Abstract

We report on the design of a single-polarization single-transverse mode large mode area photonic crystal fiber. By including index-matched stress applying elements in the photonic cladding an ultra-broadband single polarization window is obtained while a large mode field area of ~700 μm2 is maintained. Based on that design, an Yb-doped double-clad photonic crystal fiber is realized that combines low nonlinearity and single polarization properties. A first result of the high power operation using this fiber is demonstrated.

©2005 Optical Society of America

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  1. A. Tünnermann, T. Schreiber, F. Röser, A. Liem, S. Höfer, H. Zellmer, S. Nolte, and J. Limpert, “The renaissance and bright future of fibre lasers,” J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 38, 681–693 (2005).
    [Crossref]
  2. G. Bonati, H. Voelckel, T. Gabler, U. Krause, A. Tünnermann, J. Limpert, A. Liem, T. Schreiber, S. Nolte, and H. Zellmer, “1.53 kW from a single Yb-doped photonic crystal fiber laser,” Photonics West, San Jose, Late Breaking Developments, Session 5709-2a (2005).
  3. F. Röser, J. Rothhard, B. Ortac, A. Liem, O. Schmidt, T. Schreiber, J. Limpert, and A. Tünnermann, “131 W 220 fs fiber laser system,“ (to be published in Opt. Lett. 30 (2005)).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  4. P. St. J. Russell, J.C. Knight, T.A. Birks, B.J. Mangan, and W.J. Wadsworth, “Photonic Crystal Fibres,” Science 299, 358–362 (2003).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  5. J. Limpert, N. Deguil-Robin, I. Manek-Hönninger, F. Salin, F. Röser, A. Liem, T. Schreiber, S. Nolte, H. Zellmer, A. Tünnermann, J. Broeng, A. Petersson, and C. Jakobsen, “High-power rod-type photonic crystal fiber laser,” Opt. Express 13, 1055–1058 (2005). http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-13-4-1055
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  6. J. Limpert, A. Liem, M. Reich, T. Schreiber, S. Nolte, H. Zellmer, A. Tünnermann, J. Broeng, A. Petersson, and C. Jakobsen, “Low-nonlinearity single-transverse-mode ytterbium-doped photonic crystal fiber amplifier,” Opt. Express 12, 1313–1319 (2004). http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-12-7-1313
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  7. J. R. Folkenberg, M. D. Nielsen, N. A. Mortensen, C. Jakobsen, and H. R. Simonsen, “Polarization maintaining large mode area photonic crystal fiber,” Opt. Express 12, 956–960 (2004). http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-12-5-956
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  8. T.A. Birks, J.C. Knight, and P.St.J. Russell, “Endlessly single-mode photonic crystal fibre,” Opt. Lett. 22, 961–963 (1997).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  9. J. R. Folkenberg, M. D. Nielsen, and C. Jakobsen, “Broadband single-polarization photonic crystal fiber,” Opt. Lett. 30, 1446–1448 (2005).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  10. T. Schreiber, H. Schultz, O. Schmidt, F. Röser, J. Limpert, and A. Tünnermann, “Stress-induced birefringence in large-mode-area micro-structured optical fibers,” Opt. Express 13, 3637–3646 (2005). http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-13-10-3637
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  11. www.crystal-fibre.com
  12. N. A. Mortensen and J. R. Folkenberg, “Low-loss criterion and effective area considerations for photonic crystal fibres,” J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt. 5, 163–167 (2003).
    [Crossref]
  13. N. A. Mortensen, J. R. Folkenberg, M. D. Nielsen, and K. P. Hansen, “Modal cutoff and the V parameter in photonic crystal fibers,” Opt. Lett. 28, 1879 (2003).
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  16. Z. Zhu and T. G. Brown, “Stress-induced birefringence in microstructured optical fibers,” Opt. Lett. 28, 2306–2308 (2003).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  17. P. L. Chu and R. A. Sammut, “Analytical method for calculation of stresses and material birefringence in polarization-maintaining optical fiber,” J. Lightwave Technol. LT-2, 650–662 (1984).
  18. J. Noda, K. Okamoto, and Y. Sasaki, “Polarization-maintaining fibers and their applications,” J. Lightwave Technol. LT-4, 1071–1088 (1986).
    [Crossref]
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  20. A. W. Snyder and F. Rühl, “Single-mode, single-polarization fibers made of birefringenct material,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. 73, 1165–1174 (1983).
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  21. M. D. Nielsen, N. A. Mortensen, M. Albertsen, J. R. Folkenberg, A. Bjarklev, and D. Bonacinni, “Predicting macrobending loss for large-mode area photonic crystal fibers,” Opt. Express 12, 1775 (2004). http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-12-8-1775
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2005 (5)

2004 (3)

2003 (4)

N. A. Mortensen and J. R. Folkenberg, “Low-loss criterion and effective area considerations for photonic crystal fibres,” J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt. 5, 163–167 (2003).
[Crossref]

N. A. Mortensen, J. R. Folkenberg, M. D. Nielsen, and K. P. Hansen, “Modal cutoff and the V parameter in photonic crystal fibers,” Opt. Lett. 28, 1879 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

P. St. J. Russell, J.C. Knight, T.A. Birks, B.J. Mangan, and W.J. Wadsworth, “Photonic Crystal Fibres,” Science 299, 358–362 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Z. Zhu and T. G. Brown, “Stress-induced birefringence in microstructured optical fibers,” Opt. Lett. 28, 2306–2308 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2001 (1)

1997 (1)

1993 (1)

1986 (1)

J. Noda, K. Okamoto, and Y. Sasaki, “Polarization-maintaining fibers and their applications,” J. Lightwave Technol. LT-4, 1071–1088 (1986).
[Crossref]

1984 (1)

P. L. Chu and R. A. Sammut, “Analytical method for calculation of stresses and material birefringence in polarization-maintaining optical fiber,” J. Lightwave Technol. LT-2, 650–662 (1984).

1983 (1)

1982 (1)

Albertsen, M.

Birks, T.A.

P. St. J. Russell, J.C. Knight, T.A. Birks, B.J. Mangan, and W.J. Wadsworth, “Photonic Crystal Fibres,” Science 299, 358–362 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T.A. Birks, J.C. Knight, and P.St.J. Russell, “Endlessly single-mode photonic crystal fibre,” Opt. Lett. 22, 961–963 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Bjarklev, A.

Bonacinni, D.

Bonati, G.

G. Bonati, H. Voelckel, T. Gabler, U. Krause, A. Tünnermann, J. Limpert, A. Liem, T. Schreiber, S. Nolte, and H. Zellmer, “1.53 kW from a single Yb-doped photonic crystal fiber laser,” Photonics West, San Jose, Late Breaking Developments, Session 5709-2a (2005).

Broeng, J.

Brown, T. G.

Chu, P. L.

P. L. Chu and R. A. Sammut, “Analytical method for calculation of stresses and material birefringence in polarization-maintaining optical fiber,” J. Lightwave Technol. LT-2, 650–662 (1984).

Deguil-Robin, N.

Eickhoff, W.

Folkenberg, J. R.

Gabler, T.

G. Bonati, H. Voelckel, T. Gabler, U. Krause, A. Tünnermann, J. Limpert, A. Liem, T. Schreiber, S. Nolte, and H. Zellmer, “1.53 kW from a single Yb-doped photonic crystal fiber laser,” Photonics West, San Jose, Late Breaking Developments, Session 5709-2a (2005).

Hansen, K. P.

Höfer, S.

A. Tünnermann, T. Schreiber, F. Röser, A. Liem, S. Höfer, H. Zellmer, S. Nolte, and J. Limpert, “The renaissance and bright future of fibre lasers,” J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 38, 681–693 (2005).
[Crossref]

Jakobsen, C.

Joannopoulos, J. D.

Johnson, S. G.

Knight, J.C.

P. St. J. Russell, J.C. Knight, T.A. Birks, B.J. Mangan, and W.J. Wadsworth, “Photonic Crystal Fibres,” Science 299, 358–362 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T.A. Birks, J.C. Knight, and P.St.J. Russell, “Endlessly single-mode photonic crystal fibre,” Opt. Lett. 22, 961–963 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Krause, U.

G. Bonati, H. Voelckel, T. Gabler, U. Krause, A. Tünnermann, J. Limpert, A. Liem, T. Schreiber, S. Nolte, and H. Zellmer, “1.53 kW from a single Yb-doped photonic crystal fiber laser,” Photonics West, San Jose, Late Breaking Developments, Session 5709-2a (2005).

Liem, A.

A. Tünnermann, T. Schreiber, F. Röser, A. Liem, S. Höfer, H. Zellmer, S. Nolte, and J. Limpert, “The renaissance and bright future of fibre lasers,” J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 38, 681–693 (2005).
[Crossref]

F. Röser, J. Rothhard, B. Ortac, A. Liem, O. Schmidt, T. Schreiber, J. Limpert, and A. Tünnermann, “131 W 220 fs fiber laser system,“ (to be published in Opt. Lett. 30 (2005)).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Limpert, N. Deguil-Robin, I. Manek-Hönninger, F. Salin, F. Röser, A. Liem, T. Schreiber, S. Nolte, H. Zellmer, A. Tünnermann, J. Broeng, A. Petersson, and C. Jakobsen, “High-power rod-type photonic crystal fiber laser,” Opt. Express 13, 1055–1058 (2005). http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-13-4-1055
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Limpert, A. Liem, M. Reich, T. Schreiber, S. Nolte, H. Zellmer, A. Tünnermann, J. Broeng, A. Petersson, and C. Jakobsen, “Low-nonlinearity single-transverse-mode ytterbium-doped photonic crystal fiber amplifier,” Opt. Express 12, 1313–1319 (2004). http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-12-7-1313
[Crossref] [PubMed]

G. Bonati, H. Voelckel, T. Gabler, U. Krause, A. Tünnermann, J. Limpert, A. Liem, T. Schreiber, S. Nolte, and H. Zellmer, “1.53 kW from a single Yb-doped photonic crystal fiber laser,” Photonics West, San Jose, Late Breaking Developments, Session 5709-2a (2005).

Limpert, J.

A. Tünnermann, T. Schreiber, F. Röser, A. Liem, S. Höfer, H. Zellmer, S. Nolte, and J. Limpert, “The renaissance and bright future of fibre lasers,” J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 38, 681–693 (2005).
[Crossref]

F. Röser, J. Rothhard, B. Ortac, A. Liem, O. Schmidt, T. Schreiber, J. Limpert, and A. Tünnermann, “131 W 220 fs fiber laser system,“ (to be published in Opt. Lett. 30 (2005)).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Limpert, N. Deguil-Robin, I. Manek-Hönninger, F. Salin, F. Röser, A. Liem, T. Schreiber, S. Nolte, H. Zellmer, A. Tünnermann, J. Broeng, A. Petersson, and C. Jakobsen, “High-power rod-type photonic crystal fiber laser,” Opt. Express 13, 1055–1058 (2005). http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-13-4-1055
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. Schreiber, H. Schultz, O. Schmidt, F. Röser, J. Limpert, and A. Tünnermann, “Stress-induced birefringence in large-mode-area micro-structured optical fibers,” Opt. Express 13, 3637–3646 (2005). http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-13-10-3637
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Limpert, A. Liem, M. Reich, T. Schreiber, S. Nolte, H. Zellmer, A. Tünnermann, J. Broeng, A. Petersson, and C. Jakobsen, “Low-nonlinearity single-transverse-mode ytterbium-doped photonic crystal fiber amplifier,” Opt. Express 12, 1313–1319 (2004). http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-12-7-1313
[Crossref] [PubMed]

G. Bonati, H. Voelckel, T. Gabler, U. Krause, A. Tünnermann, J. Limpert, A. Liem, T. Schreiber, S. Nolte, and H. Zellmer, “1.53 kW from a single Yb-doped photonic crystal fiber laser,” Photonics West, San Jose, Late Breaking Developments, Session 5709-2a (2005).

Lit, J. W. Y.

Love, A. E. H.

A. E. H. Love, A Treatise on the Mathematical Theory of Elasticity (Dover, New York, 1944).

Manek-Hönninger, I.

Mangan, B.J.

P. St. J. Russell, J.C. Knight, T.A. Birks, B.J. Mangan, and W.J. Wadsworth, “Photonic Crystal Fibres,” Science 299, 358–362 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Mortensen, N. A.

Nielsen, M. D.

Noda, J.

J. Noda, K. Okamoto, and Y. Sasaki, “Polarization-maintaining fibers and their applications,” J. Lightwave Technol. LT-4, 1071–1088 (1986).
[Crossref]

Nolte, S.

A. Tünnermann, T. Schreiber, F. Röser, A. Liem, S. Höfer, H. Zellmer, S. Nolte, and J. Limpert, “The renaissance and bright future of fibre lasers,” J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 38, 681–693 (2005).
[Crossref]

J. Limpert, N. Deguil-Robin, I. Manek-Hönninger, F. Salin, F. Röser, A. Liem, T. Schreiber, S. Nolte, H. Zellmer, A. Tünnermann, J. Broeng, A. Petersson, and C. Jakobsen, “High-power rod-type photonic crystal fiber laser,” Opt. Express 13, 1055–1058 (2005). http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-13-4-1055
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Limpert, A. Liem, M. Reich, T. Schreiber, S. Nolte, H. Zellmer, A. Tünnermann, J. Broeng, A. Petersson, and C. Jakobsen, “Low-nonlinearity single-transverse-mode ytterbium-doped photonic crystal fiber amplifier,” Opt. Express 12, 1313–1319 (2004). http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-12-7-1313
[Crossref] [PubMed]

G. Bonati, H. Voelckel, T. Gabler, U. Krause, A. Tünnermann, J. Limpert, A. Liem, T. Schreiber, S. Nolte, and H. Zellmer, “1.53 kW from a single Yb-doped photonic crystal fiber laser,” Photonics West, San Jose, Late Breaking Developments, Session 5709-2a (2005).

Okamoto, K.

J. Noda, K. Okamoto, and Y. Sasaki, “Polarization-maintaining fibers and their applications,” J. Lightwave Technol. LT-4, 1071–1088 (1986).
[Crossref]

Ortac, B.

F. Röser, J. Rothhard, B. Ortac, A. Liem, O. Schmidt, T. Schreiber, J. Limpert, and A. Tünnermann, “131 W 220 fs fiber laser system,“ (to be published in Opt. Lett. 30 (2005)).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Petersson, A.

Reich, M.

Röser, F.

Rothhard, J.

F. Röser, J. Rothhard, B. Ortac, A. Liem, O. Schmidt, T. Schreiber, J. Limpert, and A. Tünnermann, “131 W 220 fs fiber laser system,“ (to be published in Opt. Lett. 30 (2005)).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Rühl, F.

Russell, P. St. J.

P. St. J. Russell, J.C. Knight, T.A. Birks, B.J. Mangan, and W.J. Wadsworth, “Photonic Crystal Fibres,” Science 299, 358–362 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Russell, P.St.J.

Salin, F.

Sammut, R. A.

P. L. Chu and R. A. Sammut, “Analytical method for calculation of stresses and material birefringence in polarization-maintaining optical fiber,” J. Lightwave Technol. LT-2, 650–662 (1984).

Sasaki, Y.

J. Noda, K. Okamoto, and Y. Sasaki, “Polarization-maintaining fibers and their applications,” J. Lightwave Technol. LT-4, 1071–1088 (1986).
[Crossref]

Schmidt, O.

Schreiber, T.

T. Schreiber, H. Schultz, O. Schmidt, F. Röser, J. Limpert, and A. Tünnermann, “Stress-induced birefringence in large-mode-area micro-structured optical fibers,” Opt. Express 13, 3637–3646 (2005). http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-13-10-3637
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Limpert, N. Deguil-Robin, I. Manek-Hönninger, F. Salin, F. Röser, A. Liem, T. Schreiber, S. Nolte, H. Zellmer, A. Tünnermann, J. Broeng, A. Petersson, and C. Jakobsen, “High-power rod-type photonic crystal fiber laser,” Opt. Express 13, 1055–1058 (2005). http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-13-4-1055
[Crossref] [PubMed]

F. Röser, J. Rothhard, B. Ortac, A. Liem, O. Schmidt, T. Schreiber, J. Limpert, and A. Tünnermann, “131 W 220 fs fiber laser system,“ (to be published in Opt. Lett. 30 (2005)).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Tünnermann, T. Schreiber, F. Röser, A. Liem, S. Höfer, H. Zellmer, S. Nolte, and J. Limpert, “The renaissance and bright future of fibre lasers,” J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 38, 681–693 (2005).
[Crossref]

J. Limpert, A. Liem, M. Reich, T. Schreiber, S. Nolte, H. Zellmer, A. Tünnermann, J. Broeng, A. Petersson, and C. Jakobsen, “Low-nonlinearity single-transverse-mode ytterbium-doped photonic crystal fiber amplifier,” Opt. Express 12, 1313–1319 (2004). http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-12-7-1313
[Crossref] [PubMed]

G. Bonati, H. Voelckel, T. Gabler, U. Krause, A. Tünnermann, J. Limpert, A. Liem, T. Schreiber, S. Nolte, and H. Zellmer, “1.53 kW from a single Yb-doped photonic crystal fiber laser,” Photonics West, San Jose, Late Breaking Developments, Session 5709-2a (2005).

Schultz, H.

Simonsen, H. R.

Snyder, A. W.

Tünnermann, A.

A. Tünnermann, T. Schreiber, F. Röser, A. Liem, S. Höfer, H. Zellmer, S. Nolte, and J. Limpert, “The renaissance and bright future of fibre lasers,” J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 38, 681–693 (2005).
[Crossref]

F. Röser, J. Rothhard, B. Ortac, A. Liem, O. Schmidt, T. Schreiber, J. Limpert, and A. Tünnermann, “131 W 220 fs fiber laser system,“ (to be published in Opt. Lett. 30 (2005)).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. Schreiber, H. Schultz, O. Schmidt, F. Röser, J. Limpert, and A. Tünnermann, “Stress-induced birefringence in large-mode-area micro-structured optical fibers,” Opt. Express 13, 3637–3646 (2005). http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-13-10-3637
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Limpert, N. Deguil-Robin, I. Manek-Hönninger, F. Salin, F. Röser, A. Liem, T. Schreiber, S. Nolte, H. Zellmer, A. Tünnermann, J. Broeng, A. Petersson, and C. Jakobsen, “High-power rod-type photonic crystal fiber laser,” Opt. Express 13, 1055–1058 (2005). http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-13-4-1055
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Limpert, A. Liem, M. Reich, T. Schreiber, S. Nolte, H. Zellmer, A. Tünnermann, J. Broeng, A. Petersson, and C. Jakobsen, “Low-nonlinearity single-transverse-mode ytterbium-doped photonic crystal fiber amplifier,” Opt. Express 12, 1313–1319 (2004). http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-12-7-1313
[Crossref] [PubMed]

G. Bonati, H. Voelckel, T. Gabler, U. Krause, A. Tünnermann, J. Limpert, A. Liem, T. Schreiber, S. Nolte, and H. Zellmer, “1.53 kW from a single Yb-doped photonic crystal fiber laser,” Photonics West, San Jose, Late Breaking Developments, Session 5709-2a (2005).

Voelckel, H.

G. Bonati, H. Voelckel, T. Gabler, U. Krause, A. Tünnermann, J. Limpert, A. Liem, T. Schreiber, S. Nolte, and H. Zellmer, “1.53 kW from a single Yb-doped photonic crystal fiber laser,” Photonics West, San Jose, Late Breaking Developments, Session 5709-2a (2005).

Wadsworth, W.J.

P. St. J. Russell, J.C. Knight, T.A. Birks, B.J. Mangan, and W.J. Wadsworth, “Photonic Crystal Fibres,” Science 299, 358–362 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Zellmer, H.

A. Tünnermann, T. Schreiber, F. Röser, A. Liem, S. Höfer, H. Zellmer, S. Nolte, and J. Limpert, “The renaissance and bright future of fibre lasers,” J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 38, 681–693 (2005).
[Crossref]

J. Limpert, N. Deguil-Robin, I. Manek-Hönninger, F. Salin, F. Röser, A. Liem, T. Schreiber, S. Nolte, H. Zellmer, A. Tünnermann, J. Broeng, A. Petersson, and C. Jakobsen, “High-power rod-type photonic crystal fiber laser,” Opt. Express 13, 1055–1058 (2005). http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-13-4-1055
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Limpert, A. Liem, M. Reich, T. Schreiber, S. Nolte, H. Zellmer, A. Tünnermann, J. Broeng, A. Petersson, and C. Jakobsen, “Low-nonlinearity single-transverse-mode ytterbium-doped photonic crystal fiber amplifier,” Opt. Express 12, 1313–1319 (2004). http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-12-7-1313
[Crossref] [PubMed]

G. Bonati, H. Voelckel, T. Gabler, U. Krause, A. Tünnermann, J. Limpert, A. Liem, T. Schreiber, S. Nolte, and H. Zellmer, “1.53 kW from a single Yb-doped photonic crystal fiber laser,” Photonics West, San Jose, Late Breaking Developments, Session 5709-2a (2005).

Zhang, F.

Zhu, Z.

Appl. Opt. (1)

J. Lightwave Technol. (2)

P. L. Chu and R. A. Sammut, “Analytical method for calculation of stresses and material birefringence in polarization-maintaining optical fiber,” J. Lightwave Technol. LT-2, 650–662 (1984).

J. Noda, K. Okamoto, and Y. Sasaki, “Polarization-maintaining fibers and their applications,” J. Lightwave Technol. LT-4, 1071–1088 (1986).
[Crossref]

J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt. (1)

N. A. Mortensen and J. R. Folkenberg, “Low-loss criterion and effective area considerations for photonic crystal fibres,” J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt. 5, 163–167 (2003).
[Crossref]

J. Opt. Soc. Am. (1)

J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. (1)

A. Tünnermann, T. Schreiber, F. Röser, A. Liem, S. Höfer, H. Zellmer, S. Nolte, and J. Limpert, “The renaissance and bright future of fibre lasers,” J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 38, 681–693 (2005).
[Crossref]

Opt. Express (6)

J. Limpert, N. Deguil-Robin, I. Manek-Hönninger, F. Salin, F. Röser, A. Liem, T. Schreiber, S. Nolte, H. Zellmer, A. Tünnermann, J. Broeng, A. Petersson, and C. Jakobsen, “High-power rod-type photonic crystal fiber laser,” Opt. Express 13, 1055–1058 (2005). http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-13-4-1055
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Limpert, A. Liem, M. Reich, T. Schreiber, S. Nolte, H. Zellmer, A. Tünnermann, J. Broeng, A. Petersson, and C. Jakobsen, “Low-nonlinearity single-transverse-mode ytterbium-doped photonic crystal fiber amplifier,” Opt. Express 12, 1313–1319 (2004). http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-12-7-1313
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. R. Folkenberg, M. D. Nielsen, N. A. Mortensen, C. Jakobsen, and H. R. Simonsen, “Polarization maintaining large mode area photonic crystal fiber,” Opt. Express 12, 956–960 (2004). http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-12-5-956
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. Schreiber, H. Schultz, O. Schmidt, F. Röser, J. Limpert, and A. Tünnermann, “Stress-induced birefringence in large-mode-area micro-structured optical fibers,” Opt. Express 13, 3637–3646 (2005). http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-13-10-3637
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. G. Johnson and J. D. Joannopoulos, “Block-iterative frequency-domain methods for Maxwell's equations in a planewave basis,“ Opt. Express 8, 173–190 (2001). http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-8-3-173
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. D. Nielsen, N. A. Mortensen, M. Albertsen, J. R. Folkenberg, A. Bjarklev, and D. Bonacinni, “Predicting macrobending loss for large-mode area photonic crystal fibers,” Opt. Express 12, 1775 (2004). http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-12-8-1775
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Opt. Lett. (6)

Science (1)

P. St. J. Russell, J.C. Knight, T.A. Birks, B.J. Mangan, and W.J. Wadsworth, “Photonic Crystal Fibres,” Science 299, 358–362 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Other (3)

G. Bonati, H. Voelckel, T. Gabler, U. Krause, A. Tünnermann, J. Limpert, A. Liem, T. Schreiber, S. Nolte, and H. Zellmer, “1.53 kW from a single Yb-doped photonic crystal fiber laser,” Photonics West, San Jose, Late Breaking Developments, Session 5709-2a (2005).

www.crystal-fibre.com

A. E. H. Love, A Treatise on the Mathematical Theory of Elasticity (Dover, New York, 1944).

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Figures (17)

Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Design and parameters of a micro-structured fiber: Λ - pitch, d - air-hole diameter

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Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. Design and parameters of polarization maintaining large mode area (seven missing holes) photonic crystal fiber comprising index-matched stress applying elements (yellow) as part of the photonic cladding.

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Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. Inner cladding formed by air-holes providing a large single mode core.

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Fig. 4.
Fig. 4. Inner cladding formed by Boron-doped silica rods providing a large single mode core, which is matched to that of Fig. 3.

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Fig. 5.
Fig. 5. (a) Illustration of the guidelines for maximizing stress induced birefringence in PANDA type fiber. (b–e): Calculated stress induced birefringence B: fiber with D=400 μm and step index core (b), D=400 μm but photonic inner cladding (c), fiber design with index matched stress applying parts and D=170 μm (d,e), see text for details.

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Fig. 6.
Fig. 6. Effect of changing the relative hole size of the boron-doped SAPs on the achievable birefringence.

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Fig. 7.
Fig. 7. Effect of removing rows of SAPs on the achievable birefringence. The color scaling is the same as Fig. 5.

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Fig. 8.
Fig. 8. Microscope images of the PCF (PassivePCF01) where 20 holes are replaced by index-matched stress applying parts

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Fig. 9.
Fig. 9. Microscope images of the PCF (PassivePCF02) where 6 holes are replaced by index-matched stress applying parts

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Fig. 10.
Fig. 10. Transmission spectra for the two polarization states using the fiber PassivePCF01 and different bending diameters of (a) 1.4 m, (b) 0.25 m and (c) 0.15 m.

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Fig. 11.
Fig. 11. Transmission spectrum (a) and birefringence (b)measured in the fiber PassivePCF02 with d/Λ=0.2, a bending diameter of 0.5 m and a length of 2.5 m.

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Fig. 12.
Fig. 12. Polarizing window dependence on dair-core/Ω and the bending diameter.

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Fig. 13.
Fig. 13. SEM image of the Yb-doped air-clad photonic crystal fiber with six index-matched stress applying parts.

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Fig. 14.
Fig. 14. Simple setup for characterizing the polarization properties of the fibers.

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Fig. 15.
Fig. 15. Output imaged onto a CCD showing an almost Gaussian mode profile.

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Fig. 16.
Fig. 16. Output characteristic of the non-polarization maintaining reference fiber.

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Fig. 17.
Fig. 17. Output characteristic of the single polarization photonic crystal fiber.

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Equations (3)

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− ∇ σ = − ∇ · ( [ ε x ε y γ xy ] − [ α α 0 ] ( 1 + v ) ( T − T ref ) ) = 0 wh ere σ = D ε
B = ∣ ( C 2 − C 1 ) ( σ x − σ y ) ∣
B av = ∣ ( C 2 − C 1 ) ∫ ∫ ( σ x − σ y ) r d r d φ ∣

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