Abstract

A detailed analysis of mode-locking is presented in which the nonlinear mode-coupling behavior in a waveguide array, dual-core fiber, and/or fiber array is used to achieve stable and robust passive mode-locking. By using the discrete, nearest-neighbor spatial coupling of these nonlinear mode-coupling devices, low-intensity light can be transferred to the neighboring waveguides and ejected (attenuated) from the laser cavity. In contrast, higher intensity light is self-focused in the launch waveguide and remains largely unaffected. This nonlinear effect, which is a discrete Kerr lens effect, leads to the temporal intensity discrimination required in the laser cavity for mode-locking. Numerical studies of this pulse shaping mechanism show that using current waveguide arrays, fiber-arrays, or dual-core fibers in conjunction with standard optical fiber technology, stable and robust mode-locked soliton-like pulses are produced.

©2005 Optical Society of America

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    [Crossref]
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    [Crossref]
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    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  32. L. Spinelli , B. Couilland , N. Goldblatt , and D. K. Negus , in Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics , 10 (1991) OSA Technical Digest Series ( Optical Society of America, Washington , D.C., 1991 ), paper CPDP7.
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    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  35. S. M. Jensen , ” The nonlinear coherent coupler .” IEEE J. Quantum Electron.   QE18 , 1580 – 1583 ( 1982 ).
    [Crossref]
  36. M. Asobe , T. Kanamori , and K. Kubodera , ” Applications of highly nonlinear chalcogenide glass fibers in ultrafast all-optical switches ,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. ,   29 , 2325 – 2333 ( 1993 ).
    [Crossref]
  37. M. Asobe , T. Ohara , I. Yokohoma , and T. Kaino , ” Fabrication of Bragg grating in chalcogenide glass fiber using transverse holographic method ,” Electron. Lett. ,   32 , 1611 – 1613 ( 1996 ).
    [Crossref]
  38. G. Lenz , J. Zimmerman , T. Katsufuji , M. E. Lines , H. Y. Hwang , S. Spälter , R. E. Slusher , S. -W. Cheong , J. S. Sanghera , and I. D. Aggarwal , ” Large Kerr effect in bulk Se-based chalcogenide glasses ,” Opt. Lett . ,   25 , 254 – 256 ( 2000 ).
    [Crossref]
  39. F. Smetkala , C. Quémard , L. Leneindre , J. Lucas , A. Barthélémy , and C. DeAngelis , ” Chalcogenide glasses with large nonlinear refractive indices ,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids ,   239 , 139 – 142 ( 1998 ).
    [Crossref]
  40. J. M. Harbold , F. ö. Ilday , and F. W. Wise , ” Highly Nonlinear Ge-As-Se and Ge-As-S-Se Glasses for All-Optical Switching ,” IEEE Photonic Technol. Lett.   14 , 822 – 824 ( 2002 ).
    [Crossref]
  41. T. Pertsch , U. Peschel , J. Kobelke , K. Schuster , H. Bartelt , S. Nolte , A. Tünnnermann , and F. Lederer , ” Nonlin-earity and Disorder in Fiber Arrays ,” Phys. Rev. Lett.   93 , 053901 ( 2004 ).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  42. J. N. Kutz , B. Collings , K. Bergman , and W. Knox , ” Stabilized pulse spacing in soliton lasers due to gain depletion and recovery ,” IEEE J. Quantum. Electron.   34 , 1749 – 1757 ( 1998 ).
    [Crossref]

2005 (1)

J. Proctor and J. N. Kutz , ” Theory and Simulation of Passive Mode-Locking with Waveguide Arrays ,” Opt. Lett.   13 , 2013 – 2015 ( 2005 ).
[Crossref]

2004 (2)

T. Pertsch , U. Peschel , J. Kobelke , K. Schuster , H. Bartelt , S. Nolte , A. Tünnermann , and F. Lederer , ” Nonlinearity and Disorder in Fiber Arrays ,” Phys. Rev. Lett.   93 , 053901 ( 2004 ).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. Pertsch , U. Peschel , J. Kobelke , K. Schuster , H. Bartelt , S. Nolte , A. Tünnnermann , and F. Lederer , ” Nonlin-earity and Disorder in Fiber Arrays ,” Phys. Rev. Lett.   93 , 053901 ( 2004 ).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2003 (1)

K. Intrachat and J. N. Kutz , ” Theory and simulation of passive mode-locking dynamics using a long period fiber grating ,” IEEE J. Quantum. Electron.   39 , 1572 – 1578 ( 2003 ).
[Crossref]

2002 (5)

2000 (2)

G. Lenz , J. Zimmerman , T. Katsufuji , M. E. Lines , H. Y. Hwang , S. Spälter , R. E. Slusher , S. -W. Cheong , J. S. Sanghera , and I. D. Aggarwal , ” Large Kerr effect in bulk Se-based chalcogenide glasses ,” Opt. Lett . ,   25 , 254 – 256 ( 2000 ).
[Crossref]

H. A. Haus , ” Mode-Locking of Lasers ,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.   6 , 1173 – 1185 , ( 2000 ).
[Crossref]

1999 (2)

D. Y. Tang , W. S. Man , and H. Y. Tam , ” Stimulated soliton pulse formation and its mechanism in a passively mode-locked fibre soliton laser ,” Opt. Commun.   165 , 189 – 194 , ( 1999 ).
[Crossref]

S. Lan , E. DelRe , Z. Chen , M. Shih , and M. Segev , ” Directional coupler with soliton-induced waveguides ,” Opt. Lett.   24 , 475 – 477 ( 1999 ).
[Crossref]

1998 (4)

F. Smetkala , C. Quémard , L. Leneindre , J. Lucas , A. Barthélémy , and C. DeAngelis , ” Chalcogenide glasses with large nonlinear refractive indices ,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids ,   239 , 139 – 142 ( 1998 ).
[Crossref]

J. N. Kutz , B. Collings , K. Bergman , and W. Knox , ” Stabilized pulse spacing in soliton lasers due to gain depletion and recovery ,” IEEE J. Quantum. Electron.   34 , 1749 – 1757 ( 1998 ).
[Crossref]

B. Collings , S. Tsuda , S. Cundiff , J. N. Kutz , M. Koch , W. Knox , and K. Bergman , ” Short cavity Erbium/Ytterbium fiber lasers mode-locked with a saturable Bragg reflector ,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.   3 , 1065 – 1075 ( 1998 ).

H. S. Eisenberg , Y. Silberberg , R. Morandotti , A. R. Boyd , and J. S. Aitchison , ” Discrete spatial optical solitons in waveguide arrays ,” Phys. Rev. Lett.   81 , 3383 – 3386 ( 1998 ).
[Crossref]

1996 (2)

A. B. Aceves , C. De Angelis , T. Peschel , R. Muschall , F. Lederer , S. Trillo , and S. Wabnitz , ” Discrete self-trapping soliton interactions, and beam steering in nonlinear waveguide arrays ,” Phys. Rev. E   53 , 1172 – 1189 ( 1996 ).
[Crossref]

M. Asobe , T. Ohara , I. Yokohoma , and T. Kaino , ” Fabrication of Bragg grating in chalcogenide glass fiber using transverse holographic method ,” Electron. Lett. ,   32 , 1611 – 1613 ( 1996 ).
[Crossref]

1995 (3)

1994 (2)

D. Kärtner , D. Kopf , and U. Keller , ” Solitary pulse stabilization and shortening in actively mode-locked lasers ,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B   12 , 486 – 496 ( 1994 ).
[Crossref]

H. A. Haus , E. P. Ippen , and K. Tamura , ” Additive-pulse mode-locking in fiber lasers ,” IEEE J. Quantum. Electron.   30 , 200 – 208 , ( 1994 ).
[Crossref]

1993 (2)

M. E. Fermann , M. J. Andrejco , Y. Silberberg , and M. L. Stock , ” Passive mode-locking by using nonlinear polarization evolution in a polarizing-maintaining erbium-doped fiber laser ,” Opt. Lett.   29 , 447 – 449 , ( 1993 ).

M. Asobe , T. Kanamori , and K. Kubodera , ” Applications of highly nonlinear chalcogenide glass fibers in ultrafast all-optical switches ,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. ,   29 , 2325 – 2333 ( 1993 ).
[Crossref]

1992 (4)

M. L. Dennis and I. N. Duling , ” High repetition rate figure eight laser with extracavity feedback ,” Electron. Lett.   28 , 1894 – 1896 ( 1992 ).
[Crossref]

T. Brabec , Ch. Spielmann , P. F. Curley , and F. Krausz , ” Kerr lens mode locking ,” Opt. Lett.   17 , 1292 – 1294 ( 1992 ).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

K. Tamura , H. A. Haus , and E. P. Ippen , ” Self-starting additive pulse mode-locked erbium fiber ring laser ,” Electron. Lett.   28 , 2226 – 2228 , ( 1992 ).
[Crossref]

H. G. Winful and D. T. Walton , ” Passive mode locking through nonlinear coupling in a dual-core fiber laser ,” Opt. Lett . ,   17 , 1688 – 1690 ( 1992 ).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1991 (3)

I. N. Duling , ” Subpicosecond all-fiber erbium laser ,” Electron. Lett.   27 , 544 – 545 ( 1991 ).
[Crossref]

D. J. Richardson , R. I. Laming , D. N. Payne , V. J. Matsas , and M. W. Phillips , ” Self-starting, passively mode-locked erbium fiber laser based on the amplifying Sagnac switch ,” Electron. Lett.   27 , 542 – 544 ( 1991 ).
[Crossref]

S. Trillo and S. Wabnitz , ” Weak-pulse-activated coherent soliton switching in nonlinear couplers ,” Opt. Lett.   16 , 1 – 3 ( 1991 ).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1988 (3)

1986 (1)

S. Trillo and S. Wabnitz , ” Nonlinear nonreciprocity in a coherent mismatched directional coupler ,” App. Phys. Lett.   49 , 752 – 754 ( 1986 ).
[Crossref]

1982 (1)

S. M. Jensen , ” The nonlinear coherent coupler .” IEEE J. Quantum Electron.   QE18 , 1580 – 1583 ( 1982 ).
[Crossref]

1975 (1)

H. A. Haus , ” A theory of forced mode locking ,” IEEE J. Quantum. Electron.   11 , 323 – 330 ( 1975 ).
[Crossref]

Aceves, A. B.

A. B. Aceves , C. De Angelis , T. Peschel , R. Muschall , F. Lederer , S. Trillo , and S. Wabnitz , ” Discrete self-trapping soliton interactions, and beam steering in nonlinear waveguide arrays ,” Phys. Rev. E   53 , 1172 – 1189 ( 1996 ).
[Crossref]

Aggarwal, I. D.

G. Lenz , J. Zimmerman , T. Katsufuji , M. E. Lines , H. Y. Hwang , S. Spälter , R. E. Slusher , S. -W. Cheong , J. S. Sanghera , and I. D. Aggarwal , ” Large Kerr effect in bulk Se-based chalcogenide glasses ,” Opt. Lett . ,   25 , 254 – 256 ( 2000 ).
[Crossref]

Aitchison, J. S.

Andrejco, M. J.

M. E. Fermann , M. J. Andrejco , Y. Silberberg , and M. L. Stock , ” Passive mode-locking by using nonlinear polarization evolution in a polarizing-maintaining erbium-doped fiber laser ,” Opt. Lett.   29 , 447 – 449 , ( 1993 ).

Arnold, J. M.

Asobe, M.

M. Asobe , T. Ohara , I. Yokohoma , and T. Kaino , ” Fabrication of Bragg grating in chalcogenide glass fiber using transverse holographic method ,” Electron. Lett. ,   32 , 1611 – 1613 ( 1996 ).
[Crossref]

M. Asobe , T. Kanamori , and K. Kubodera , ” Applications of highly nonlinear chalcogenide glass fibers in ultrafast all-optical switches ,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. ,   29 , 2325 – 2333 ( 1993 ).
[Crossref]

Bartelt, H.

T. Pertsch , U. Peschel , J. Kobelke , K. Schuster , H. Bartelt , S. Nolte , A. Tünnnermann , and F. Lederer , ” Nonlin-earity and Disorder in Fiber Arrays ,” Phys. Rev. Lett.   93 , 053901 ( 2004 ).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. Pertsch , U. Peschel , J. Kobelke , K. Schuster , H. Bartelt , S. Nolte , A. Tünnermann , and F. Lederer , ” Nonlinearity and Disorder in Fiber Arrays ,” Phys. Rev. Lett.   93 , 053901 ( 2004 ).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Barthélémy, A.

F. Smetkala , C. Quémard , L. Leneindre , J. Lucas , A. Barthélémy , and C. DeAngelis , ” Chalcogenide glasses with large nonlinear refractive indices ,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids ,   239 , 139 – 142 ( 1998 ).
[Crossref]

Bergman, K.

J. N. Kutz , B. Collings , K. Bergman , and W. Knox , ” Stabilized pulse spacing in soliton lasers due to gain depletion and recovery ,” IEEE J. Quantum. Electron.   34 , 1749 – 1757 ( 1998 ).
[Crossref]

B. Collings , S. Tsuda , S. Cundiff , J. N. Kutz , M. Koch , W. Knox , and K. Bergman , ” Short cavity Erbium/Ytterbium fiber lasers mode-locked with a saturable Bragg reflector ,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.   3 , 1065 – 1075 ( 1998 ).

Boyd, A. R.

H. S. Eisenberg , Y. Silberberg , R. Morandotti , A. R. Boyd , and J. S. Aitchison , ” Discrete spatial optical solitons in waveguide arrays ,” Phys. Rev. Lett.   81 , 3383 – 3386 ( 1998 ).
[Crossref]

Brabec, T.

Chen, Z.

Cheong, S. -W.

G. Lenz , J. Zimmerman , T. Katsufuji , M. E. Lines , H. Y. Hwang , S. Spälter , R. E. Slusher , S. -W. Cheong , J. S. Sanghera , and I. D. Aggarwal , ” Large Kerr effect in bulk Se-based chalcogenide glasses ,” Opt. Lett . ,   25 , 254 – 256 ( 2000 ).
[Crossref]

Christodoulides, D. N.

Collings, B.

B. Collings , S. Tsuda , S. Cundiff , J. N. Kutz , M. Koch , W. Knox , and K. Bergman , ” Short cavity Erbium/Ytterbium fiber lasers mode-locked with a saturable Bragg reflector ,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.   3 , 1065 – 1075 ( 1998 ).

J. N. Kutz , B. Collings , K. Bergman , and W. Knox , ” Stabilized pulse spacing in soliton lasers due to gain depletion and recovery ,” IEEE J. Quantum. Electron.   34 , 1749 – 1757 ( 1998 ).
[Crossref]

Couilland, B.

L. Spinelli , B. Couilland , N. Goldblatt , and D. K. Negus , in Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics , 10 (1991) OSA Technical Digest Series ( Optical Society of America, Washington , D.C., 1991 ), paper CPDP7.

Cundiff, S.

B. Collings , S. Tsuda , S. Cundiff , J. N. Kutz , M. Koch , W. Knox , and K. Bergman , ” Short cavity Erbium/Ytterbium fiber lasers mode-locked with a saturable Bragg reflector ,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.   3 , 1065 – 1075 ( 1998 ).

Cunningham, J. E.

Curley, P. F.

De Angelis, C.

A. B. Aceves , C. De Angelis , T. Peschel , R. Muschall , F. Lederer , S. Trillo , and S. Wabnitz , ” Discrete self-trapping soliton interactions, and beam steering in nonlinear waveguide arrays ,” Phys. Rev. E   53 , 1172 – 1189 ( 1996 ).
[Crossref]

de Sterke, C. M.

DeAngelis, C.

F. Smetkala , C. Quémard , L. Leneindre , J. Lucas , A. Barthélémy , and C. DeAngelis , ” Chalcogenide glasses with large nonlinear refractive indices ,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids ,   239 , 139 – 142 ( 1998 ).
[Crossref]

DelRe, E.

Dennis, M. L.

M. L. Dennis and I. N. Duling , ” High repetition rate figure eight laser with extracavity feedback ,” Electron. Lett.   28 , 1894 – 1896 ( 1992 ).
[Crossref]

I. N. Duling III and M. L. Dennis , Compact sources of ultrashort pulses . Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press , 1995 .
[Crossref]

DeSouza, E. A.

Doty, S. L.

Duling, I. N.

M. L. Dennis and I. N. Duling , ” High repetition rate figure eight laser with extracavity feedback ,” Electron. Lett.   28 , 1894 – 1896 ( 1992 ).
[Crossref]

I. N. Duling , ” Subpicosecond all-fiber erbium laser ,” Electron. Lett.   27 , 544 – 545 ( 1991 ).
[Crossref]

Duling III, I. N.

I. N. Duling III and M. L. Dennis , Compact sources of ultrashort pulses . Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press , 1995 .
[Crossref]

Eggleton, B. J.

Eisenberg, H. S.

Fermann, M. E.

M. E. Fermann , M. J. Andrejco , Y. Silberberg , and M. L. Stock , ” Passive mode-locking by using nonlinear polarization evolution in a polarizing-maintaining erbium-doped fiber laser ,” Opt. Lett.   29 , 447 – 449 , ( 1993 ).

Fork, R. L.

Friberg, S. R.

Goldblatt, N.

L. Spinelli , B. Couilland , N. Goldblatt , and D. K. Negus , in Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics , 10 (1991) OSA Technical Digest Series ( Optical Society of America, Washington , D.C., 1991 ), paper CPDP7.

Harbold, J. M.

J. M. Harbold , F. ö. Ilday , and F. W. Wise , ” Highly Nonlinear Ge-As-Se and Ge-As-S-Se Glasses for All-Optical Switching ,” IEEE Photonic Technol. Lett.   14 , 822 – 824 ( 2002 ).
[Crossref]

Haus, H. A.

H. A. Haus , ” Mode-Locking of Lasers ,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.   6 , 1173 – 1185 , ( 2000 ).
[Crossref]

H. A. Haus , E. P. Ippen , and K. Tamura , ” Additive-pulse mode-locking in fiber lasers ,” IEEE J. Quantum. Electron.   30 , 200 – 208 , ( 1994 ).
[Crossref]

K. Tamura , H. A. Haus , and E. P. Ippen , ” Self-starting additive pulse mode-locked erbium fiber ring laser ,” Electron. Lett.   28 , 2226 – 2228 , ( 1992 ).
[Crossref]

H. A. Haus , ” A theory of forced mode locking ,” IEEE J. Quantum. Electron.   11 , 323 – 330 ( 1975 ).
[Crossref]

Haus, J. W.

Hwang, H. Y.

G. Lenz , J. Zimmerman , T. Katsufuji , M. E. Lines , H. Y. Hwang , S. Spälter , R. E. Slusher , S. -W. Cheong , J. S. Sanghera , and I. D. Aggarwal , ” Large Kerr effect in bulk Se-based chalcogenide glasses ,” Opt. Lett . ,   25 , 254 – 256 ( 2000 ).
[Crossref]

Ilday, F. O.

Ilday, F. ö.

J. M. Harbold , F. ö. Ilday , and F. W. Wise , ” Highly Nonlinear Ge-As-Se and Ge-As-S-Se Glasses for All-Optical Switching ,” IEEE Photonic Technol. Lett.   14 , 822 – 824 ( 2002 ).
[Crossref]

Intrachat, K.

K. Intrachat and J. N. Kutz , ” Theory and simulation of passive mode-locking dynamics using a long period fiber grating ,” IEEE J. Quantum. Electron.   39 , 1572 – 1578 ( 2003 ).
[Crossref]

Ippen, E. P.

H. A. Haus , E. P. Ippen , and K. Tamura , ” Additive-pulse mode-locking in fiber lasers ,” IEEE J. Quantum. Electron.   30 , 200 – 208 , ( 1994 ).
[Crossref]

K. Tamura , H. A. Haus , and E. P. Ippen , ” Self-starting additive pulse mode-locked erbium fiber ring laser ,” Electron. Lett.   28 , 2226 – 2228 , ( 1992 ).
[Crossref]

Jan, W. J.

Jensen, S. M.

S. M. Jensen , ” The nonlinear coherent coupler .” IEEE J. Quantum Electron.   QE18 , 1580 – 1583 ( 1982 ).
[Crossref]

Joseph, R. I.

Kaino, T.

M. Asobe , T. Ohara , I. Yokohoma , and T. Kaino , ” Fabrication of Bragg grating in chalcogenide glass fiber using transverse holographic method ,” Electron. Lett. ,   32 , 1611 – 1613 ( 1996 ).
[Crossref]

Kanamori, T.

M. Asobe , T. Kanamori , and K. Kubodera , ” Applications of highly nonlinear chalcogenide glass fibers in ultrafast all-optical switches ,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. ,   29 , 2325 – 2333 ( 1993 ).
[Crossref]

Kärtner, D.

Kärtner, F. X.

Katsufuji, T.

G. Lenz , J. Zimmerman , T. Katsufuji , M. E. Lines , H. Y. Hwang , S. Spälter , R. E. Slusher , S. -W. Cheong , J. S. Sanghera , and I. D. Aggarwal , ” Large Kerr effect in bulk Se-based chalcogenide glasses ,” Opt. Lett . ,   25 , 254 – 256 ( 2000 ).
[Crossref]

Keller, U.

Knox, W.

B. Collings , S. Tsuda , S. Cundiff , J. N. Kutz , M. Koch , W. Knox , and K. Bergman , ” Short cavity Erbium/Ytterbium fiber lasers mode-locked with a saturable Bragg reflector ,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.   3 , 1065 – 1075 ( 1998 ).

J. N. Kutz , B. Collings , K. Bergman , and W. Knox , ” Stabilized pulse spacing in soliton lasers due to gain depletion and recovery ,” IEEE J. Quantum. Electron.   34 , 1749 – 1757 ( 1998 ).
[Crossref]

Knox, W. H.

Kobelke, J.

T. Pertsch , U. Peschel , J. Kobelke , K. Schuster , H. Bartelt , S. Nolte , A. Tünnermann , and F. Lederer , ” Nonlinearity and Disorder in Fiber Arrays ,” Phys. Rev. Lett.   93 , 053901 ( 2004 ).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. Pertsch , U. Peschel , J. Kobelke , K. Schuster , H. Bartelt , S. Nolte , A. Tünnnermann , and F. Lederer , ” Nonlin-earity and Disorder in Fiber Arrays ,” Phys. Rev. Lett.   93 , 053901 ( 2004 ).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Koch, M.

B. Collings , S. Tsuda , S. Cundiff , J. N. Kutz , M. Koch , W. Knox , and K. Bergman , ” Short cavity Erbium/Ytterbium fiber lasers mode-locked with a saturable Bragg reflector ,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.   3 , 1065 – 1075 ( 1998 ).

Kopf, D.

Krausz, F.

Kubodera, K.

M. Asobe , T. Kanamori , and K. Kubodera , ” Applications of highly nonlinear chalcogenide glass fibers in ultrafast all-optical switches ,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. ,   29 , 2325 – 2333 ( 1993 ).
[Crossref]

Kutz, J. N.

J. Proctor and J. N. Kutz , ” Theory and Simulation of Passive Mode-Locking with Waveguide Arrays ,” Opt. Lett.   13 , 2013 – 2015 ( 2005 ).
[Crossref]

K. Intrachat and J. N. Kutz , ” Theory and simulation of passive mode-locking dynamics using a long period fiber grating ,” IEEE J. Quantum. Electron.   39 , 1572 – 1578 ( 2003 ).
[Crossref]

J. N. Kutz , B. Collings , K. Bergman , and W. Knox , ” Stabilized pulse spacing in soliton lasers due to gain depletion and recovery ,” IEEE J. Quantum. Electron.   34 , 1749 – 1757 ( 1998 ).
[Crossref]

B. Collings , S. Tsuda , S. Cundiff , J. N. Kutz , M. Koch , W. Knox , and K. Bergman , ” Short cavity Erbium/Ytterbium fiber lasers mode-locked with a saturable Bragg reflector ,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.   3 , 1065 – 1075 ( 1998 ).

J. N. Kutz , ” Mode-Locking of Fiber Lasers via Nonlinear Mode-Coupling ,” Dissipative Solitons , Lecture Notes in Physics, Eds. N. N. Akhmediev and A. Ankiewicz , 241 – 265 , Springer-Verlag, Berlin ( 2005 ).
[Crossref]

Laming, R. I.

D. J. Richardson , R. I. Laming , D. N. Payne , V. J. Matsas , and M. W. Phillips , ” Self-starting, passively mode-locked erbium fiber laser based on the amplifying Sagnac switch ,” Electron. Lett.   27 , 542 – 544 ( 1991 ).
[Crossref]

Lan, S.

Lederer, F.

T. Pertsch , U. Peschel , J. Kobelke , K. Schuster , H. Bartelt , S. Nolte , A. Tünnermann , and F. Lederer , ” Nonlinearity and Disorder in Fiber Arrays ,” Phys. Rev. Lett.   93 , 053901 ( 2004 ).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. Pertsch , U. Peschel , J. Kobelke , K. Schuster , H. Bartelt , S. Nolte , A. Tünnnermann , and F. Lederer , ” Nonlin-earity and Disorder in Fiber Arrays ,” Phys. Rev. Lett.   93 , 053901 ( 2004 ).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

U. Peschel , R. Morandotti , J. M. Arnold , J. S. Aitchison , H. S. Eisenberg , T. Silberberg , T. Pertsch , and F. Lederer , ” Optical discrete solitons in waveguide arrays. 2. Dynamics properties ,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B   19 , 2637 – 2644 ( 2002 ).
[Crossref]

A. B. Aceves , C. De Angelis , T. Peschel , R. Muschall , F. Lederer , S. Trillo , and S. Wabnitz , ” Discrete self-trapping soliton interactions, and beam steering in nonlinear waveguide arrays ,” Phys. Rev. E   53 , 1172 – 1189 ( 1996 ).
[Crossref]

Leneindre, L.

F. Smetkala , C. Quémard , L. Leneindre , J. Lucas , A. Barthélémy , and C. DeAngelis , ” Chalcogenide glasses with large nonlinear refractive indices ,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids ,   239 , 139 – 142 ( 1998 ).
[Crossref]

Lenz, G.

G. Lenz , J. Zimmerman , T. Katsufuji , M. E. Lines , H. Y. Hwang , S. Spälter , R. E. Slusher , S. -W. Cheong , J. S. Sanghera , and I. D. Aggarwal , ” Large Kerr effect in bulk Se-based chalcogenide glasses ,” Opt. Lett . ,   25 , 254 – 256 ( 2000 ).
[Crossref]

Lines, M. E.

G. Lenz , J. Zimmerman , T. Katsufuji , M. E. Lines , H. Y. Hwang , S. Spälter , R. E. Slusher , S. -W. Cheong , J. S. Sanghera , and I. D. Aggarwal , ” Large Kerr effect in bulk Se-based chalcogenide glasses ,” Opt. Lett . ,   25 , 254 – 256 ( 2000 ).
[Crossref]

Litchinitser, M. N.

Lucas, J.

F. Smetkala , C. Quémard , L. Leneindre , J. Lucas , A. Barthélémy , and C. DeAngelis , ” Chalcogenide glasses with large nonlinear refractive indices ,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids ,   239 , 139 – 142 ( 1998 ).
[Crossref]

Man, W. S.

D. Y. Tang , W. S. Man , and H. Y. Tam , ” Stimulated soliton pulse formation and its mechanism in a passively mode-locked fibre soliton laser ,” Opt. Commun.   165 , 189 – 194 , ( 1999 ).
[Crossref]

Matsas, V. J.

D. J. Richardson , R. I. Laming , D. N. Payne , V. J. Matsas , and M. W. Phillips , ” Self-starting, passively mode-locked erbium fiber laser based on the amplifying Sagnac switch ,” Electron. Lett.   27 , 542 – 544 ( 1991 ).
[Crossref]

McPhedran, R. C.

Morandotti, R.

Muschall, R.

A. B. Aceves , C. De Angelis , T. Peschel , R. Muschall , F. Lederer , S. Trillo , and S. Wabnitz , ” Discrete self-trapping soliton interactions, and beam steering in nonlinear waveguide arrays ,” Phys. Rev. E   53 , 1172 – 1189 ( 1996 ).
[Crossref]

Negus, D. K.

L. Spinelli , B. Couilland , N. Goldblatt , and D. K. Negus , in Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics , 10 (1991) OSA Technical Digest Series ( Optical Society of America, Washington , D.C., 1991 ), paper CPDP7.

Nolte, S.

T. Pertsch , U. Peschel , J. Kobelke , K. Schuster , H. Bartelt , S. Nolte , A. Tünnnermann , and F. Lederer , ” Nonlin-earity and Disorder in Fiber Arrays ,” Phys. Rev. Lett.   93 , 053901 ( 2004 ).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. Pertsch , U. Peschel , J. Kobelke , K. Schuster , H. Bartelt , S. Nolte , A. Tünnermann , and F. Lederer , ” Nonlinearity and Disorder in Fiber Arrays ,” Phys. Rev. Lett.   93 , 053901 ( 2004 ).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Oh, Y.

Ohara, T.

M. Asobe , T. Ohara , I. Yokohoma , and T. Kaino , ” Fabrication of Bragg grating in chalcogenide glass fiber using transverse holographic method ,” Electron. Lett. ,   32 , 1611 – 1613 ( 1996 ).
[Crossref]

Payne, D. N.

D. J. Richardson , R. I. Laming , D. N. Payne , V. J. Matsas , and M. W. Phillips , ” Self-starting, passively mode-locked erbium fiber laser based on the amplifying Sagnac switch ,” Electron. Lett.   27 , 542 – 544 ( 1991 ).
[Crossref]

Pennelli, G.

Pertsch, T.

T. Pertsch , U. Peschel , J. Kobelke , K. Schuster , H. Bartelt , S. Nolte , A. Tünnnermann , and F. Lederer , ” Nonlin-earity and Disorder in Fiber Arrays ,” Phys. Rev. Lett.   93 , 053901 ( 2004 ).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. Pertsch , U. Peschel , J. Kobelke , K. Schuster , H. Bartelt , S. Nolte , A. Tünnermann , and F. Lederer , ” Nonlinearity and Disorder in Fiber Arrays ,” Phys. Rev. Lett.   93 , 053901 ( 2004 ).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

U. Peschel , R. Morandotti , J. M. Arnold , J. S. Aitchison , H. S. Eisenberg , T. Silberberg , T. Pertsch , and F. Lederer , ” Optical discrete solitons in waveguide arrays. 2. Dynamics properties ,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B   19 , 2637 – 2644 ( 2002 ).
[Crossref]

Peschel, T.

A. B. Aceves , C. De Angelis , T. Peschel , R. Muschall , F. Lederer , S. Trillo , and S. Wabnitz , ” Discrete self-trapping soliton interactions, and beam steering in nonlinear waveguide arrays ,” Phys. Rev. E   53 , 1172 – 1189 ( 1996 ).
[Crossref]

Peschel, U.

T. Pertsch , U. Peschel , J. Kobelke , K. Schuster , H. Bartelt , S. Nolte , A. Tünnnermann , and F. Lederer , ” Nonlin-earity and Disorder in Fiber Arrays ,” Phys. Rev. Lett.   93 , 053901 ( 2004 ).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. Pertsch , U. Peschel , J. Kobelke , K. Schuster , H. Bartelt , S. Nolte , A. Tünnermann , and F. Lederer , ” Nonlinearity and Disorder in Fiber Arrays ,” Phys. Rev. Lett.   93 , 053901 ( 2004 ).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

U. Peschel , R. Morandotti , J. M. Arnold , J. S. Aitchison , H. S. Eisenberg , T. Silberberg , T. Pertsch , and F. Lederer , ” Optical discrete solitons in waveguide arrays. 2. Dynamics properties ,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B   19 , 2637 – 2644 ( 2002 ).
[Crossref]

Phillips, M. W.

D. J. Richardson , R. I. Laming , D. N. Payne , V. J. Matsas , and M. W. Phillips , ” Self-starting, passively mode-locked erbium fiber laser based on the amplifying Sagnac switch ,” Electron. Lett.   27 , 542 – 544 ( 1991 ).
[Crossref]

Proctor, J.

J. Proctor and J. N. Kutz , ” Theory and Simulation of Passive Mode-Locking with Waveguide Arrays ,” Opt. Lett.   13 , 2013 – 2015 ( 2005 ).
[Crossref]

Quémard, C.

F. Smetkala , C. Quémard , L. Leneindre , J. Lucas , A. Barthélémy , and C. DeAngelis , ” Chalcogenide glasses with large nonlinear refractive indices ,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids ,   239 , 139 – 142 ( 1998 ).
[Crossref]

Richardson, D. J.

D. J. Richardson , R. I. Laming , D. N. Payne , V. J. Matsas , and M. W. Phillips , ” Self-starting, passively mode-locked erbium fiber laser based on the amplifying Sagnac switch ,” Electron. Lett.   27 , 542 – 544 ( 1991 ).
[Crossref]

Sanghera, J. S.

G. Lenz , J. Zimmerman , T. Katsufuji , M. E. Lines , H. Y. Hwang , S. Spälter , R. E. Slusher , S. -W. Cheong , J. S. Sanghera , and I. D. Aggarwal , ” Large Kerr effect in bulk Se-based chalcogenide glasses ,” Opt. Lett . ,   25 , 254 – 256 ( 2000 ).
[Crossref]

Schuster, K.

T. Pertsch , U. Peschel , J. Kobelke , K. Schuster , H. Bartelt , S. Nolte , A. Tünnnermann , and F. Lederer , ” Nonlin-earity and Disorder in Fiber Arrays ,” Phys. Rev. Lett.   93 , 053901 ( 2004 ).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. Pertsch , U. Peschel , J. Kobelke , K. Schuster , H. Bartelt , S. Nolte , A. Tünnermann , and F. Lederer , ” Nonlinearity and Disorder in Fiber Arrays ,” Phys. Rev. Lett.   93 , 053901 ( 2004 ).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Segev, M.

Sfez, B. G.

Shih, M.

Silberberg, T.

Silberberg, Y.

H. S. Eisenberg , R. Morandotti , Y. Silberberg , J. M. Arnold , G. Pennelli , and J. S. Aitchison , ” Optical discrete solitons in waveguide arrays. 1. Soliton formation ,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B   19 , 2938 – 1944 ( 2002 ).
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H. S. Eisenberg , Y. Silberberg , R. Morandotti , A. R. Boyd , and J. S. Aitchison , ” Discrete spatial optical solitons in waveguide arrays ,” Phys. Rev. Lett.   81 , 3383 – 3386 ( 1998 ).
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M. E. Fermann , M. J. Andrejco , Y. Silberberg , and M. L. Stock , ” Passive mode-locking by using nonlinear polarization evolution in a polarizing-maintaining erbium-doped fiber laser ,” Opt. Lett.   29 , 447 – 449 , ( 1993 ).

S. R. Friberg , A. M. Weiner , Y. Silberberg , B. G. Sfez , and P. S. Smith , ” Femtosecond switching in a dualcore-fiber nonlinear coupler ,” Opt. Lett.   13 , 904 – 906 ( 1988 ).
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Slusher, R. E.

G. Lenz , J. Zimmerman , T. Katsufuji , M. E. Lines , H. Y. Hwang , S. Spälter , R. E. Slusher , S. -W. Cheong , J. S. Sanghera , and I. D. Aggarwal , ” Large Kerr effect in bulk Se-based chalcogenide glasses ,” Opt. Lett . ,   25 , 254 – 256 ( 2000 ).
[Crossref]

Smetkala, F.

F. Smetkala , C. Quémard , L. Leneindre , J. Lucas , A. Barthélémy , and C. DeAngelis , ” Chalcogenide glasses with large nonlinear refractive indices ,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids ,   239 , 139 – 142 ( 1998 ).
[Crossref]

Smith, P. S.

Sosnowski, T.

Spälter, S.

G. Lenz , J. Zimmerman , T. Katsufuji , M. E. Lines , H. Y. Hwang , S. Spälter , R. E. Slusher , S. -W. Cheong , J. S. Sanghera , and I. D. Aggarwal , ” Large Kerr effect in bulk Se-based chalcogenide glasses ,” Opt. Lett . ,   25 , 254 – 256 ( 2000 ).
[Crossref]

Spielmann, Ch.

Spinelli, L.

L. Spinelli , B. Couilland , N. Goldblatt , and D. K. Negus , in Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics , 10 (1991) OSA Technical Digest Series ( Optical Society of America, Washington , D.C., 1991 ), paper CPDP7.

Stegeman, G. I.

Stock, M. L.

M. E. Fermann , M. J. Andrejco , Y. Silberberg , and M. L. Stock , ” Passive mode-locking by using nonlinear polarization evolution in a polarizing-maintaining erbium-doped fiber laser ,” Opt. Lett.   29 , 447 – 449 , ( 1993 ).

Tam, H. Y.

D. Y. Tang , W. S. Man , and H. Y. Tam , ” Stimulated soliton pulse formation and its mechanism in a passively mode-locked fibre soliton laser ,” Opt. Commun.   165 , 189 – 194 , ( 1999 ).
[Crossref]

Tamura, K.

H. A. Haus , E. P. Ippen , and K. Tamura , ” Additive-pulse mode-locking in fiber lasers ,” IEEE J. Quantum. Electron.   30 , 200 – 208 , ( 1994 ).
[Crossref]

K. Tamura , H. A. Haus , and E. P. Ippen , ” Self-starting additive pulse mode-locked erbium fiber ring laser ,” Electron. Lett.   28 , 2226 – 2228 , ( 1992 ).
[Crossref]

Tang, D. Y.

D. Y. Tang , W. S. Man , and H. Y. Tam , ” Stimulated soliton pulse formation and its mechanism in a passively mode-locked fibre soliton laser ,” Opt. Commun.   165 , 189 – 194 , ( 1999 ).
[Crossref]

Trillo, S.

A. B. Aceves , C. De Angelis , T. Peschel , R. Muschall , F. Lederer , S. Trillo , and S. Wabnitz , ” Discrete self-trapping soliton interactions, and beam steering in nonlinear waveguide arrays ,” Phys. Rev. E   53 , 1172 – 1189 ( 1996 ).
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S. Trillo and S. Wabnitz , ” Weak-pulse-activated coherent soliton switching in nonlinear couplers ,” Opt. Lett.   16 , 1 – 3 ( 1991 ).
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S. Trillo , S. Wabnitz , E. M. Wright , and G. I. Stegeman , ” Soliton switching in fiber nonlinear directional couplers ,” Opt. Lett.   13 , 672 – 674 ( 1988 ).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. Trillo and S. Wabnitz , ” Nonlinear nonreciprocity in a coherent mismatched directional coupler ,” App. Phys. Lett.   49 , 752 – 754 ( 1986 ).
[Crossref]

Tsuda, S.

B. Collings , S. Tsuda , S. Cundiff , J. N. Kutz , M. Koch , W. Knox , and K. Bergman , ” Short cavity Erbium/Ytterbium fiber lasers mode-locked with a saturable Bragg reflector ,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.   3 , 1065 – 1075 ( 1998 ).

S. Tsuda , W. H. Knox , E. A. DeSouza , W. J. Jan , and J. E. Cunningham , ” Low-loss intracavity AlAs/AlGaAs saturable Bragg reflector for femtosecond mode-locking in solid-state lasers ,” Opt. Lett.   20 , 1406 – 1408 ( 1995 ).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Tünnermann, A.

T. Pertsch , U. Peschel , J. Kobelke , K. Schuster , H. Bartelt , S. Nolte , A. Tünnermann , and F. Lederer , ” Nonlinearity and Disorder in Fiber Arrays ,” Phys. Rev. Lett.   93 , 053901 ( 2004 ).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Tünnnermann, A.

T. Pertsch , U. Peschel , J. Kobelke , K. Schuster , H. Bartelt , S. Nolte , A. Tünnnermann , and F. Lederer , ” Nonlin-earity and Disorder in Fiber Arrays ,” Phys. Rev. Lett.   93 , 053901 ( 2004 ).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Wabnitz, S.

A. B. Aceves , C. De Angelis , T. Peschel , R. Muschall , F. Lederer , S. Trillo , and S. Wabnitz , ” Discrete self-trapping soliton interactions, and beam steering in nonlinear waveguide arrays ,” Phys. Rev. E   53 , 1172 – 1189 ( 1996 ).
[Crossref]

S. Trillo and S. Wabnitz , ” Weak-pulse-activated coherent soliton switching in nonlinear couplers ,” Opt. Lett.   16 , 1 – 3 ( 1991 ).
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S. Trillo , S. Wabnitz , E. M. Wright , and G. I. Stegeman , ” Soliton switching in fiber nonlinear directional couplers ,” Opt. Lett.   13 , 672 – 674 ( 1988 ).
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S. Trillo and S. Wabnitz , ” Nonlinear nonreciprocity in a coherent mismatched directional coupler ,” App. Phys. Lett.   49 , 752 – 754 ( 1986 ).
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Walton, D. T.

H. G. Winful and D. T. Walton , ” Passive mode locking through nonlinear coupling in a dual-core fiber laser ,” Opt. Lett . ,   17 , 1688 – 1690 ( 1992 ).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Weiner, A. M.

White, T. P.

Winful, H. G.

H. G. Winful and D. T. Walton , ” Passive mode locking through nonlinear coupling in a dual-core fiber laser ,” Opt. Lett . ,   17 , 1688 – 1690 ( 1992 ).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Wise, F. W.

J. M. Harbold , F. ö. Ilday , and F. W. Wise , ” Highly Nonlinear Ge-As-Se and Ge-As-S-Se Glasses for All-Optical Switching ,” IEEE Photonic Technol. Lett.   14 , 822 – 824 ( 2002 ).
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F. O. Ilday , F. W. Wise , and T. Sosnowski , ” High-energy femtosecond stretched-pulse fiber laser with a nonlinear optical loop mirror ,” Opt. Lett.   27 , 1531 – 1533 ( 2002 ).
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Wright, E. M.

Yokohoma, I.

M. Asobe , T. Ohara , I. Yokohoma , and T. Kaino , ” Fabrication of Bragg grating in chalcogenide glass fiber using transverse holographic method ,” Electron. Lett. ,   32 , 1611 – 1613 ( 1996 ).
[Crossref]

Zimmerman, J.

G. Lenz , J. Zimmerman , T. Katsufuji , M. E. Lines , H. Y. Hwang , S. Spälter , R. E. Slusher , S. -W. Cheong , J. S. Sanghera , and I. D. Aggarwal , ” Large Kerr effect in bulk Se-based chalcogenide glasses ,” Opt. Lett . ,   25 , 254 – 256 ( 2000 ).
[Crossref]

App. Phys. Lett. (1)

S. Trillo and S. Wabnitz , ” Nonlinear nonreciprocity in a coherent mismatched directional coupler ,” App. Phys. Lett.   49 , 752 – 754 ( 1986 ).
[Crossref]

Electron. Lett. (5)

K. Tamura , H. A. Haus , and E. P. Ippen , ” Self-starting additive pulse mode-locked erbium fiber ring laser ,” Electron. Lett.   28 , 2226 – 2228 , ( 1992 ).
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I. N. Duling , ” Subpicosecond all-fiber erbium laser ,” Electron. Lett.   27 , 544 – 545 ( 1991 ).
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D. J. Richardson , R. I. Laming , D. N. Payne , V. J. Matsas , and M. W. Phillips , ” Self-starting, passively mode-locked erbium fiber laser based on the amplifying Sagnac switch ,” Electron. Lett.   27 , 542 – 544 ( 1991 ).
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M. L. Dennis and I. N. Duling , ” High repetition rate figure eight laser with extracavity feedback ,” Electron. Lett.   28 , 1894 – 1896 ( 1992 ).
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M. Asobe , T. Ohara , I. Yokohoma , and T. Kaino , ” Fabrication of Bragg grating in chalcogenide glass fiber using transverse holographic method ,” Electron. Lett. ,   32 , 1611 – 1613 ( 1996 ).
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IEEE J. Quantum Electron. (2)

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M. Asobe , T. Kanamori , and K. Kubodera , ” Applications of highly nonlinear chalcogenide glass fibers in ultrafast all-optical switches ,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. ,   29 , 2325 – 2333 ( 1993 ).
[Crossref]

IEEE J. Quantum. Electron. (4)

H. A. Haus , E. P. Ippen , and K. Tamura , ” Additive-pulse mode-locking in fiber lasers ,” IEEE J. Quantum. Electron.   30 , 200 – 208 , ( 1994 ).
[Crossref]

K. Intrachat and J. N. Kutz , ” Theory and simulation of passive mode-locking dynamics using a long period fiber grating ,” IEEE J. Quantum. Electron.   39 , 1572 – 1578 ( 2003 ).
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H. A. Haus , ” A theory of forced mode locking ,” IEEE J. Quantum. Electron.   11 , 323 – 330 ( 1975 ).
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J. N. Kutz , B. Collings , K. Bergman , and W. Knox , ” Stabilized pulse spacing in soliton lasers due to gain depletion and recovery ,” IEEE J. Quantum. Electron.   34 , 1749 – 1757 ( 1998 ).
[Crossref]

IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. (2)

H. A. Haus , ” Mode-Locking of Lasers ,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.   6 , 1173 – 1185 , ( 2000 ).
[Crossref]

B. Collings , S. Tsuda , S. Cundiff , J. N. Kutz , M. Koch , W. Knox , and K. Bergman , ” Short cavity Erbium/Ytterbium fiber lasers mode-locked with a saturable Bragg reflector ,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.   3 , 1065 – 1075 ( 1998 ).

IEEE Photonic Technol. Lett. (1)

J. M. Harbold , F. ö. Ilday , and F. W. Wise , ” Highly Nonlinear Ge-As-Se and Ge-As-S-Se Glasses for All-Optical Switching ,” IEEE Photonic Technol. Lett.   14 , 822 – 824 ( 2002 ).
[Crossref]

J. Non-Cryst. Solids (1)

F. Smetkala , C. Quémard , L. Leneindre , J. Lucas , A. Barthélémy , and C. DeAngelis , ” Chalcogenide glasses with large nonlinear refractive indices ,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids ,   239 , 139 – 142 ( 1998 ).
[Crossref]

J. Opt. Soc. Am. B (4)

Opt. Commun. (1)

D. Y. Tang , W. S. Man , and H. Y. Tam , ” Stimulated soliton pulse formation and its mechanism in a passively mode-locked fibre soliton laser ,” Opt. Commun.   165 , 189 – 194 , ( 1999 ).
[Crossref]

Opt. Lett . (2)

H. G. Winful and D. T. Walton , ” Passive mode locking through nonlinear coupling in a dual-core fiber laser ,” Opt. Lett . ,   17 , 1688 – 1690 ( 1992 ).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

G. Lenz , J. Zimmerman , T. Katsufuji , M. E. Lines , H. Y. Hwang , S. Spälter , R. E. Slusher , S. -W. Cheong , J. S. Sanghera , and I. D. Aggarwal , ” Large Kerr effect in bulk Se-based chalcogenide glasses ,” Opt. Lett . ,   25 , 254 – 256 ( 2000 ).
[Crossref]

Opt. Lett. (12)

F. X. Kärtner and U. Keller , ” Stabilization of solitonlike pulses with a slow saturable absorber ,” Opt. Lett.   20 , 16 – 18 ( 1995 ).
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S. Tsuda , W. H. Knox , E. A. DeSouza , W. J. Jan , and J. E. Cunningham , ” Low-loss intracavity AlAs/AlGaAs saturable Bragg reflector for femtosecond mode-locking in solid-state lasers ,” Opt. Lett.   20 , 1406 – 1408 ( 1995 ).
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Figures (13)

Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Possible laser cavity configurations which include nonlinear mode-coupling (NLMC) as the mode-locking element. The fiber coupling to the NLMC is illustrated in Fig. 2. In addition to the basic setup, polarization controllers, isolators, and other stabilization mechanisms may be useful or required for successful operation.

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Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. Schematic of butt-coupling implementation of NLMC element in the laser cavity configurations of Fig. 1. Three NLCM are depicted: (a) a waveguide array, (b) a dual-core fiber, and (c) a fiber array. In addition to the basic butt-coupling, index matching materials and tappering to account for core-size mismatch may be required to improve performance. Note that the figures are not drawn to scale.

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Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. The classic representation of spatial diffraction and confinement of electromagnetic energy in a waveguide array considered by Peschel et al. [30]. In the top figure, the intensity is not strong enough to produce self-focusing and confinement in the center waveguide, whereas the bottom figure shows the self-focusing due to the NLMC. The effect of this spatial focusing on a temporal pulse is shown in Fig. 4. Note that light was launched in the center waveguide with initial amplitude A 0(0) = 1 (top) and A 0(0) = 3 (bottom)

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Fig. 4.
Fig. 4. Temporal pulse shaping in the center waveguide via passage through the waveguide array in Fig. 3. The dotted lines show the input waveform (e.g. a hyperbolic secant pulse) while the solid lines show the output. For low intensities (a), the energy in the center waveguide diffracts to the neighboring waveguides as shown in Fig. 3(top). As the intensity is increased, the pulse is temporally compressed due to the resonant coupling of low intensity light to the other waveguides. The temporal reshaping is responsible for the mode-locking.

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Fig. 5.
Fig. 5. Representation of the spatial diffraction and confinement of electromagnetic energy in a dual-core fiber. In the top figure, the intensity is not strong enough to produce self-focusing and confinement in the launch waveguide, whereas the bottom figure shows the self-focusing due to the NLMC. The effect of this spatial focusing on a temporal pulse is shown in Fig. 6. Note that light was launched in the the primary waveguide with initial amplitude A 0(0) = 1 (top) and A 0(0) = 3 (bottom)

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Fig. 6.
Fig. 6. Temporal pulse shaping in the launch waveguide via passage through the dual-core fiber. The dotted lines show the input waveform (e.g. a hyperbolic secant pulse) while the solid lines show the output. For low intensities (a), the energy in the launch waveguide couples to the neighboring core as shown in Fig. 5(top). As the intensity is increased, the pulse is temporally compressed due to the resonant coupling of low intensity light to the neighboring core. The temporal reshaping is responsible for the mode-locking.

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Fig. 7.
Fig. 7. Schematic of the fiber array configuration. Here the coupling is to the nearest neighbors. In a hexagonal configuration [41], the evanescent coupling is then dominated by six neighboring core modes.

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Fig. 8.
Fig. 8. Intensity dependent spatial diffraction and confinement of electromagnetic energy in a fiber array. In the top figures (a), the intensity is not strong enough to produce self-focusing and confinement in the launch waveguide. Specifically, the electromagnetic field which is initially launched with A 0,0 = 1 ((a)-left) quickly diffracts energy to its neighboring waveguides as it propagates over 2 cm ((a)-middle) and 4 cm ((a)-right). For sufficiently high intensities, A 0,0 = 3, the self-focusing confines the energy to the launch waveguide over the propagation distances of 0, 2, and 4 cm ((b)-left, middle, and right respectively).

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Fig. 9.
Fig. 9. Temporal pulse shaping in the launch waveguide via passage through a fiber array. The dotted lines show the input waveform (e.g. a hyperbolic secant pulse) while the solid lines show the output. For low intensities (a), the energy in the launch waveguide couples to the neighboring fiber cores as shown in Fig. 8(a). As the intensity is increased, the self-focusing begins to dominate and the pulse is temporally compressed due to the resonant coupling of low intensity light to the neighboring cores. The temporal reshaping is responsible for the mode-locking.

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Fig. 10.
Fig. 10. Stable mode-locking using a waveguide array for (a) a fixed gain model g(Z) = g 0 = 0.263 and (b) a saturable gain model of Eq. Eq. (2) with g 0 = 0.7. The mode-locking is robust to the specific gain model, cavity parameter changes, and cavity perturbations. Here is is assumed that a 20% coupling loss occurs at the input and output of the waveguide array.

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Fig. 11.
Fig. 11. Output temporal response of the waveguide array under stable mode-locked operation. The center panel depicts the input (dashed line) and output (solid line) in the center waveguide A 0. The temporal output of the two nearest waveguides, A ±1 and A ±2, are also depicted. The central waveguide retains 94% of the incoming light while the neighboring waveguides contain 1.5% (A ±1) and 2.7% (A ±2). Note the characteristic shape of the temporal energy in the neighboring waveguides due to the nonlinear mode-coupling.

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Fig. 12.
Fig. 12. Multi-pulse per round trip mode-locked operation for g(Z) = g 0 = 0.475 and 40% loss before and after waveguide array. On average, there are 3–4 stabilized pulses in the cavity for the given gain.

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Fig. 13.
Fig. 13. Stable mode-locking using (a) a dual-core fiber with g 0 = 0.39 and (b) using a fiber array with g 0 = 0.5. The mode-locking is robust to cavity parameter changes and cavity perturbations. Here is is assumed that a 20% coupling loss occurs at the input and output of the dual-core fiber and fiber array.

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Equations (8)

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i ∂ Q ∂ Z + 1 2 ∂ 2 Q ∂ T 2 + ∣ Q ∣ 2 Q + iγQ − ig ( Z ) ( 1 + τ ∂ 2 ∂ T 2 ) Q = 0 ,
g ( Z ) = 2 g 0 1 + ∣ ∣ Q ∣ ∣ 2 e 0 ,
i dA n dξ + C ( A n − 1 + A n + 1 ) + β ∣ A n ∣ 2 A n = 0 ,
i dA 1 dξ + CA 2 + β ∣ A 1 ∣ 2 A 1 = 0
i dA 2 dξ + CA 1 + β ∣ A 2 ∣ 2 A 2 = 0
i dA m , n dξ + β ∣ A m , n ∣ 2 A m , n + C m + 1 , n A m + 1 , n
+ C m − 1 , n A m − 1 , n + C m , n + 1 A m , n + 1 + C m , n − 1 A m , n − 1
+ C m + 1 , n + 1 A m + 1 , n + 1 + C m − 1 , n − 1 A m − 1 , n − 1 = 0

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