Above-water measurements of reflectance and chlorophyll-a algorithms in the Gulf of Lions, NW Mediterranean Sea

Sylvain Ouillon; Anne A. Petrenko

doi:10.1364/OPEX.13.002531

Above-water measurements of reflectance and chlorophyll-a algorithms in the Gulf of Lions, NW Mediterranean Sea

Sylvain Ouillon and Anne A. Petrenko

Optics Express
Vol. 13,
Issue 7,
pp. 2531-2548
(2005)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/OPEX.13.002531

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Sylvain Ouillon and Anne A. Petrenko, "Above-water measurements of reflectance and chlorophyll-a algorithms in the Gulf of Lions, NW Mediterranean Sea," Opt. Express 13, 2531-2548 (2005)

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Table of Contents Category
- Research Papers
Optics & Photonics Topics
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The topics in this list come from the OSA Optics and Photonics Topics applied to this article.
Previously assigned OCIS codes
- Oceanic optics (010.4450)
- Remote sensing and sensors (280.0280)

About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: February 23, 2005
- Revised Manuscript: March 13, 2005
- Manuscript Accepted: March 21, 2005
- Published: April 4, 2005

Accessible

Open Access

Abstract

Above-water reflectance and surface chlorophyll a concentrations (Chl a) were measured in the Gulf of Lions, northwestern Mediterranean Sea in 2000 and 2001 in order to test Chl a inversion algorithms. Surface waters were separated in Case 2 waters in the Rhône River plume and proximal Region of Freshwater Influence (ROFI) stations, and Case 1 waters at all the other stations. Case 2 waters were characterized by R443/R555 < R443/R510 < R490/R555 < R490/R510 < 1. In the first part, we compared the concurrent reflectance measurements made with a scanning polarization radiometer (SIMBAD) and a hyperspectral Ocean Optics radiometer. The comparison of the remote-sensing reflectance (Rrs) values at SIMBAD wavelengths shows excellent agreement for Rrs values higher than 0.01 sr^-1. Between the two instruments, reflectance ratios, commonly used in Chl a algorithms, show differences smaller than 2% in the Case 2 waters, and smaller than 20% in the Case 1 waters. In the second part, concurrent measurements of Chl a and of hyperspectral reflectance from 6 cruises were used to analyze the statistical performance of global (OC2, OC4) and regional regression algorithms using mainly SeaWiFS bands. The algorithms were tested first over the entire domain, then separately over the Case 1 and Case 2 waters. Chl a algorithms using band ratios such as the one presented in Bricaud et al. (2002) are suitable for the Case 1 waters. However, taking into account the large dispersion of Chl a for very close reflectance ratios in the Case 2 waters, single band ratios are not suitable for deriving Chl a. The use of a 4-wavelength parameter such as Xc, defined by Tassan (1994), leads to better results in the plume and proximal Rhône ROFI.

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References

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Year
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Publication

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H. Claustre, A. Morel, S.B. Hooker, M. Babin, D. Antoine, K. Oubelkheir, A. Bricaud, K. Leblanc, B. Quéguiner, and S. Maritorena, “Is desert dust making oligotrophic waters greener?,” Geoph. Res. Let. 29, 107 (2002).
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[Crossref]
C. Millot, “The Gulf of Lion’s hydrodynamics,” Cont. Shelf Res. 10, 885–894 (1990).
[Crossref]
A.A. Petrenko, “Variability of circulation features in the Gulf of Lion NW Mediterranean Sea. Importance of inertial currents,” Ocean. Acta 26, 323–338 (2003).
[Crossref]
J.M. Beckers, P. Brasseur, and J.C.J. Nihoul, “Circulation of the western Mediterranean: from global to regional scales,” Deep-Sea Res. II 44, 531–549 (1997).
[Crossref]
C. Millot, “Review paper: Circulation in the Western Mediterranean Sea,” J. Mar. Syst. 20, 423–442 (1999).
[Crossref]
D. Lefèvre, H.J. Minas, M. Minas, C. Robinson, P.J. le B. Williams, and E.M.S. Woodward, “Review of gross community production, primary production, net community production and dark community respiration in the Gulf of Lions,” Deep-Sea Res. II 44, 801–832 (1997).
[Crossref]
J.E. Salisbury, J.W. Campbell, L.D. Meeker, and C. Vörösmarty, “Ocean color and river data reveal fluvial influence in coastal waters,” EOS Transactions 82, 221 (2001).
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[Crossref]
M.A. Lodhi and D.C. Rundquist, “A spectral analysis of bottom-induced variation in the colour of Sand Hills lakes, Nebraska, USA,” Int. J. Remote Sens. 22, 1665–1682 (2001).
F. Lahet, S. Ouillon, and P. Forget, “Colour classification of coastal waters of Ebro river plume from spectral reflectances,” Int. J. Remote Sens. 22, 1639–1664 (2001).
E. Hochberg, M.J. Atkinson, and S. Andréfouët, “Spectral reflectance of coral-reef bottom types worldwide and implications for coral reef remote sensing,” Remote Sens. Env. 85, 159–173 (2003).
[Crossref]
E.M. Louchard, R.P. Reid, C.F. Stephens, C. Davis, R. Leathers, and T. Downes, “Optical remote sensing of benthic habitats and bathymetry in coastal environments at Lee Stocking Island, Bahamas: A comparative spectral classification approach,” Limnol. Ocean. 48, 511–521 (2003).
[Crossref]
G. Dall’Olmo, A.A. Gitelson, and D.C. Rundquist, “Towards a unified approach for remote estimation of chlorophyll-a in both terrestrial vegetation and turbid productive waters,” Geoph. Res. Let. 30, 1938 (2003).
[Crossref]
K. Masuda and T. Takashima, “The effect of solar zenith angle and surface wind speed on water surface reflectivity,” Remote Sens. Env. 57, 58–62 (1996).
[Crossref]
B. Fougnie, R. Frouin, P. Lecomte, and P.-Y. Deschamps, “Reduction of skylight reflection effects in the above-water measurements of marine diffuse reflectances,” Appl. Opt. 38, 3844–3856 (1999).
[Crossref]
P. Forget and S. Ouillon, “Surface suspended matter off the Rhône river mouth from visible satellite imagery,” Ocean. Acta 21, 739–749 (1998).
[Crossref]
J.M. Froidefond, L. Gardel, D. Guiral, M. Parra, and J.F. Ternon, “Spectral remote sensing reflectances of coastal waters in French Guiana under the Amazon influence,” Remote Sens. Env. 80, 225–232 (2002).
[Crossref]
D.A. Toole, D.A. Siegel, D.W. Menzies, M.J. Neumann, and R.C. Smith, “Remote-sensing reflectance determinations in the coastal ocean environment: impact of instrumental characteristics and environmental variability,” Appl. Opt. 39, 456–469 (2000).
[Crossref]
M. Darecki and D. Stramski, “An evaluation of MODIS and SeaWiFS bio-optical algorithms in the Baltic Sea,” Rem. Sens. Env. 89, 326–350 (2004).
[Crossref]
A. Cunningham, P. Wood, and K. Jones, “Reflectance properties of hydrographically and optically stratified fjords (Scottish sea lochs) during the Spring diatom bloom,” Int. J. Remote Sens. 22, 2885–2897 (2001).
J.J. Naudin, G. Cauwet, C. Fajon, L. Oriol, S. Terzic, J.L. Devenon, and P. Broche, “Effect of mixing on microbial communities in the Rhone River plume,” J. Mar. Syst. 28, 203–227 (2001).
[Crossref]
K.L. Carder, R.G. Steward, G.R. Harvey, and P.B. Ortner, “Marine humic and fulvic acids: their effects on remote sensing of ocean chlorophyll,” Limnol. Ocean. 34, 68–81 (1989).
[Crossref]
D.G. Bowers, G.E.L. Harker, and B. Stephan, “Absorption spectra of inorganic particles in the Irish Sea and their relevance to remote sensing of chlorophyll,” Int. J. Remote Sens. 17, 2449–2460 (1996).
[Crossref]
F. Lahet, S. Ouillon, and P. Forget, “A three component model of ocean colour and its application in the Ebro River mouth area,” Remote Sens. Envir. 72, 181–190 (2000).
[Crossref]
Y.H. Ahn, J.E. Moon, and S. Gallegos, “Development of suspended particulate matter algorithms for ocean color remote sensing,” Kor. J. Remote Sens. 17, 285–295 (2001).
S. Ouillon, P. Douillet, and S. Andréfouët, “Coupling satellite data with in situ measurements and numerical modeling to study fine suspended sediment transport: a study for the lagoon of New Caledonia,” Coral Reefs 23, 109–122 (2004).
[Crossref]
N. Hoepffner and S. Sathyendranath, “Bio-optical characteristics of coastal waters: Absorption spectra of phytoplankton and pigment distribution in the western North Atlantic,” Limnol. Ocean. 37, 1660–1679 (1992).
[Crossref]
C.D. Mobley and D. Stramski, “Effects of microbial particles on oceanic optics: Methodology for radiative transfer modeling and example simulations,” Limnol. Ocean. 42, 550–560 (1997).
[Crossref]
D. Stramski and C.D. Mobley, “Effects of microbial particles on oceanic optics: A database of single-particle optical properties,” Limnol. Ocean. 42, 538–549 (1997).
[Crossref]
J.T.O. Kirk, Light and photosynthesis in aquatic ecosystems (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1994).
[Crossref]
V.F. Banzon, R.H. Evans, S. Marullo, R. Santoleri, and F. D’Ortenzio, “SeaWiFS observations of the southern Adriatic sea bloom (1998–2000): the role of atmospherically-forced deep convection,” presented at the Seventh International Conference on Remote Sensing for Marine and Coastal Environments, Miami, Florida, 20–22 May 2002.
F. Lahet, P. Forget, and S. Ouillon, “Application of a colour classification method to quantify the constituents of coastal waters from in situ reflectances sampled at satellite sensor wavebands,” Int. J. Remote Sens. 22, 909–914 (2001).
[Crossref]

2004 (2)

M. Darecki and D. Stramski, “An evaluation of MODIS and SeaWiFS bio-optical algorithms in the Baltic Sea,” Rem. Sens. Env. 89, 326–350 (2004).
[Crossref]

S. Ouillon, P. Douillet, and S. Andréfouët, “Coupling satellite data with in situ measurements and numerical modeling to study fine suspended sediment transport: a study for the lagoon of New Caledonia,” Coral Reefs 23, 109–122 (2004).
[Crossref]

2003 (5)

W.W. Gregg, M.E. Conkright, P. Ginoux, J.E. O’Reilly, and N.W. Casey, “Ocean primary production and climate: Global decadal changes,” Geoph. Res. Let. 30, 1809 (2003)
[Crossref]

A.A. Petrenko, “Variability of circulation features in the Gulf of Lion NW Mediterranean Sea. Importance of inertial currents,” Ocean. Acta 26, 323–338 (2003).
[Crossref]

E. Hochberg, M.J. Atkinson, and S. Andréfouët, “Spectral reflectance of coral-reef bottom types worldwide and implications for coral reef remote sensing,” Remote Sens. Env. 85, 159–173 (2003).
[Crossref]

E.M. Louchard, R.P. Reid, C.F. Stephens, C. Davis, R. Leathers, and T. Downes, “Optical remote sensing of benthic habitats and bathymetry in coastal environments at Lee Stocking Island, Bahamas: A comparative spectral classification approach,” Limnol. Ocean. 48, 511–521 (2003).
[Crossref]

G. Dall’Olmo, A.A. Gitelson, and D.C. Rundquist, “Towards a unified approach for remote estimation of chlorophyll-a in both terrestrial vegetation and turbid productive waters,” Geoph. Res. Let. 30, 1938 (2003).
[Crossref]

2002 (4)

A. Bricaud, E. Bosc, and D. Antoine, “Algal biomass and sea surface temperature in the Mediterranean Basin, Intercomparison of data from various sensors, and implications for primary production estimates,” Remote Sens. Env. 81, 163–178 (2002).
[Crossref]

F. D’Ortenzio, S. Marullo, M. Ragni, M. Ribera d’Alcalà, and R. Santoleri, “Validation of empirical SeaWiFS algorithms for chlorophyll-a retrieval in the Mediterranean Sea, A case study for oligotrophic seas,” Remote Sens. Env. 82, 79–94 (2002).
[Crossref]

H. Claustre, A. Morel, S.B. Hooker, M. Babin, D. Antoine, K. Oubelkheir, A. Bricaud, K. Leblanc, B. Quéguiner, and S. Maritorena, “Is desert dust making oligotrophic waters greener?,” Geoph. Res. Let. 29, 107 (2002).

J.M. Froidefond, L. Gardel, D. Guiral, M. Parra, and J.F. Ternon, “Spectral remote sensing reflectances of coastal waters in French Guiana under the Amazon influence,” Remote Sens. Env. 80, 225–232 (2002).
[Crossref]

2001 (8)

A. Cunningham, P. Wood, and K. Jones, “Reflectance properties of hydrographically and optically stratified fjords (Scottish sea lochs) during the Spring diatom bloom,” Int. J. Remote Sens. 22, 2885–2897 (2001).

J.J. Naudin, G. Cauwet, C. Fajon, L. Oriol, S. Terzic, J.L. Devenon, and P. Broche, “Effect of mixing on microbial communities in the Rhone River plume,” J. Mar. Syst. 28, 203–227 (2001).
[Crossref]

Y.H. Ahn, J.E. Moon, and S. Gallegos, “Development of suspended particulate matter algorithms for ocean color remote sensing,” Kor. J. Remote Sens. 17, 285–295 (2001).

F. Lahet, P. Forget, and S. Ouillon, “Application of a colour classification method to quantify the constituents of coastal waters from in situ reflectances sampled at satellite sensor wavebands,” Int. J. Remote Sens. 22, 909–914 (2001).
[Crossref]

W.W. Gregg and M.E. Conkright, “Global seasonal climatologies of ocean chlorophyll: blending in situ and satellite data for the CZCS era,” J. Geoph. Res. 106, 2499–2515 (2001).
[Crossref]

J.E. Salisbury, J.W. Campbell, L.D. Meeker, and C. Vörösmarty, “Ocean color and river data reveal fluvial influence in coastal waters,” EOS Transactions 82, 221 (2001).
[Crossref]

M.A. Lodhi and D.C. Rundquist, “A spectral analysis of bottom-induced variation in the colour of Sand Hills lakes, Nebraska, USA,” Int. J. Remote Sens. 22, 1665–1682 (2001).

F. Lahet, S. Ouillon, and P. Forget, “Colour classification of coastal waters of Ebro river plume from spectral reflectances,” Int. J. Remote Sens. 22, 1639–1664 (2001).

2000 (4)

S.B. Hooker and S. Maritorena, “An evaluation of oceanographic radiometers and deployment methodologies,” J. Atm. Ocean. Techn. 17, 811–830 (2000).
[Crossref]

E.J. D’Sa, J.B. Zaitzeff, and R.G. Steward, “Monitoring water quality in Florida Bay with remotely sensed salinity and in situ bio-optical observations,” Int. J. Remote Sens. 21, 811–816 (2000).
[Crossref]

F. Lahet, S. Ouillon, and P. Forget, “A three component model of ocean colour and its application in the Ebro River mouth area,” Remote Sens. Envir. 72, 181–190 (2000).
[Crossref]

D.A. Toole, D.A. Siegel, D.W. Menzies, M.J. Neumann, and R.C. Smith, “Remote-sensing reflectance determinations in the coastal ocean environment: impact of instrumental characteristics and environmental variability,” Appl. Opt. 39, 456–469 (2000).
[Crossref]

1999 (5)

B. Fougnie, R. Frouin, P. Lecomte, and P.-Y. Deschamps, “Reduction of skylight reflection effects in the above-water measurements of marine diffuse reflectances,” Appl. Opt. 38, 3844–3856 (1999).
[Crossref]

M. Kahru and B.G. Mitchell, “Empirical chlorophyll algorithm and preliminary SeaWiFS validation for the California Current,” Int. J. Remote Sens. 20, 3423–3429 (1999).
[Crossref]

C.D. Mobley, “Estimation of the remote-sensing reflectance from above-surface measurements,” Appl. Opt. 38, 7442–7455 (1999).
[Crossref]

C. Millot, “Review paper: Circulation in the Western Mediterranean Sea,” J. Mar. Syst. 20, 423–442 (1999).
[Crossref]

A. Monaco, X. Durrieu de Madron, O. Radakovitch, S. Heussner, and J. Carbonne, “Origin and variability of downward biogeochemical fluxes on the Rhone continental margin (NW Mediterranean),” Deep-Sea Res. I 46, 1483–1511 (1999).
[Crossref]

1998 (3)

M. Kishino, T. Ishimaru, K. Furuya, T. Oishi, and K. Kawasaki, “In-water algorithms for DEOS/OCTS,” J. Ocean. 54, 383–399 (1998).

J.E. O’Reilly, S. Maritorena, G.G. Mitchell, D.A. Siegel, K.L. Carder, S.A. Garver, M. Kahru, and C. McClain,. “Ocean color algorithms for SeaWiFS,” J. Geoph. Res. 103, 24937–24953 (1998).
[Crossref]

P. Forget and S. Ouillon, “Surface suspended matter off the Rhône river mouth from visible satellite imagery,” Ocean. Acta 21, 739–749 (1998).
[Crossref]

1997 (5)

C.D. Mobley and D. Stramski, “Effects of microbial particles on oceanic optics: Methodology for radiative transfer modeling and example simulations,” Limnol. Ocean. 42, 550–560 (1997).
[Crossref]

D. Stramski and C.D. Mobley, “Effects of microbial particles on oceanic optics: A database of single-particle optical properties,” Limnol. Ocean. 42, 538–549 (1997).
[Crossref]

J.H. Simpson, “Physical processes in the ROFI regime,” J. Mar. Syst. 12, 3–15 (1997).
[Crossref]

D. Lefèvre, H.J. Minas, M. Minas, C. Robinson, P.J. le B. Williams, and E.M.S. Woodward, “Review of gross community production, primary production, net community production and dark community respiration in the Gulf of Lions,” Deep-Sea Res. II 44, 801–832 (1997).
[Crossref]

J.M. Beckers, P. Brasseur, and J.C.J. Nihoul, “Circulation of the western Mediterranean: from global to regional scales,” Deep-Sea Res. II 44, 531–549 (1997).
[Crossref]

1996 (4)

J.P. Béthoux and B. Gentili, “The Mediterranean Sea, coastal and deep-sea signatures of climatic and environmental changes,” J. Mar. Syst. 7, 383–394 (1996).
[Crossref]

K. Masuda and T. Takashima, “The effect of solar zenith angle and surface wind speed on water surface reflectivity,” Remote Sens. Env. 57, 58–62 (1996).
[Crossref]

A. Gitelson, A. Karnieli, N. Goldman, Y.Z. Yacobi, and M. Mayo, “Chlorophyll estimation in the southeastern Mediterranean using CZCS images: adaptation of an algorithm and its validation,” J. Mar. Syst. 9, 283–290 (1996).
[Crossref]

D.G. Bowers, G.E.L. Harker, and B. Stephan, “Absorption spectra of inorganic particles in the Irish Sea and their relevance to remote sensing of chlorophyll,” Int. J. Remote Sens. 17, 2449–2460 (1996).
[Crossref]

1995 (1)

D. Antoine, A. Morel, and J.M. André, “Algal pigment distribution and primary production in the Eastern Mediterranean as derived from coastal zone color scanner observations,” J. Geoph. Res. 100, 16193–16209 (1995).
[Crossref]

1994 (2)

N.A. Welschmeyer, “Fluorimetric analysis of chlorophyll a in the presence of chlorophyll b and pheopigments,” Limnol. Ocean. 39, 1985–1992 (1994).
[Crossref]

S. Tassan, “Local algorithms using SeaWiFS data for the retrieval of phytoplankton, pigments, suspended sediment, and yellow substance in coastal waters,” Appl. Opt. 33, 2369–2378 (1994).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1993 (1)

J.A. Yoder, C.R. McClain, G.C. Feldman, and W. Esaias, “Annual cycles of phytoplankton chlorophyll concentrations in the global ocean: a satellite view,” Glob. Biogeoch. Cycles 7, 181–193 (1993).
[Crossref]

1992 (1)

N. Hoepffner and S. Sathyendranath, “Bio-optical characteristics of coastal waters: Absorption spectra of phytoplankton and pigment distribution in the western North Atlantic,” Limnol. Ocean. 37, 1660–1679 (1992).
[Crossref]

1991 (1)

A. Morel and J.M. André, “Pigment distribution and primary production in the western Mediterranean as derived and modelled from coastal zone color scanner observations,” J. Geoph. Res. 96, 12685–12698 (1991).
[Crossref]

1990 (1)

C. Millot, “The Gulf of Lion’s hydrodynamics,” Cont. Shelf Res. 10, 885–894 (1990).
[Crossref]

1989 (1)

K.L. Carder, R.G. Steward, G.R. Harvey, and P.B. Ortner, “Marine humic and fulvic acids: their effects on remote sensing of ocean chlorophyll,” Limnol. Ocean. 34, 68–81 (1989).
[Crossref]

1985 (1)

A. Herbland, A. Le Bouteiller, and P. Raimbault, “Size structure of phytoplankton biomass in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean,” Deep Sea Res. A 32, 819–836 (1985).
[Crossref]

1973 (1)

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W.W. Gregg, M.E. Conkright, P. Ginoux, J.E. O’Reilly, and N.W. Casey, “Ocean primary production and climate: Global decadal changes,” Geoph. Res. Let. 30, 1809 (2003)
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M. Kishino, T. Ishimaru, K. Furuya, T. Oishi, and K. Kawasaki, “In-water algorithms for DEOS/OCTS,” J. Ocean. 54, 383–399 (1998).

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F. Lahet, S. Ouillon, and P. Forget, “Colour classification of coastal waters of Ebro river plume from spectral reflectances,” Int. J. Remote Sens. 22, 1639–1664 (2001).

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Louchard, E.M.

Magnuson, A.

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S.B. Hooker and S. Maritorena, “An evaluation of oceanographic radiometers and deployment methodologies,” J. Atm. Ocean. Techn. 17, 811–830 (2000).
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Marullo, S.

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M. Kahru and B.G. Mitchell, “Empirical chlorophyll algorithm and preliminary SeaWiFS validation for the California Current,” Int. J. Remote Sens. 20, 3423–3429 (1999).
[Crossref]

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C.D. Mobley, “Estimation of the remote-sensing reflectance from above-surface measurements,” Appl. Opt. 38, 7442–7455 (1999).
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Y.H. Ahn, J.E. Moon, and S. Gallegos, “Development of suspended particulate matter algorithms for ocean color remote sensing,” Kor. J. Remote Sens. 17, 285–295 (2001).

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Morel, A.

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J.M. Beckers, P. Brasseur, and J.C.J. Nihoul, “Circulation of the western Mediterranean: from global to regional scales,” Deep-Sea Res. II 44, 531–549 (1997).
[Crossref]

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O’Brien, M.

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W.W. Gregg, M.E. Conkright, P. Ginoux, J.E. O’Reilly, and N.W. Casey, “Ocean primary production and climate: Global decadal changes,” Geoph. Res. Let. 30, 1809 (2003)
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F. Lahet, S. Ouillon, and P. Forget, “A three component model of ocean colour and its application in the Ebro River mouth area,” Remote Sens. Envir. 72, 181–190 (2000).
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M. Darecki and D. Stramski, “An evaluation of MODIS and SeaWiFS bio-optical algorithms in the Baltic Sea,” Rem. Sens. Env. 89, 326–350 (2004).
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K. Masuda and T. Takashima, “The effect of solar zenith angle and surface wind speed on water surface reflectivity,” Remote Sens. Env. 57, 58–62 (1996).
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Tassan, S.

Ternon, J.F.

Terzic, S.

Toole, D.

Toole, D.A.

Treguer, P.

Vörösmarty, C.

J.E. Salisbury, J.W. Campbell, L.D. Meeker, and C. Vörösmarty, “Ocean color and river data reveal fluvial influence in coastal waters,” EOS Transactions 82, 221 (2001).
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Welschmeyer, N.A.

N.A. Welschmeyer, “Fluorimetric analysis of chlorophyll a in the presence of chlorophyll b and pheopigments,” Limnol. Ocean. 39, 1985–1992 (1994).
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Williams, P.J. le B.

Wood, P.

Woodward, E.M.S.

Yacobi, Y.Z.

Yoder, J.A.

Zaitzeff, J.B.

Appl. Opt. (4)

C.D. Mobley, “Estimation of the remote-sensing reflectance from above-surface measurements,” Appl. Opt. 38, 7442–7455 (1999).
[Crossref]

Cont. Shelf Res. (1)

C. Millot, “The Gulf of Lion’s hydrodynamics,” Cont. Shelf Res. 10, 885–894 (1990).
[Crossref]

Coral Reefs (1)

Deep Sea Res. A (1)

A. Herbland, A. Le Bouteiller, and P. Raimbault, “Size structure of phytoplankton biomass in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean,” Deep Sea Res. A 32, 819–836 (1985).
[Crossref]

Deep-Sea Res. I (1)

Deep-Sea Res. II (2)

J.M. Beckers, P. Brasseur, and J.C.J. Nihoul, “Circulation of the western Mediterranean: from global to regional scales,” Deep-Sea Res. II 44, 531–549 (1997).
[Crossref]

EOS Transactions (1)

J.E. Salisbury, J.W. Campbell, L.D. Meeker, and C. Vörösmarty, “Ocean color and river data reveal fluvial influence in coastal waters,” EOS Transactions 82, 221 (2001).
[Crossref]

Geoph. Res. Let. (3)

W.W. Gregg, M.E. Conkright, P. Ginoux, J.E. O’Reilly, and N.W. Casey, “Ocean primary production and climate: Global decadal changes,” Geoph. Res. Let. 30, 1809 (2003)
[Crossref]

Glob. Biogeoch. Cycles (1)

Int. J. Remote Sens. (7)

M. Kahru and B.G. Mitchell, “Empirical chlorophyll algorithm and preliminary SeaWiFS validation for the California Current,” Int. J. Remote Sens. 20, 3423–3429 (1999).
[Crossref]

M.A. Lodhi and D.C. Rundquist, “A spectral analysis of bottom-induced variation in the colour of Sand Hills lakes, Nebraska, USA,” Int. J. Remote Sens. 22, 1665–1682 (2001).

F. Lahet, S. Ouillon, and P. Forget, “Colour classification of coastal waters of Ebro river plume from spectral reflectances,” Int. J. Remote Sens. 22, 1639–1664 (2001).

J. Atm. Ocean. Techn. (1)

S.B. Hooker and S. Maritorena, “An evaluation of oceanographic radiometers and deployment methodologies,” J. Atm. Ocean. Techn. 17, 811–830 (2000).
[Crossref]

J. Geoph. Res. (4)

W.W. Gregg and M.E. Conkright, “Global seasonal climatologies of ocean chlorophyll: blending in situ and satellite data for the CZCS era,” J. Geoph. Res. 106, 2499–2515 (2001).
[Crossref]

J. Mar. Syst. (5)

C. Millot, “Review paper: Circulation in the Western Mediterranean Sea,” J. Mar. Syst. 20, 423–442 (1999).
[Crossref]

J.H. Simpson, “Physical processes in the ROFI regime,” J. Mar. Syst. 12, 3–15 (1997).
[Crossref]

J.P. Béthoux and B. Gentili, “The Mediterranean Sea, coastal and deep-sea signatures of climatic and environmental changes,” J. Mar. Syst. 7, 383–394 (1996).
[Crossref]

J. Ocean. (1)

M. Kishino, T. Ishimaru, K. Furuya, T. Oishi, and K. Kawasaki, “In-water algorithms for DEOS/OCTS,” J. Ocean. 54, 383–399 (1998).

Kor. J. Remote Sens. (1)

Y.H. Ahn, J.E. Moon, and S. Gallegos, “Development of suspended particulate matter algorithms for ocean color remote sensing,” Kor. J. Remote Sens. 17, 285–295 (2001).

Limnol. Ocean. (6)

K.L. Carder, R.G. Steward, G.R. Harvey, and P.B. Ortner, “Marine humic and fulvic acids: their effects on remote sensing of ocean chlorophyll,” Limnol. Ocean. 34, 68–81 (1989).
[Crossref]

D. Stramski and C.D. Mobley, “Effects of microbial particles on oceanic optics: A database of single-particle optical properties,” Limnol. Ocean. 42, 538–549 (1997).
[Crossref]

N.A. Welschmeyer, “Fluorimetric analysis of chlorophyll a in the presence of chlorophyll b and pheopigments,” Limnol. Ocean. 39, 1985–1992 (1994).
[Crossref]

Mar. Biol. (1)

Ocean. Acta (2)

A.A. Petrenko, “Variability of circulation features in the Gulf of Lion NW Mediterranean Sea. Importance of inertial currents,” Ocean. Acta 26, 323–338 (2003).
[Crossref]

P. Forget and S. Ouillon, “Surface suspended matter off the Rhône river mouth from visible satellite imagery,” Ocean. Acta 21, 739–749 (1998).
[Crossref]

Rem. Sens. Env. (1)

M. Darecki and D. Stramski, “An evaluation of MODIS and SeaWiFS bio-optical algorithms in the Baltic Sea,” Rem. Sens. Env. 89, 326–350 (2004).
[Crossref]

Remote Sens. Env. (5)

K. Masuda and T. Takashima, “The effect of solar zenith angle and surface wind speed on water surface reflectivity,” Remote Sens. Env. 57, 58–62 (1996).
[Crossref]

Remote Sens. Envir. (1)

F. Lahet, S. Ouillon, and P. Forget, “A three component model of ocean colour and its application in the Ebro River mouth area,” Remote Sens. Envir. 72, 181–190 (2000).
[Crossref]

Other (7)

J.T.O. Kirk, Light and photosynthesis in aquatic ecosystems (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1994).
[Crossref]

G.S. Fargion and J.L. Mueller (Eds.), Ocean Optics for satellite ocean color sensor validation, rev. 2 (NASA, Greenbelt, 2000).

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Fig. 1.

Map of the Gulf of Lions with isobaths at 100, 1000, and 2000 m. The dotted line indicates the SARHYGOL trajectory. The optical stations are indicated by circles, with black or brown circles when both Ocean Optics and Simbad measurements were collected. Brown and yellow circles correspond to Case 2 waters. The dashed line indicates the approximate boundary between the proximal zone and the distal zone of the Rhône ROFI.

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Fig. 2.

Remote sensing reflectance spectra collected in the Gulf of Lions with the 8 Case 2 stations in red.

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Fig. 3.

Example of concurrent reflectance measurements using SIMBAD and Ocean Optics SD1000 radiometers (Gulf of Lions, 16^th February 2001).

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Fig. 4.

SIMBAD and Ocean Optics concurrent remote sensing reflectance values at 3 visible wavelengths.

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Fig. 5.

Comparison of SIMBAD and Ocean Optics concurrent reflectance ratios.

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Fig. 6.

Comparison of Chl a estimates by SIMBAD and by Ocean Optics using the OC2v4 algorithm [11].

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Fig. 7.

Chl a estimates using the OC2v4 and OC4v4 algorithms vs. measured Chl a.

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Fig. 8.

Measured Chl a vs. reflectance ratios in the Gulf of Lions (N=32).

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Fig. 9.

Estimates vs. in situ Chl a by several algorithms on the complete Sarhygol dataset (distal+proximal ROFI).

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Fig. 10.

Estimated vs. in situ Chl a in the distal Rhône ROFI using several algorithms.

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Fig. 11.

Chl a vs. X_cmod in the proximal Rhône ROFI and regression relationship.

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Fig. 12.

Modeled Chl a vs. in situ Chl a in the proximal Rhône ROFI using two algorithms.

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Tables (5)

Table 1. Characteristics of the reflectance measurements performed during SARHYGOL cruises

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Table 2. Characteristics of the two types of waters considered in this study (24 “distal ROFI” or Case 1 waters, and 8 “proximal ROFI” or Case 2 waters).

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Table 3. Global and regional Chl a algorithms used in this study. Chl a is expressed in mg.m-3.

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Table 4. Statistical performance of chlorophyll-a algorithms applied to the SARHYGOL dataset (N=32). The parameters are obtained between modeled and measured Chl a.

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Table 5. Statistical performance of optimized Chl a algorithms at SeaWiFS bands for the SARHYGOL dataset (N=32). The parameters are obtained between modeled and measured Chl a.

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Equations (18)

Equations on this page are rendered with MathJax. Learn more.

E_{d} (λ) = \frac{π}{R_{g} (λ)} L_{d} (λ)

R_{rs} (λ) = \frac{L_{w} (λ)}{E_{d} (λ)} = \frac{L_{u} (λ) - ρ L_{sky} (λ)}{E_{d} (λ)}

R_{rs} (555) = 0.9898 R_{rs} (560) + 0.1322

R_{rs} (555) = 0.9845 R_{rs} (565) + 0.2660

mean (x) = \overset{̅}{x} = \frac{1}{n} \sum_{i = 1}^{n} x_{i}

stdev (x) = {[\frac{1}{n - 1} {\sum_{i = 1}^{n} (x_{i} - \overset{̅}{x})}^{2}]}^{1 ⁄ 2}

MNB = mean (\frac{y_{a \lg} - y_{obs}}{y_{obs}}) . 100

rms = stdev (\frac{y_{a \lg} - y_{obs}}{y_{obs}}) . 100

\log_bias = mean (\log (y_{a \lg} ⁄ y_{obs}))

\log_rms = stdev (\log (y_{a \lg} ⁄ y_{obs}))

X_{c} = {\frac{R 443}{R 555} . [\frac{R 412}{R 490}]}^{+ n}

{Chl a = 2.513 [\frac{R 443}{R 555}]}^{+ 2.827}

Chl a = 6.258 \cdot \exp (- 1.344 [\frac{R 443}{R 555}])

Chl a = 7.113 \cdot \exp (- 1.496 [\frac{R 443}{R 550}])

Chl a = 5.677 \cdot \exp (- 1.221 [\frac{R 443}{R 560}])

X_{c \mod} = X_{ca} for 0.025 < Chl a < 1.1 {mg . m}^{- 3}

X_{c \mod} = X_{cb} for 1.1 < Chl a < 40 {mg . m}^{- 3}

Chl a = {1.609 X_{c \mod}}^{- 2.457}

Cruise	Dates	SZ ^a Min (deg.)	Nb of SIMBAD scans	Nb of O. Optics scans	Nb of concurrent scans by Simbad and by O. Optics
SARHYGOL 2	25–26 apr 2000	30.1	0	3	0
SARHYGOL 3	14–15 jun 2000	19.7	4^b	8	0
SARHYGOL 4	11–12 sep 2000	38.3	9	3	3
SARHYGOL 5	10–11 nov 2000	60.4	5	8	5
SARHYGOL 6	16 feb 2001	55.1	5	7	5
SARHYGOL 8	14–15 jun 2001	19.4	10^c	3	0

Type		Salinity	Chl a (mg/m³)	Seston ^a (mg/l)	NO₂ (µM)	NO₃ (µM)	PO₄ (µM)
Case 1 waters	Min	37.4	0.06	1.56	0.00	0.02	0.01
	Max	38.2	1.6	3.60	0.25	1.13	0.29
Case 2 waters	Min	8.7	0.4	5.34	0.44	14.74	0.36
	Max	29.6	3.8	38.60	1.41	43.97	0.76

Name	Ref.	Equation	Chl a range (mg.m^-3)	R²	N
OC2v4	[11]	$Chl a = {10.0}^{(0.319 - 2.336 R_{2 S} + 0.879 R_{2 S}^{2} - 0.135 R_{2 S}^{3})} - 0.071$ $where R_{2 S} = \log_{10} (R 490 ⁄ R 555)$	0.008–64	0.883 ^a	2,804
OC4v4	[11]	$Chl a = {10.0}^{(0.366 - 3.067 R_{4 S} + 1.930 R_{4 S}^{2} + 0.649 R_{4 S}^{3} - 1.532 R_{4 S}^{4})}$ $where R_{4 S} = max [\log_{10} (R 443 ⁄ R 555), \log_{10} (R 490 ⁄ R 555),$ $\log_{10} (R 510 ⁄ R 555)]$	0.008–64	0.892 ^a	2,804
GIT96	[14]	$Chl a = 0.914 {[\frac{R 440}{R 550}]}^{- 1.86}$	0.028–0.36	0.83^b	21
L-Dorma	[15]	$Chl a = 1.49 {[\frac{R 490}{R 555}]}^{- 2.51}$	0.07-2	0.948 ^a	45
NLDorma	[15]	$Chl a = {10.0}^{(0.217 - 2.728 R_{2 S} + 0.704 R_{2 S}^{2} + 0.297 R_{2 S}^{3})} - 0.035$ $where R_{2 S} = \log_{10} (R 490 ⁄ R 555)$	0.07-2	0.941 ^a	45
BRI02	[3]	$Chl a = 2.094 {[\frac{R 443}{R 555}]}^{- 2.357}$	0.034-1	0.952 ^b	157
TAS94a	[19]	$\log C = {0.0664 + 0.0462 \log (X_{ca}) - 4.144 [\log (X_{ca})]}^{2 d}$ $where X_{ca} = {[R 443 ⁄ R 555] . [R 412 ⁄ R 490]}^{- 1.2}$ ^d	0.025-1		91 ^a
TAS94b	[19]	$\log C = {0.36 - 4.38 \log X_{cb}}^{d}$ $where X_{cb} = [R 443 ⁄ R 555] {. [R 412 ⁄ R 490]}^{- 0.5}$ ^d	1-40		-c

Zone		OC2v4	OC4v4	GIT96	L-Dorma	NL-Dorma	BRI02	TAS
Global	MNB (%)	68.91	72.05	16.73	7.82	13.23	114.37	51.17
(N=32)	rms (%)	120.76	126.47	83.30	88.06	100.27	238.41	95.51
	log_bias	0.146	0.150	-0.005	-0.053	-0.042	0.206	0.066
	log_rms	0.265	0.271	0.242	0.261	0.273	0.288	0.359
	slope	0.612	0.597	0.840	0.804	0.686	0.277	2.014
	intercept	0.180	0.184	0.180	0.222	0.254	0.305	-0.376
	R²	0.642	0.639	0.628	0.637	0.632	0.604	0.718
Distal	MNB (%)	44.86	46.36	-2.41	-16.02	-16.88	26.79	24.43
(N=24)	rms (%)	71.75	75.21	42.16	36.89	36.21	38.47	76.13
	log_bias	0.101	0.103	-0.052	-0.121	-0.125	0.083	-0.019
	log_rms	0.242	0.247	0.200	0.210	0.208	0.137	0.360
	slope	0.498	0.491	0.441	0.366	0.372	0.926	0.256
	intercept	0.165	0.168	0.093	0.081	0.078	0.049	0.176
	R²	0.904	0.884	0.925	0.897	0.887	0.899	0.356
Proximal	MNB (%)	141.05	149.13	74.15	79.35	103.58	377.12	131.43
(N=8)	rms (%)	199.33	207.84	140.93	148.56	166.67	376.38	107.45
	log_bias	0.280	0.293	0.136	0.151	0.208	0.577	0.322
	log_rms	0.303	0.304	0.312	0.304	0.302	0.312	0.212
	slope	0.270	0.263	0.135	0.199	0.262	0.504	2.083
	intercept	2.527	2.619	1.931	1.883	2.092	5.146	0.276
	R²	0.242	0.269	0.114	0.236	0.247	0.131	0.669

Zone		GL-D1	GL-D2	GLP
Global	MNB (%)	153.07	31.82	-5.97
(N=32)	rms (%)	368.56	104.25	44.67
	log_bias	0.186	0.056	-0.081
	log_rms	0.374	0.206	0.230
	slope	3.326	0.914	0.899
	intercept	-0.115	0.230	-0.076
	R²	0.585	0.666	0.869
Distal	MNB (%)	3.33	3.67
(N=24)	rms (%)	26.62	29.67
	log_bias	2.2	10-6	-2.6 10^-5
	log_rms	0.115	0.117
	slope	1.072	0.865
	intercept	-0.028	0.037
	R²	0.867	0.946
Proximal	MNB (%)			5.53
(N=8)	rms (%)			39.80
	log_bias			-3.45 10^-6
	log_rms			0.48
	slope			0.902
	intercept			0.141
	R²			0.851