared with time-domain optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Lett. 28, 2067–2069 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

B. R. White, M. C. Pierce, N. Nassif, B. Cense, B. H. Park, G. J. Tearney, B. E. Bouma, T. C. Chen, and J. F. de Boer, “In vivo dynamic human retinal blood flow imaging using ultra-high-speed spectral domain optical Doppler tomography,” Opt. Express 11, 3490–3497 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2002 (5)

S. Jiao and L. V. Wang, “Two-dimensional depth-resolved Mueller matrix of biological tissue measured with double-beam polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Lett. 27, 101–103 (2002).
[Crossref]

Y. Yasuno, S. Makita, Y. Sutoh, M. Itoh, and T. Yatagai, “Birefringence imaging of human skin by polarization-sensitive spectral interferometric optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Lett. 27, 1803–1805 (2002).
[Crossref]

J. F. de Boer and T. E. Milner, “Review of polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography and Stokes vector determination,” J. Biomed. Opt. 7, 359–371 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. Jiao and L. V. Wang, “Jones-matrix imaging of biological tissues with quadruple-channel optical coherence tomography,” J. Biomed. Opt. 7, 350–358 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

D. Fried, J. Xie, S. Shafi, J. D. B. Featherstone, T. M. Breunig, and C. Le, “Imaging caries lesions and lesion progression with polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography,” J. Biomed. Opt. 7, 618–627 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2001 (3)

B. H. Park, C. Saxer, S. M. Srinivas, J. S. Nelson, and J. F. de Boer, “In vivo burn depth determination by high-speed fiber-based polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography,” J. Biomed. Opt. 6, 474–479 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. G. Ducros, J. D. Marsack, H. G. Rylander III, S. L. Thomsen, and T. E. Milner, “Primate retina imaging with polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 18, 2945–2956 (2001).
[Crossref]

C. K. Hitzenberger, E. Götzinger, M. Sticker, M. Pircher, and A. F. Fercher, “Measurement and imaging of birefringence and optic axis orientation by phase resolved polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Express 9, 780–790 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2000 (3)

C. E. Saxer, J. F. de Boer, B. H. Park, Y. Zhao, Z. Chen, and J. S. Nelson, “High-speed fiber-based polarzation-sensitive optical coherence tomography of in vivo human skin,” Opt. Lett. 25, 1355–1357 (2000).
[Crossref]

S. Jiao, G. Yao, and L. V. Wang, “Depth-resolved two-dimensional Stokes vectors of backscattered light and Mueller matrices of biological tissue measured with optical coherence tomography,” Appl. Opt. 39, 6318–6324 (2000).
[Crossref]

A. Baumgartner, S. Dichtl, C. K. Hitzenberger, H. Sattmann, B. Robl, A. Moritz, A. F. Fercher, and W. Sperr, “Polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography of dental structures,” Caries Res. 34, 59–69 (2000).
[Crossref]

1999 (4)

M. G. Ducros, J. F. de Boer, H. Huang, L. C. Chao, Z. Chen, J. S. Nelson, T. E. Milner, and I. H. G. Rylander, III, “Polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography of the rabbit eye,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 5, 1159–1167 (1999).
[Crossref]

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[Crossref]

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[Crossref]

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[Crossref]

1991 (1)

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[Crossref] [PubMed]

1969 (1)

S. N. Jasperson and S. E. Schnatterly, “An improved method for high reflectivity ellipsometry based on a new polarization modulation technique,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 40, 761–767 (1969).
[Crossref]

Akkin, T.

Baumgartner, A.

Boppart, M. D.

Boppart, S. A.

Bouma, B. E.

Breunig, T. M.

Cense, B.

Chaney, E.

Chang, W.

Chao, L. C.

Chen, T. C.

Chen, Y.

Chen, Z.

J. Zhang, W. Jung, J. S. Nelson, and Z. Chen, “Full range polarization-sensitive Fourier domain optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Express 12, 6033–6039 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Colston, J. B.W.

Da Silva, L. B.

Darling, C. L.

de Boer, J. F.

J. F. de Boer and T. E. Milner, “Review of polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography and Stokes vector determination,” J. Biomed. Opt. 7, 359–371 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Dichtl, S.

Ducros, M. G.

Duker, J. S.

Endo, T.

Everett, M. J.

Featherstone, J. D. B.

Fercher, A. F.

R. Leitgeb, C. K. Hitzenberger, and A. F. Fercher, “Performance of fourier domain vs. time domain optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Express 11, 889–894 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Flotte, T.

Fried, D.

Fujimoto, J. G.

Goetzinger, E.

M. Pircher, E. Goetzinger, R. Leitgeb, and C. K. Hitzenberger, “Three dimensional polarization sensitive OCT of human skin in vivo,” Opt. Express 12, 3236–3244 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Götzinger, E.

E. Götzinger, M. Pircher, and C. K. Hitzenberger, “High speed spectral domain polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography of the human retina,” Opt. Express 13, 10,217–10,229 (2005).

Gregory, K.

Guo, S.

Hee, M. R.

Hitzenberger, C. K.

E. Götzinger, M. Pircher, and C. K. Hitzenberger, “High speed spectral domain polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography of the human retina,” Opt. Express 13, 10,217–10,229 (2005).

M. Pircher, E. Goetzinger, R. Leitgeb, and C. K. Hitzenberger, “Three dimensional polarization sensitive OCT of human skin in vivo,” Opt. Express 12, 3236–3244 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

R. Leitgeb, C. K. Hitzenberger, and A. F. Fercher, “Performance of fourier domain vs. time domain optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Express 11, 889–894 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Huang, D.

Huang, H.

Huang, H. L.

Itoh, M.

Jasperson, S. N.

Jiao, S.

S. Jiao, G. S.W. Yu, and L. V. Wang, “Optical-fiber-based Mueller optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Lett. 28, 1206–1208 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. Jiao and L. V. Wang, “Jones-matrix imaging of biological tissues with quadruple-channel optical coherence tomography,” J. Biomed. Opt. 7, 350–358 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Jones, R. S.

Joo, C.

Jung, W.

J. Zhang, W. Jung, J. S. Nelson, and Z. Chen, “Full range polarization-sensitive Fourier domain optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Express 12, 6033–6039 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Jung, W. Q.

Katada, C.

Kaufman, S. J.

Keikhanzadeh, K.

Kemp, N. J.

Ko, T. H.

Kowalczyk, A.

Le, C.

Leitgeb, R.

M. Pircher, E. Goetzinger, R. Leitgeb, and C. K. Hitzenberger, “Three dimensional polarization sensitive OCT of human skin in vivo,” Opt. Express 12, 3236–3244 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

R. Leitgeb, C. K. Hitzenberger, and A. F. Fercher, “Performance of fourier domain vs. time domain optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Express 11, 889–894 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Lin, C. P.

Maitland, D. J.

Makita, S.

Malekafzali, A.

Marsack, J. D.

Milner, T. E.

J. F. de Boer and T. E. Milner, “Review of polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography and Stokes vector determination,” J. Biomed. Opt. 7, 359–371 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Moritz, A.

Mujat, M.

Mutoh, M.

Nassif, N.

Nassif, N. A.

Nelson, J. S.

J. Zhang, W. Jung, J. S. Nelson, and Z. Chen, “Full range polarization-sensitive Fourier domain optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Express 12, 6033–6039 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Otis, L.

Park, B. H.

Park, H.

Park, J.

Pashley, D. H.

Pasquesi, J. J.

Piao, D.

Pierce, M. C.

Pircher, M.

E. Götzinger, M. Pircher, and C. K. Hitzenberger, “High speed spectral domain polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography of the human retina,” Opt. Express 13, 10,217–10,229 (2005).

M. Pircher, E. Goetzinger, R. Leitgeb, and C. K. Hitzenberger, “Three dimensional polarization sensitive OCT of human skin in vivo,” Opt. Express 12, 3236–3244 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Puliafito, C. A.

Robl, B.

Rylander, H. G.

Rylander III, H. G.

Rylander, III, I. H. G.

Sattmann, H.

Saxer, C.

Saxer, C. E.

Schlachter, S. C.

Schnatterly, S. E.

Schoenenberger, K.

Schuman, J. S.

Shafi, S.

Shishkov, M.

Sperr, W.

Srinivas, S. M.

Srinivasan, V. J.

Sticker, M.

Stinson, W. G.

Stoica, G.

Strasswimmer, J.

Sutoh, Y.

Swanson, E. A.

Takahashi, M.

Tearney, G. J.

Thomsen, S. L.

Todorovic, M.

van Gemert, M. J. C.

Wang, L.

Wang, L. V.

S. Jiao, G. S.W. Yu, and L. V. Wang, “Optical-fiber-based Mueller optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Lett. 28, 1206–1208 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. Jiao and L. V. Wang, “Jones-matrix imaging of biological tissues with quadruple-channel optical coherence tomography,” J. Biomed. Opt. 7, 350–358 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

G. Yao and L. V. Wang, “Two-dimensional depth-resolved Mueller matrix characterization of biological tissue by optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Lett. 24, 537–539 (1999).
[Crossref]

Wang, X.

White, B. R.

Wojtkowski, M.

Xie, J.

Yao, G.

G. Yao and L. V. Wang, “Two-dimensional depth-resolved Mueller matrix characterization of biological tissue by optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Lett. 24, 537–539 (1999).
[Crossref]

Yasuno, Y.

Yatagai, T.

Yu, G. S.W.

S. Jiao, G. S.W. Yu, and L. V. Wang, “Optical-fiber-based Mueller optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Lett. 28, 1206–1208 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Yu, W.

Yun, A.

Yun, S. H.

Zaatari, H. N.

Zhang, J.

J. Zhang, W. Jung, J. S. Nelson, and Z. Chen, “Full range polarization-sensitive Fourier domain optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Express 12, 6033–6039 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Zhang, Y.

Zhao, Y.

Zhu, Q.

Appl. Opt. (7)

Appl. Phys. Lett. (1)

Caries Res. (1)

IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. (1)

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. (1)

J. Biomed. Opt (1)

J. Biomed. Opt. (8)

J. F. de Boer and T. E. Milner, “Review of polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography and Stokes vector determination,” J. Biomed. Opt. 7, 359–371 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. Jiao and L. V. Wang, “Jones-matrix imaging of biological tissues with quadruple-channel optical coherence tomography,” J. Biomed. Opt. 7, 350–358 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Invest. Dermatol. (1)

J. Opt. Soc. Am. A (2)

J. Opt. Soc. Am. B (1)

Opt. Express (12)

R. Leitgeb, C. K. Hitzenberger, and A. F. Fercher, “Performance of fourier domain vs. time domain optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Express 11, 889–894 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

E. Götzinger, M. Pircher, and C. K. Hitzenberger, “High speed spectral domain polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography of the human retina,” Opt. Express 13, 10,217–10,229 (2005).

J. Zhang, W. Jung, J. S. Nelson, and Z. Chen, “Full range polarization-sensitive Fourier domain optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Express 12, 6033–6039 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Pircher, E. Goetzinger, R. Leitgeb, and C. K. Hitzenberger, “Three dimensional polarization sensitive OCT of human skin in vivo,” Opt. Express 12, 3236–3244 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Opt. Lett. (12)

S. Jiao, G. S.W. Yu, and L. V. Wang, “Optical-fiber-based Mueller optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Lett. 28, 1206–1208 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

G. Yao and L. V. Wang, “Two-dimensional depth-resolved Mueller matrix characterization of biological tissue by optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Lett. 24, 537–539 (1999).
[Crossref]

Phys. Med. Biol. (1)

Proc. of SPIE (1)

Rev. Sci. Instrum. (1)

Science (1)

Supplementary Material (14)

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Fig. 1. Diagram of the PS-FD-OCT system. The notations imply the following: SLD: superluminescent diode, PC: polarization controller, ND: neutral density filter, LP: linear polarizer, EO: electro-optic modulator, M: mirror, G: grating, PBS: polarizing beamsplitter, CCD: line-CCD camera.

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Fig. 2. Depth-dependent phase difference of the OCT signals between horizontal and vertical channels. The interference signal is generated by the back surface of the slide glass and the mirror.

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Fig. 3. (a) measured orientations of LP and QWP. The rhombuses and squares are the measured cumulative orientation of LP and QWP relative to 0 degree, respectively. The solid and dashed lines are the linear least-squares fits of the orientations of LP and QWP, respectively. (b) measured phase retardation of QWP.

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Fig. 4. An intensity image (a) (1.83MB), the cumulative round-trip phase retardation image (b) (1.86MB), and the orientation image (c) (1.86MB) of chicken breast muscle. A median filter with a kernel size of 3×3 was applied to each B-scan of (b) and (c). Each frame has 1023 A-lines, and 128 frames are aqcuired in 5 seconds. The image size is 2 mm (x) ×2 mm (y) ×3.44 mm (z) in air. (6.80MB version (a), 6.80MB version (b), and 6.83MB version (c))

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Fig. 5. Images of chicken breast muscle with different modulations. Upper images (a)–(c) are measured with continuous polarization modulation, and lower images (d)–(f) are measured with discrete polarization modulation. (a) and (d) are the intensity images, (b) and (e) are the phase retardation images, and (c) and (f) are the orientation images. All images have 1023 A-lines, and axial 500 pixels. The image size is 2 mm (x) ×2.15 mm (z) in air.

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Fig. 6. An intensity image (a) (2.16MB), the cumulative round-trip phase retardation image (b) (2.18MB), and the orientation image (c) (2.17MB) of a human finger pad in vivo. A median filter with a kernel size of 3×3 was applied to each B-scan of (b) and (c). The volume is 4 mm (x) ×4 mm (y) ×1.75 mm (z) in air, or 1023 pixels ×128 pixels ×350 pixels. The measurement time is 5 seconds. (13.3MB version (a), 13.3MB version (b), and 13.3MB version (c))

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Fig. 7. (a): an intensity image (upper) and the cumulative round-trip phase retardation image (lower) of caries lesion of human canine tooth in vivo (1.86MB). A white arrow shows the enamel-dentin junction. The size is 6 mm (x) ×2.80 mm (z) in air, or 2046 pixels (x) ×650 pixels (z). 64 frames were scanned on 6 mm length and acquired in 5 s. (b): a enlarged intensity image of the 24th frame in the movie (a). The white arrows show the incremental lines in the enamel region. A green arrow shows the tufts and lamellae above the enamel-dentin junction. The image size is 2.5 mm (x) ×2.54 mm (z) in air. (4.28MB version)

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Tables (1)

Table 1. Typical approaches to obtain PS-OCT image. A: circularly polarized incident light, B: Stokes vector, C: Mueller matrix, D: Jones matrix with two incident polarizations, E: Jones matrix with polarization modulation method.

View Table

Equations (27)

Equations on this page are rendered with MathJax. Learn more.

I_{h} (x, ω) = {{∣ H_{ref} (x, ω) ∣}^{2} + ∣ H_{sam} (x, ω) ∣}^{2} + H_{ref} (x, ω) H_{sam}^{*} (x, ω) + c . c .,

{\tilde{I}}_{h} (x, z) = 𝓕_{z ω}^{- 1} [H_{ref} (x, ω) H_{sam}^{*} (x, ω)],

(\begin{matrix} \cos \frac{φ}{2} & i \sin \frac{φ}{2} \\ i \sin \frac{φ}{2} & \cos \frac{φ}{2} \end{matrix}),

(\begin{matrix} H_{sam} \\ V_{sam} \end{matrix}) = J_{all} (\begin{matrix} H_{i} \\ V_{i} \end{matrix}),

J_{all} = (\begin{matrix} J (1, 1) & J (1, 2) \\ J (2, 1) & J (2, 2) \end{matrix}),

(\begin{matrix} H_{i} \\ V_{i} \end{matrix}) = (\begin{matrix} i \sin \frac{φ}{2} \\ \cos \frac{φ}{2} \end{matrix}) .

(\begin{matrix} H_{sam} \\ V_{sam} \end{matrix}) = (\begin{matrix} J (1, 2) \cos \frac{φ}{2} + i J (1, 1) \sin \frac{φ}{2} \\ J (2, 2) \cos \frac{φ}{2} + i J (2, 1) \sin \frac{φ}{2} \end{matrix}) .

E_{ref} = (\begin{matrix} H_{ref} \\ V_{ref} \end{matrix}) = (\begin{matrix} H_{r} \\ V_{r} \end{matrix}) e^{- i \frac{φ}{2}},

𝓕_{xu} [{\tilde{I}}_{h} (x)] = 𝓕_{xu} [𝓕_{z ω}^{- 1} [H_{ref} (x, ω) H_{sam}^{*} (x, ω)]]

𝓕_{xu} [{\tilde{I}}_{h} (x)] = H_{r} 𝓕_{xu} [J^{*} (1, 2) \cos \frac{φ}{2} e^{- i \frac{φ}{2}} - i J^{*} (1, 1) \sin \frac{φ}{2} e^{- i \frac{φ}{2}}]

= \frac{H_{r}}{2} {𝓕_{xu} [J^{*} (1, 2) - J^{*} (1, 1)] + 𝓕_{xu} [J^{*} (1, 2) + J^{*} (1, 1)] * 𝓕_{xu} [e^{- i φ}]},

\sin [φ (x)] = \sum_{l = 0}^{\infty} 2 J_{2 l + 1} (A_{0}) \sin [(2 l + 1) ω_{m} x],

\cos [φ (x)] = J_{0} (A_{0}) + \sum_{l = 1}^{\infty} 2 J_{2 l} (A_{0}) \cos [(2 l) ω_{m} x],

𝓕_{x u} [e^{- i φ}] = \sum_{l = 0}^{\infty} [J_{2 l} (2.405) {δ (u - 2 l ω_{m}) + δ (u + 2 l ω_{m})}

+ J_{2 l + 1} (2.405) {δ (u - (2 l + 1) ω_{m}) - δ (u + (2 l + 1) ω_{m})}] .

{\tilde{I}}_{h} (0) = \frac{H_{r}}{2} (J^{*} (1, 2) - J^{*} (1, 1)),

{\tilde{I}}_{h} (ω_{m}) = \frac{J_{1} (2.405) H_{r}}{2} (J^{*} (1, 2) + J^{*} (1, 1)),

H_{r} J^{*} (1, 1) = - {{\tilde{I}}_{h} (0) - \frac{1}{J_{1} (2.405)} {\tilde{I}}_{h} (ω_{m})},

{H_{r} J}^{*} (1, 2) = {{\tilde{I}}_{h} (0) + \frac{1}{J_{1} (2.405)} {\tilde{I}}_{h} (ω_{m})} .

(\begin{matrix} H_{r}^{*} J (1, 1) & H_{r}^{*} J (1, 2) \\ V_{r}^{*} J (1, 1) & V_{r}^{*} J (1, 2) \end{matrix}) = (\begin{matrix} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & e^{i γ} \end{matrix}) J_{all} = J_{offset} J_{all},

J_{sur} = J_{out} J_{in},

J_{all} = J_{out} J_{sam} J_{in} .

{J_{offset} J_{all} (J_{offset} J_{sur})}^{- 1} = J_{offset} J_{out} J_{sam} J_{in} J_{in}^{- 1} J_{out}^{- 1} J_{offset}^{- 1}

= J_{offset} J_{out} J_{sam} J_{out}^{- 1} J_{offset}^{- 1}

= J_{U} (\begin{matrix} p_{1} e^{i \frac{η}{2}} & 0 \\ 0 & p_{2} e^{- i \frac{η}{2}} \end{matrix}) J_{U}^{- 1},

φ_{n} = \frac{\int_{2 π (n - 1) ⁄ N}^{2 π n ⁄ N} A_{0} \sin (ω_{m} x) d x}{2 π ⁄ N},

10 \log = {\frac{1}{2} ({∣ J (1, 1) ∣}^{2} {+ ∣ J (1, 2) ∣}^{2} {+ ∣ J (2, 1) ∣}^{2} {+ ∣ J (2, 2) ∣}^{2})},

	Time-domain		Fourier-domain
	Free space	Fiber-based	Free space	Fiber-based
A	Hee et al. [2][de Boer et al. [3]Hitzenberger et al. [26]		Götzinger et al. [17]
B	de Boer et al. [29]	Saxer et al. [30]		Zhang et al. [31]Cense et al. [32]
C	Yao et al. [33]		Yasuno et al. [34]
D	Jiao et al. [38]Jiao et al. [39]	Park et al. [40]	Yasuno et al. [47]	Park et al. [41]
E		Jiao et al. [45]		⋄

Abstract

References

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1999 (4)

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Baumgartner, A.

Boppart, M. D.

Boppart, S. A.

Bouma, B. E.

Breunig, T. M.

Cense, B.

Chaney, E.

Chang, W.

Chao, L. C.

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de Boer, J. F.

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Ducros, M. G.

Duker, J. S.

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Everett, M. J.

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Fercher, A. F.

Flotte, T.

Fried, D.

Fujimoto, J. G.

Goetzinger, E.

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Gregory, K.

Guo, S.

Hee, M. R.

Hitzenberger, C. K.

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Jasperson, S. N.

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Kaufman, S. J.

Keikhanzadeh, K.

Kemp, N. J.

Ko, T. H.

Kowalczyk, A.

Le, C.

Leitgeb, R.

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Makita, S.

Malekafzali, A.

Marsack, J. D.

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Mujat, M.

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Park, B. H.