Abstract

We have designed a versatile, multi-channel near-infrared spectrophotometry (NIRS) instrument for the purpose of mapping neuronal activation in the neonatal and adult brain in response to motor, tactile, and visual stimulation. The optical linearity, stability, and high signal to noise ratio (>70 dB) of the instrument were demonstrated using an in vitro validation procedure. In vivo measurements on the adult forearm were also performed. Changes in oxygenation, induced by arterial occlusion of the forearm, were recorded and were shown to compare well with measurements acquired using a conventional NIRS instrument. To demonstrate the capabilities of the instrument, functional measurements in adults and neonates were performed. The instrument exhibited the capability to differentiate with a spatial resolution in the order of cm, local activation patterns associated with a finger tapping sequence.

©2005 Optical Society of America

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  1. G. Gratton, M. Fabiani, P. M. Corballis, D. C. Hood, M. R. Goodman-Wood, J. Hirsch, K. Kim, D. Friedman, and E. Gratton, “Fast and localized event-related optical signals (EROS) in the human occipital cortex: comparisons with the visual evoked potential and fMRI,” Neuroimage 6, 168–80 (1997).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  2. M. Wolf, U. Wolf, J. H. Choi, R. Gupta, L. P. Safonova, L. Paunescu, A. Michalos, and E. Gratton, “Functional frequency-domain near-infrared spectroscopy detects fast neuronal signal in motor cortex,” Neuroimage,  17, 1868–75 (2002).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  3. J. Steinbrink, M. Kohl, H. Obrig, G. Curio, F. Syre, F. Thomas, H. Wabnitz, H. Rinneberg, and A. Villringer. “Somatosensory evoked fast optical intensity changes detected non-invasively in the adult human head.” Neurosci Lett 15, 105–108 (2000).
    [Crossref]
  4. M. Wolf, U. Wolf U, J. H. Choi, V. Toronov, L. A. Paunescu, A. Michalos, and E. Gratton. “Fast cerebral functional signal in the 100-ms range detected in the visual cortex by frequency-domain near-infrared spectrophotometry.” Psychophysiology 40(4), 521–528 (2003).
    [Crossref]
  5. M. A. Franceschini and D. A. Boas. “Noninvasive measurement of neuronal activity with near-infrared optical imaging.” Neuroimage 21(1), 372–386 (2004).
    [Crossref]
  6. I. Tasaki. “Rapid structural changes in nerve fibers and cells associated with their excitation processes,” Jpn J Physiol 49, 125–38 (1999)
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  7. A. Villringer and B. Chance, “Non-invasive optical spectroscopy and imaging of human brain function,” Trends Neurosci 20, 435–42 (1997).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  8. M. Wolf, U. Wolf, V. Toronov, A. Michalos, L. A. Paunescu, J. H. Choi, and E. Gratton, “Different time evolution of oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin concentration changes in the visual and motor cortices during functional stimulation: a near-infrared spectroscopy study,” Neuroimage 16, 704–12 (2002).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  9. J. Ruben, R. Wenzel, H. Obrig, K. Villringer, J. Bernarding, C. Hirth, H. Heekeren, U. Dirnagl, and A. Villringer, “Haemoglobin oxygenation changes during visual stimulation in the occipital cortex,” Adv Exp Med Biol 428, 181–7 (1997).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  10. J. H. Meek, M. Firbank, C. E. Elwell, J. Atkinson, O. Braddick, and J. S. Wyatt, “Regional hemodynamic responses to visual stimulation in awake infants,” Pediatr Res 43, 840–3 (1998).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  11. K. Sakatani, S. Chen, W. Lichty, H. Zuo, and Y. P. Wang, “Cerebral blood oxygenation changes induced by auditory stimulation in newborn infants measured by near infrared spectroscopy,” Early Hum Dev 55, 229–36 (1999).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  12. W. N. Colier, V. Quaresima, R. Wenzel, M. C. van der Sluijs, B. Oeseburg, M. Ferrari, and A. Villringer, “Cortical blood oxygenation changes in the left and right occipital area induced by selective visual stimuli in humans,” Adv Exp Med Biol 471, 35–41 (1999).
    [Crossref]
  13. W. N. Colier, V. Quaresima, B. Oeseburg, and M. Ferrari, “Human motor-cortex oxygenation changes induced by cyclic coupled movements of hand and foot,” Exp Brain Res 129, 457–61 (1999).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  14. M. Bartocci, J. Winberg, C. Ruggiero, L. L. Bergqvist, G. Serra, and H. Lagercrantz, “Activation of olfactory cortex in newborn infants after odor stimulation: a functional near-infrared spectroscopy study,” Pediatr Res 48, 18–23 (2000).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  15. F. F. Jobsis, “Noninvasive, infrared monitoring of cerebral and myocardial oxygen sufficiency and circulatory parameters,” Science 198, 1264–7 (1977).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  16. S. J. Matcher, C. E. Elwell, C. E. Cooper, M. Cope, and D. T. Delpy, “Performance comparison of several published tissue near-infrared spectroscopy algorithms,” Anal Biochem,  227, 54–68 (1995).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  17. S. Wray, M. Cope, D. T. Delpy, J. S. Wyatt, and E. O. Reynolds, “Characterization of the near infrared absorption spectra of cytochrome aa3 and haemoglobin for the non-invasive monitoring of cerebral oxygenation,” Biochim Biophys Acta 933, 184–92 (1988).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  18. W. G. Zijlstra, A. Buursma, and W. P. Meeuwsen-van der Roest, “Absorption spectra of human fetal and adult oxyhemoglobin, de-oxyhemoglobin, carboxyhemoglobin, and methemoglobin,” Clin Chem,  37, 1633–8 (1991).
    [PubMed]
  19. H. Jasper, “Report of Committee on the Methods of Clinical Examination in Electroencephalography,” Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol,  10, 370–375 (1958).
    [Crossref]
  20. P. Zaramella, F. Freato, A. Amigoni, S. Salvadori, P. Marangoni, A. Suppjei, B. Schiavo, and L. Chiandetti, “Brain auditory activation measured by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in neonates,” Pediatr Res 49, 213–9 (2001).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  21. P. Wobst, R. Wenzel, M. Kohl, H. Obrig, and A. Villringer, “Linear aspects of changes in deoxygenated hemoglobin concentration and cytochrome oxidase oxidation during brain activation,” Neuroimage 13, 520–30 (2001).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  22. K. von Siebenthal, J. Beran, M. Wolf, M. Keel, V. Dietz, S. Kundu, and H. U. Bucher, “Cyclical fluctuations in blood pressure, heart rate and cerebral blood volume in preterm infants,” Brain Dev,  21, 529–34 (1999).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  23. H. Obrig, M. Neufang, R. Wenzel, M. Kohl, J. Steinbrink, K. Einhaupl, and A. Villringer, “Spontaneous low frequency oscillations of cerebral hemodynamics and metabolism in human adults,” Neuroimage 12, 623–39 (2000).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  24. H. Obrig, C. Hirth, J. G. Junge-Hulsing, C. Doge, T. Wolf, U. Dirnagl, and A. Villringer, “Cerebral oxygenation changes in response to motor stimulation,” J Appl Physiol 81, 1174–83 (1996).
    [PubMed]
  25. C. Hirth, H. Obrig, K. Villringer, A. Thiel, J. Bernarding, W. Muhlnickel, H. Flor, U. Dirnagl, and A. Villringer, “Non-invasive functional mapping of the human motor cortex using near-infrared spectroscopy,” Neuroreport 7, 1977–81 (1996).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]

2004 (1)

M. A. Franceschini and D. A. Boas. “Noninvasive measurement of neuronal activity with near-infrared optical imaging.” Neuroimage 21(1), 372–386 (2004).
[Crossref]

2003 (1)

M. Wolf, U. Wolf U, J. H. Choi, V. Toronov, L. A. Paunescu, A. Michalos, and E. Gratton. “Fast cerebral functional signal in the 100-ms range detected in the visual cortex by frequency-domain near-infrared spectrophotometry.” Psychophysiology 40(4), 521–528 (2003).
[Crossref]

2002 (2)

M. Wolf, U. Wolf, J. H. Choi, R. Gupta, L. P. Safonova, L. Paunescu, A. Michalos, and E. Gratton, “Functional frequency-domain near-infrared spectroscopy detects fast neuronal signal in motor cortex,” Neuroimage,  17, 1868–75 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Wolf, U. Wolf, V. Toronov, A. Michalos, L. A. Paunescu, J. H. Choi, and E. Gratton, “Different time evolution of oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin concentration changes in the visual and motor cortices during functional stimulation: a near-infrared spectroscopy study,” Neuroimage 16, 704–12 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2001 (2)

P. Zaramella, F. Freato, A. Amigoni, S. Salvadori, P. Marangoni, A. Suppjei, B. Schiavo, and L. Chiandetti, “Brain auditory activation measured by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in neonates,” Pediatr Res 49, 213–9 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

P. Wobst, R. Wenzel, M. Kohl, H. Obrig, and A. Villringer, “Linear aspects of changes in deoxygenated hemoglobin concentration and cytochrome oxidase oxidation during brain activation,” Neuroimage 13, 520–30 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2000 (3)

H. Obrig, M. Neufang, R. Wenzel, M. Kohl, J. Steinbrink, K. Einhaupl, and A. Villringer, “Spontaneous low frequency oscillations of cerebral hemodynamics and metabolism in human adults,” Neuroimage 12, 623–39 (2000).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Steinbrink, M. Kohl, H. Obrig, G. Curio, F. Syre, F. Thomas, H. Wabnitz, H. Rinneberg, and A. Villringer. “Somatosensory evoked fast optical intensity changes detected non-invasively in the adult human head.” Neurosci Lett 15, 105–108 (2000).
[Crossref]

M. Bartocci, J. Winberg, C. Ruggiero, L. L. Bergqvist, G. Serra, and H. Lagercrantz, “Activation of olfactory cortex in newborn infants after odor stimulation: a functional near-infrared spectroscopy study,” Pediatr Res 48, 18–23 (2000).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1999 (5)

K. Sakatani, S. Chen, W. Lichty, H. Zuo, and Y. P. Wang, “Cerebral blood oxygenation changes induced by auditory stimulation in newborn infants measured by near infrared spectroscopy,” Early Hum Dev 55, 229–36 (1999).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

W. N. Colier, V. Quaresima, R. Wenzel, M. C. van der Sluijs, B. Oeseburg, M. Ferrari, and A. Villringer, “Cortical blood oxygenation changes in the left and right occipital area induced by selective visual stimuli in humans,” Adv Exp Med Biol 471, 35–41 (1999).
[Crossref]

W. N. Colier, V. Quaresima, B. Oeseburg, and M. Ferrari, “Human motor-cortex oxygenation changes induced by cyclic coupled movements of hand and foot,” Exp Brain Res 129, 457–61 (1999).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

I. Tasaki. “Rapid structural changes in nerve fibers and cells associated with their excitation processes,” Jpn J Physiol 49, 125–38 (1999)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

K. von Siebenthal, J. Beran, M. Wolf, M. Keel, V. Dietz, S. Kundu, and H. U. Bucher, “Cyclical fluctuations in blood pressure, heart rate and cerebral blood volume in preterm infants,” Brain Dev,  21, 529–34 (1999).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1998 (1)

J. H. Meek, M. Firbank, C. E. Elwell, J. Atkinson, O. Braddick, and J. S. Wyatt, “Regional hemodynamic responses to visual stimulation in awake infants,” Pediatr Res 43, 840–3 (1998).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1997 (3)

A. Villringer and B. Chance, “Non-invasive optical spectroscopy and imaging of human brain function,” Trends Neurosci 20, 435–42 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Ruben, R. Wenzel, H. Obrig, K. Villringer, J. Bernarding, C. Hirth, H. Heekeren, U. Dirnagl, and A. Villringer, “Haemoglobin oxygenation changes during visual stimulation in the occipital cortex,” Adv Exp Med Biol 428, 181–7 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

G. Gratton, M. Fabiani, P. M. Corballis, D. C. Hood, M. R. Goodman-Wood, J. Hirsch, K. Kim, D. Friedman, and E. Gratton, “Fast and localized event-related optical signals (EROS) in the human occipital cortex: comparisons with the visual evoked potential and fMRI,” Neuroimage 6, 168–80 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1996 (2)

H. Obrig, C. Hirth, J. G. Junge-Hulsing, C. Doge, T. Wolf, U. Dirnagl, and A. Villringer, “Cerebral oxygenation changes in response to motor stimulation,” J Appl Physiol 81, 1174–83 (1996).
[PubMed]

C. Hirth, H. Obrig, K. Villringer, A. Thiel, J. Bernarding, W. Muhlnickel, H. Flor, U. Dirnagl, and A. Villringer, “Non-invasive functional mapping of the human motor cortex using near-infrared spectroscopy,” Neuroreport 7, 1977–81 (1996).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1995 (1)

S. J. Matcher, C. E. Elwell, C. E. Cooper, M. Cope, and D. T. Delpy, “Performance comparison of several published tissue near-infrared spectroscopy algorithms,” Anal Biochem,  227, 54–68 (1995).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1991 (1)

W. G. Zijlstra, A. Buursma, and W. P. Meeuwsen-van der Roest, “Absorption spectra of human fetal and adult oxyhemoglobin, de-oxyhemoglobin, carboxyhemoglobin, and methemoglobin,” Clin Chem,  37, 1633–8 (1991).
[PubMed]

1988 (1)

S. Wray, M. Cope, D. T. Delpy, J. S. Wyatt, and E. O. Reynolds, “Characterization of the near infrared absorption spectra of cytochrome aa3 and haemoglobin for the non-invasive monitoring of cerebral oxygenation,” Biochim Biophys Acta 933, 184–92 (1988).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1977 (1)

F. F. Jobsis, “Noninvasive, infrared monitoring of cerebral and myocardial oxygen sufficiency and circulatory parameters,” Science 198, 1264–7 (1977).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1958 (1)

H. Jasper, “Report of Committee on the Methods of Clinical Examination in Electroencephalography,” Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol,  10, 370–375 (1958).
[Crossref]

Amigoni, A.

P. Zaramella, F. Freato, A. Amigoni, S. Salvadori, P. Marangoni, A. Suppjei, B. Schiavo, and L. Chiandetti, “Brain auditory activation measured by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in neonates,” Pediatr Res 49, 213–9 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Atkinson, J.

J. H. Meek, M. Firbank, C. E. Elwell, J. Atkinson, O. Braddick, and J. S. Wyatt, “Regional hemodynamic responses to visual stimulation in awake infants,” Pediatr Res 43, 840–3 (1998).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Bartocci, M.

M. Bartocci, J. Winberg, C. Ruggiero, L. L. Bergqvist, G. Serra, and H. Lagercrantz, “Activation of olfactory cortex in newborn infants after odor stimulation: a functional near-infrared spectroscopy study,” Pediatr Res 48, 18–23 (2000).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Beran, J.

K. von Siebenthal, J. Beran, M. Wolf, M. Keel, V. Dietz, S. Kundu, and H. U. Bucher, “Cyclical fluctuations in blood pressure, heart rate and cerebral blood volume in preterm infants,” Brain Dev,  21, 529–34 (1999).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Bergqvist, L. L.

M. Bartocci, J. Winberg, C. Ruggiero, L. L. Bergqvist, G. Serra, and H. Lagercrantz, “Activation of olfactory cortex in newborn infants after odor stimulation: a functional near-infrared spectroscopy study,” Pediatr Res 48, 18–23 (2000).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Bernarding, J.

J. Ruben, R. Wenzel, H. Obrig, K. Villringer, J. Bernarding, C. Hirth, H. Heekeren, U. Dirnagl, and A. Villringer, “Haemoglobin oxygenation changes during visual stimulation in the occipital cortex,” Adv Exp Med Biol 428, 181–7 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

C. Hirth, H. Obrig, K. Villringer, A. Thiel, J. Bernarding, W. Muhlnickel, H. Flor, U. Dirnagl, and A. Villringer, “Non-invasive functional mapping of the human motor cortex using near-infrared spectroscopy,” Neuroreport 7, 1977–81 (1996).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Boas, D. A.

M. A. Franceschini and D. A. Boas. “Noninvasive measurement of neuronal activity with near-infrared optical imaging.” Neuroimage 21(1), 372–386 (2004).
[Crossref]

Braddick, O.

J. H. Meek, M. Firbank, C. E. Elwell, J. Atkinson, O. Braddick, and J. S. Wyatt, “Regional hemodynamic responses to visual stimulation in awake infants,” Pediatr Res 43, 840–3 (1998).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Bucher, H. U.

K. von Siebenthal, J. Beran, M. Wolf, M. Keel, V. Dietz, S. Kundu, and H. U. Bucher, “Cyclical fluctuations in blood pressure, heart rate and cerebral blood volume in preterm infants,” Brain Dev,  21, 529–34 (1999).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Buursma, A.

W. G. Zijlstra, A. Buursma, and W. P. Meeuwsen-van der Roest, “Absorption spectra of human fetal and adult oxyhemoglobin, de-oxyhemoglobin, carboxyhemoglobin, and methemoglobin,” Clin Chem,  37, 1633–8 (1991).
[PubMed]

Chance, B.

A. Villringer and B. Chance, “Non-invasive optical spectroscopy and imaging of human brain function,” Trends Neurosci 20, 435–42 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Chen, S.

K. Sakatani, S. Chen, W. Lichty, H. Zuo, and Y. P. Wang, “Cerebral blood oxygenation changes induced by auditory stimulation in newborn infants measured by near infrared spectroscopy,” Early Hum Dev 55, 229–36 (1999).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Chiandetti, L.

P. Zaramella, F. Freato, A. Amigoni, S. Salvadori, P. Marangoni, A. Suppjei, B. Schiavo, and L. Chiandetti, “Brain auditory activation measured by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in neonates,” Pediatr Res 49, 213–9 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Choi, J. H.

M. Wolf, U. Wolf U, J. H. Choi, V. Toronov, L. A. Paunescu, A. Michalos, and E. Gratton. “Fast cerebral functional signal in the 100-ms range detected in the visual cortex by frequency-domain near-infrared spectrophotometry.” Psychophysiology 40(4), 521–528 (2003).
[Crossref]

M. Wolf, U. Wolf, J. H. Choi, R. Gupta, L. P. Safonova, L. Paunescu, A. Michalos, and E. Gratton, “Functional frequency-domain near-infrared spectroscopy detects fast neuronal signal in motor cortex,” Neuroimage,  17, 1868–75 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Wolf, U. Wolf, V. Toronov, A. Michalos, L. A. Paunescu, J. H. Choi, and E. Gratton, “Different time evolution of oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin concentration changes in the visual and motor cortices during functional stimulation: a near-infrared spectroscopy study,” Neuroimage 16, 704–12 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Colier, W. N.

W. N. Colier, V. Quaresima, R. Wenzel, M. C. van der Sluijs, B. Oeseburg, M. Ferrari, and A. Villringer, “Cortical blood oxygenation changes in the left and right occipital area induced by selective visual stimuli in humans,” Adv Exp Med Biol 471, 35–41 (1999).
[Crossref]

W. N. Colier, V. Quaresima, B. Oeseburg, and M. Ferrari, “Human motor-cortex oxygenation changes induced by cyclic coupled movements of hand and foot,” Exp Brain Res 129, 457–61 (1999).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Cooper, C. E.

S. J. Matcher, C. E. Elwell, C. E. Cooper, M. Cope, and D. T. Delpy, “Performance comparison of several published tissue near-infrared spectroscopy algorithms,” Anal Biochem,  227, 54–68 (1995).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Cope, M.

S. J. Matcher, C. E. Elwell, C. E. Cooper, M. Cope, and D. T. Delpy, “Performance comparison of several published tissue near-infrared spectroscopy algorithms,” Anal Biochem,  227, 54–68 (1995).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. Wray, M. Cope, D. T. Delpy, J. S. Wyatt, and E. O. Reynolds, “Characterization of the near infrared absorption spectra of cytochrome aa3 and haemoglobin for the non-invasive monitoring of cerebral oxygenation,” Biochim Biophys Acta 933, 184–92 (1988).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Corballis, P. M.

G. Gratton, M. Fabiani, P. M. Corballis, D. C. Hood, M. R. Goodman-Wood, J. Hirsch, K. Kim, D. Friedman, and E. Gratton, “Fast and localized event-related optical signals (EROS) in the human occipital cortex: comparisons with the visual evoked potential and fMRI,” Neuroimage 6, 168–80 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Curio, G.

J. Steinbrink, M. Kohl, H. Obrig, G. Curio, F. Syre, F. Thomas, H. Wabnitz, H. Rinneberg, and A. Villringer. “Somatosensory evoked fast optical intensity changes detected non-invasively in the adult human head.” Neurosci Lett 15, 105–108 (2000).
[Crossref]

Delpy, D. T.

S. J. Matcher, C. E. Elwell, C. E. Cooper, M. Cope, and D. T. Delpy, “Performance comparison of several published tissue near-infrared spectroscopy algorithms,” Anal Biochem,  227, 54–68 (1995).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. Wray, M. Cope, D. T. Delpy, J. S. Wyatt, and E. O. Reynolds, “Characterization of the near infrared absorption spectra of cytochrome aa3 and haemoglobin for the non-invasive monitoring of cerebral oxygenation,” Biochim Biophys Acta 933, 184–92 (1988).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Dietz, V.

K. von Siebenthal, J. Beran, M. Wolf, M. Keel, V. Dietz, S. Kundu, and H. U. Bucher, “Cyclical fluctuations in blood pressure, heart rate and cerebral blood volume in preterm infants,” Brain Dev,  21, 529–34 (1999).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Dirnagl, U.

J. Ruben, R. Wenzel, H. Obrig, K. Villringer, J. Bernarding, C. Hirth, H. Heekeren, U. Dirnagl, and A. Villringer, “Haemoglobin oxygenation changes during visual stimulation in the occipital cortex,” Adv Exp Med Biol 428, 181–7 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. Obrig, C. Hirth, J. G. Junge-Hulsing, C. Doge, T. Wolf, U. Dirnagl, and A. Villringer, “Cerebral oxygenation changes in response to motor stimulation,” J Appl Physiol 81, 1174–83 (1996).
[PubMed]

C. Hirth, H. Obrig, K. Villringer, A. Thiel, J. Bernarding, W. Muhlnickel, H. Flor, U. Dirnagl, and A. Villringer, “Non-invasive functional mapping of the human motor cortex using near-infrared spectroscopy,” Neuroreport 7, 1977–81 (1996).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Doge, C.

H. Obrig, C. Hirth, J. G. Junge-Hulsing, C. Doge, T. Wolf, U. Dirnagl, and A. Villringer, “Cerebral oxygenation changes in response to motor stimulation,” J Appl Physiol 81, 1174–83 (1996).
[PubMed]

Einhaupl, K.

H. Obrig, M. Neufang, R. Wenzel, M. Kohl, J. Steinbrink, K. Einhaupl, and A. Villringer, “Spontaneous low frequency oscillations of cerebral hemodynamics and metabolism in human adults,” Neuroimage 12, 623–39 (2000).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Elwell, C. E.

J. H. Meek, M. Firbank, C. E. Elwell, J. Atkinson, O. Braddick, and J. S. Wyatt, “Regional hemodynamic responses to visual stimulation in awake infants,” Pediatr Res 43, 840–3 (1998).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. J. Matcher, C. E. Elwell, C. E. Cooper, M. Cope, and D. T. Delpy, “Performance comparison of several published tissue near-infrared spectroscopy algorithms,” Anal Biochem,  227, 54–68 (1995).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Fabiani, M.

G. Gratton, M. Fabiani, P. M. Corballis, D. C. Hood, M. R. Goodman-Wood, J. Hirsch, K. Kim, D. Friedman, and E. Gratton, “Fast and localized event-related optical signals (EROS) in the human occipital cortex: comparisons with the visual evoked potential and fMRI,” Neuroimage 6, 168–80 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Ferrari, M.

W. N. Colier, V. Quaresima, R. Wenzel, M. C. van der Sluijs, B. Oeseburg, M. Ferrari, and A. Villringer, “Cortical blood oxygenation changes in the left and right occipital area induced by selective visual stimuli in humans,” Adv Exp Med Biol 471, 35–41 (1999).
[Crossref]

W. N. Colier, V. Quaresima, B. Oeseburg, and M. Ferrari, “Human motor-cortex oxygenation changes induced by cyclic coupled movements of hand and foot,” Exp Brain Res 129, 457–61 (1999).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Firbank, M.

J. H. Meek, M. Firbank, C. E. Elwell, J. Atkinson, O. Braddick, and J. S. Wyatt, “Regional hemodynamic responses to visual stimulation in awake infants,” Pediatr Res 43, 840–3 (1998).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Flor, H.

C. Hirth, H. Obrig, K. Villringer, A. Thiel, J. Bernarding, W. Muhlnickel, H. Flor, U. Dirnagl, and A. Villringer, “Non-invasive functional mapping of the human motor cortex using near-infrared spectroscopy,” Neuroreport 7, 1977–81 (1996).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Franceschini, M. A.

M. A. Franceschini and D. A. Boas. “Noninvasive measurement of neuronal activity with near-infrared optical imaging.” Neuroimage 21(1), 372–386 (2004).
[Crossref]

Freato, F.

P. Zaramella, F. Freato, A. Amigoni, S. Salvadori, P. Marangoni, A. Suppjei, B. Schiavo, and L. Chiandetti, “Brain auditory activation measured by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in neonates,” Pediatr Res 49, 213–9 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Friedman, D.

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G. Gratton, M. Fabiani, P. M. Corballis, D. C. Hood, M. R. Goodman-Wood, J. Hirsch, K. Kim, D. Friedman, and E. Gratton, “Fast and localized event-related optical signals (EROS) in the human occipital cortex: comparisons with the visual evoked potential and fMRI,” Neuroimage 6, 168–80 (1997).
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M. Wolf, U. Wolf U, J. H. Choi, V. Toronov, L. A. Paunescu, A. Michalos, and E. Gratton. “Fast cerebral functional signal in the 100-ms range detected in the visual cortex by frequency-domain near-infrared spectrophotometry.” Psychophysiology 40(4), 521–528 (2003).
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M. Wolf, U. Wolf, J. H. Choi, R. Gupta, L. P. Safonova, L. Paunescu, A. Michalos, and E. Gratton, “Functional frequency-domain near-infrared spectroscopy detects fast neuronal signal in motor cortex,” Neuroimage,  17, 1868–75 (2002).
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M. Wolf, U. Wolf, V. Toronov, A. Michalos, L. A. Paunescu, J. H. Choi, and E. Gratton, “Different time evolution of oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin concentration changes in the visual and motor cortices during functional stimulation: a near-infrared spectroscopy study,” Neuroimage 16, 704–12 (2002).
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G. Gratton, M. Fabiani, P. M. Corballis, D. C. Hood, M. R. Goodman-Wood, J. Hirsch, K. Kim, D. Friedman, and E. Gratton, “Fast and localized event-related optical signals (EROS) in the human occipital cortex: comparisons with the visual evoked potential and fMRI,” Neuroimage 6, 168–80 (1997).
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G. Gratton, M. Fabiani, P. M. Corballis, D. C. Hood, M. R. Goodman-Wood, J. Hirsch, K. Kim, D. Friedman, and E. Gratton, “Fast and localized event-related optical signals (EROS) in the human occipital cortex: comparisons with the visual evoked potential and fMRI,” Neuroimage 6, 168–80 (1997).
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M. Wolf, U. Wolf, J. H. Choi, R. Gupta, L. P. Safonova, L. Paunescu, A. Michalos, and E. Gratton, “Functional frequency-domain near-infrared spectroscopy detects fast neuronal signal in motor cortex,” Neuroimage,  17, 1868–75 (2002).
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J. Ruben, R. Wenzel, H. Obrig, K. Villringer, J. Bernarding, C. Hirth, H. Heekeren, U. Dirnagl, and A. Villringer, “Haemoglobin oxygenation changes during visual stimulation in the occipital cortex,” Adv Exp Med Biol 428, 181–7 (1997).
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G. Gratton, M. Fabiani, P. M. Corballis, D. C. Hood, M. R. Goodman-Wood, J. Hirsch, K. Kim, D. Friedman, and E. Gratton, “Fast and localized event-related optical signals (EROS) in the human occipital cortex: comparisons with the visual evoked potential and fMRI,” Neuroimage 6, 168–80 (1997).
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J. Ruben, R. Wenzel, H. Obrig, K. Villringer, J. Bernarding, C. Hirth, H. Heekeren, U. Dirnagl, and A. Villringer, “Haemoglobin oxygenation changes during visual stimulation in the occipital cortex,” Adv Exp Med Biol 428, 181–7 (1997).
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H. Obrig, C. Hirth, J. G. Junge-Hulsing, C. Doge, T. Wolf, U. Dirnagl, and A. Villringer, “Cerebral oxygenation changes in response to motor stimulation,” J Appl Physiol 81, 1174–83 (1996).
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G. Gratton, M. Fabiani, P. M. Corballis, D. C. Hood, M. R. Goodman-Wood, J. Hirsch, K. Kim, D. Friedman, and E. Gratton, “Fast and localized event-related optical signals (EROS) in the human occipital cortex: comparisons with the visual evoked potential and fMRI,” Neuroimage 6, 168–80 (1997).
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H. Obrig, C. Hirth, J. G. Junge-Hulsing, C. Doge, T. Wolf, U. Dirnagl, and A. Villringer, “Cerebral oxygenation changes in response to motor stimulation,” J Appl Physiol 81, 1174–83 (1996).
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K. von Siebenthal, J. Beran, M. Wolf, M. Keel, V. Dietz, S. Kundu, and H. U. Bucher, “Cyclical fluctuations in blood pressure, heart rate and cerebral blood volume in preterm infants,” Brain Dev,  21, 529–34 (1999).
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G. Gratton, M. Fabiani, P. M. Corballis, D. C. Hood, M. R. Goodman-Wood, J. Hirsch, K. Kim, D. Friedman, and E. Gratton, “Fast and localized event-related optical signals (EROS) in the human occipital cortex: comparisons with the visual evoked potential and fMRI,” Neuroimage 6, 168–80 (1997).
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P. Wobst, R. Wenzel, M. Kohl, H. Obrig, and A. Villringer, “Linear aspects of changes in deoxygenated hemoglobin concentration and cytochrome oxidase oxidation during brain activation,” Neuroimage 13, 520–30 (2001).
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H. Obrig, M. Neufang, R. Wenzel, M. Kohl, J. Steinbrink, K. Einhaupl, and A. Villringer, “Spontaneous low frequency oscillations of cerebral hemodynamics and metabolism in human adults,” Neuroimage 12, 623–39 (2000).
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J. Steinbrink, M. Kohl, H. Obrig, G. Curio, F. Syre, F. Thomas, H. Wabnitz, H. Rinneberg, and A. Villringer. “Somatosensory evoked fast optical intensity changes detected non-invasively in the adult human head.” Neurosci Lett 15, 105–108 (2000).
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K. von Siebenthal, J. Beran, M. Wolf, M. Keel, V. Dietz, S. Kundu, and H. U. Bucher, “Cyclical fluctuations in blood pressure, heart rate and cerebral blood volume in preterm infants,” Brain Dev,  21, 529–34 (1999).
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K. Sakatani, S. Chen, W. Lichty, H. Zuo, and Y. P. Wang, “Cerebral blood oxygenation changes induced by auditory stimulation in newborn infants measured by near infrared spectroscopy,” Early Hum Dev 55, 229–36 (1999).
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M. Wolf, U. Wolf U, J. H. Choi, V. Toronov, L. A. Paunescu, A. Michalos, and E. Gratton. “Fast cerebral functional signal in the 100-ms range detected in the visual cortex by frequency-domain near-infrared spectrophotometry.” Psychophysiology 40(4), 521–528 (2003).
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M. Wolf, U. Wolf, J. H. Choi, R. Gupta, L. P. Safonova, L. Paunescu, A. Michalos, and E. Gratton, “Functional frequency-domain near-infrared spectroscopy detects fast neuronal signal in motor cortex,” Neuroimage,  17, 1868–75 (2002).
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M. Wolf, U. Wolf, V. Toronov, A. Michalos, L. A. Paunescu, J. H. Choi, and E. Gratton, “Different time evolution of oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin concentration changes in the visual and motor cortices during functional stimulation: a near-infrared spectroscopy study,” Neuroimage 16, 704–12 (2002).
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Muhlnickel, W.

C. Hirth, H. Obrig, K. Villringer, A. Thiel, J. Bernarding, W. Muhlnickel, H. Flor, U. Dirnagl, and A. Villringer, “Non-invasive functional mapping of the human motor cortex using near-infrared spectroscopy,” Neuroreport 7, 1977–81 (1996).
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H. Obrig, M. Neufang, R. Wenzel, M. Kohl, J. Steinbrink, K. Einhaupl, and A. Villringer, “Spontaneous low frequency oscillations of cerebral hemodynamics and metabolism in human adults,” Neuroimage 12, 623–39 (2000).
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Obrig, H.

P. Wobst, R. Wenzel, M. Kohl, H. Obrig, and A. Villringer, “Linear aspects of changes in deoxygenated hemoglobin concentration and cytochrome oxidase oxidation during brain activation,” Neuroimage 13, 520–30 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. Obrig, M. Neufang, R. Wenzel, M. Kohl, J. Steinbrink, K. Einhaupl, and A. Villringer, “Spontaneous low frequency oscillations of cerebral hemodynamics and metabolism in human adults,” Neuroimage 12, 623–39 (2000).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Steinbrink, M. Kohl, H. Obrig, G. Curio, F. Syre, F. Thomas, H. Wabnitz, H. Rinneberg, and A. Villringer. “Somatosensory evoked fast optical intensity changes detected non-invasively in the adult human head.” Neurosci Lett 15, 105–108 (2000).
[Crossref]

J. Ruben, R. Wenzel, H. Obrig, K. Villringer, J. Bernarding, C. Hirth, H. Heekeren, U. Dirnagl, and A. Villringer, “Haemoglobin oxygenation changes during visual stimulation in the occipital cortex,” Adv Exp Med Biol 428, 181–7 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. Obrig, C. Hirth, J. G. Junge-Hulsing, C. Doge, T. Wolf, U. Dirnagl, and A. Villringer, “Cerebral oxygenation changes in response to motor stimulation,” J Appl Physiol 81, 1174–83 (1996).
[PubMed]

C. Hirth, H. Obrig, K. Villringer, A. Thiel, J. Bernarding, W. Muhlnickel, H. Flor, U. Dirnagl, and A. Villringer, “Non-invasive functional mapping of the human motor cortex using near-infrared spectroscopy,” Neuroreport 7, 1977–81 (1996).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Oeseburg, B.

W. N. Colier, V. Quaresima, R. Wenzel, M. C. van der Sluijs, B. Oeseburg, M. Ferrari, and A. Villringer, “Cortical blood oxygenation changes in the left and right occipital area induced by selective visual stimuli in humans,” Adv Exp Med Biol 471, 35–41 (1999).
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W. N. Colier, V. Quaresima, B. Oeseburg, and M. Ferrari, “Human motor-cortex oxygenation changes induced by cyclic coupled movements of hand and foot,” Exp Brain Res 129, 457–61 (1999).
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M. Wolf, U. Wolf, J. H. Choi, R. Gupta, L. P. Safonova, L. Paunescu, A. Michalos, and E. Gratton, “Functional frequency-domain near-infrared spectroscopy detects fast neuronal signal in motor cortex,” Neuroimage,  17, 1868–75 (2002).
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Paunescu, L. A.

M. Wolf, U. Wolf U, J. H. Choi, V. Toronov, L. A. Paunescu, A. Michalos, and E. Gratton. “Fast cerebral functional signal in the 100-ms range detected in the visual cortex by frequency-domain near-infrared spectrophotometry.” Psychophysiology 40(4), 521–528 (2003).
[Crossref]

M. Wolf, U. Wolf, V. Toronov, A. Michalos, L. A. Paunescu, J. H. Choi, and E. Gratton, “Different time evolution of oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin concentration changes in the visual and motor cortices during functional stimulation: a near-infrared spectroscopy study,” Neuroimage 16, 704–12 (2002).
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W. N. Colier, V. Quaresima, R. Wenzel, M. C. van der Sluijs, B. Oeseburg, M. Ferrari, and A. Villringer, “Cortical blood oxygenation changes in the left and right occipital area induced by selective visual stimuli in humans,” Adv Exp Med Biol 471, 35–41 (1999).
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W. N. Colier, V. Quaresima, B. Oeseburg, and M. Ferrari, “Human motor-cortex oxygenation changes induced by cyclic coupled movements of hand and foot,” Exp Brain Res 129, 457–61 (1999).
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J. Steinbrink, M. Kohl, H. Obrig, G. Curio, F. Syre, F. Thomas, H. Wabnitz, H. Rinneberg, and A. Villringer. “Somatosensory evoked fast optical intensity changes detected non-invasively in the adult human head.” Neurosci Lett 15, 105–108 (2000).
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Ruben, J.

J. Ruben, R. Wenzel, H. Obrig, K. Villringer, J. Bernarding, C. Hirth, H. Heekeren, U. Dirnagl, and A. Villringer, “Haemoglobin oxygenation changes during visual stimulation in the occipital cortex,” Adv Exp Med Biol 428, 181–7 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Ruggiero, C.

M. Bartocci, J. Winberg, C. Ruggiero, L. L. Bergqvist, G. Serra, and H. Lagercrantz, “Activation of olfactory cortex in newborn infants after odor stimulation: a functional near-infrared spectroscopy study,” Pediatr Res 48, 18–23 (2000).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Safonova, L. P.

M. Wolf, U. Wolf, J. H. Choi, R. Gupta, L. P. Safonova, L. Paunescu, A. Michalos, and E. Gratton, “Functional frequency-domain near-infrared spectroscopy detects fast neuronal signal in motor cortex,” Neuroimage,  17, 1868–75 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Sakatani, K.

K. Sakatani, S. Chen, W. Lichty, H. Zuo, and Y. P. Wang, “Cerebral blood oxygenation changes induced by auditory stimulation in newborn infants measured by near infrared spectroscopy,” Early Hum Dev 55, 229–36 (1999).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Salvadori, S.

P. Zaramella, F. Freato, A. Amigoni, S. Salvadori, P. Marangoni, A. Suppjei, B. Schiavo, and L. Chiandetti, “Brain auditory activation measured by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in neonates,” Pediatr Res 49, 213–9 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Schiavo, B.

P. Zaramella, F. Freato, A. Amigoni, S. Salvadori, P. Marangoni, A. Suppjei, B. Schiavo, and L. Chiandetti, “Brain auditory activation measured by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in neonates,” Pediatr Res 49, 213–9 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Serra, G.

M. Bartocci, J. Winberg, C. Ruggiero, L. L. Bergqvist, G. Serra, and H. Lagercrantz, “Activation of olfactory cortex in newborn infants after odor stimulation: a functional near-infrared spectroscopy study,” Pediatr Res 48, 18–23 (2000).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Steinbrink, J.

H. Obrig, M. Neufang, R. Wenzel, M. Kohl, J. Steinbrink, K. Einhaupl, and A. Villringer, “Spontaneous low frequency oscillations of cerebral hemodynamics and metabolism in human adults,” Neuroimage 12, 623–39 (2000).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Steinbrink, M. Kohl, H. Obrig, G. Curio, F. Syre, F. Thomas, H. Wabnitz, H. Rinneberg, and A. Villringer. “Somatosensory evoked fast optical intensity changes detected non-invasively in the adult human head.” Neurosci Lett 15, 105–108 (2000).
[Crossref]

Suppjei, A.

P. Zaramella, F. Freato, A. Amigoni, S. Salvadori, P. Marangoni, A. Suppjei, B. Schiavo, and L. Chiandetti, “Brain auditory activation measured by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in neonates,” Pediatr Res 49, 213–9 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Syre, F.

J. Steinbrink, M. Kohl, H. Obrig, G. Curio, F. Syre, F. Thomas, H. Wabnitz, H. Rinneberg, and A. Villringer. “Somatosensory evoked fast optical intensity changes detected non-invasively in the adult human head.” Neurosci Lett 15, 105–108 (2000).
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I. Tasaki. “Rapid structural changes in nerve fibers and cells associated with their excitation processes,” Jpn J Physiol 49, 125–38 (1999)
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C. Hirth, H. Obrig, K. Villringer, A. Thiel, J. Bernarding, W. Muhlnickel, H. Flor, U. Dirnagl, and A. Villringer, “Non-invasive functional mapping of the human motor cortex using near-infrared spectroscopy,” Neuroreport 7, 1977–81 (1996).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Thomas, F.

J. Steinbrink, M. Kohl, H. Obrig, G. Curio, F. Syre, F. Thomas, H. Wabnitz, H. Rinneberg, and A. Villringer. “Somatosensory evoked fast optical intensity changes detected non-invasively in the adult human head.” Neurosci Lett 15, 105–108 (2000).
[Crossref]

Toronov, V.

M. Wolf, U. Wolf U, J. H. Choi, V. Toronov, L. A. Paunescu, A. Michalos, and E. Gratton. “Fast cerebral functional signal in the 100-ms range detected in the visual cortex by frequency-domain near-infrared spectrophotometry.” Psychophysiology 40(4), 521–528 (2003).
[Crossref]

M. Wolf, U. Wolf, V. Toronov, A. Michalos, L. A. Paunescu, J. H. Choi, and E. Gratton, “Different time evolution of oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin concentration changes in the visual and motor cortices during functional stimulation: a near-infrared spectroscopy study,” Neuroimage 16, 704–12 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

van der Sluijs, M. C.

W. N. Colier, V. Quaresima, R. Wenzel, M. C. van der Sluijs, B. Oeseburg, M. Ferrari, and A. Villringer, “Cortical blood oxygenation changes in the left and right occipital area induced by selective visual stimuli in humans,” Adv Exp Med Biol 471, 35–41 (1999).
[Crossref]

Villringer, A.

P. Wobst, R. Wenzel, M. Kohl, H. Obrig, and A. Villringer, “Linear aspects of changes in deoxygenated hemoglobin concentration and cytochrome oxidase oxidation during brain activation,” Neuroimage 13, 520–30 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. Obrig, M. Neufang, R. Wenzel, M. Kohl, J. Steinbrink, K. Einhaupl, and A. Villringer, “Spontaneous low frequency oscillations of cerebral hemodynamics and metabolism in human adults,” Neuroimage 12, 623–39 (2000).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Steinbrink, M. Kohl, H. Obrig, G. Curio, F. Syre, F. Thomas, H. Wabnitz, H. Rinneberg, and A. Villringer. “Somatosensory evoked fast optical intensity changes detected non-invasively in the adult human head.” Neurosci Lett 15, 105–108 (2000).
[Crossref]

W. N. Colier, V. Quaresima, R. Wenzel, M. C. van der Sluijs, B. Oeseburg, M. Ferrari, and A. Villringer, “Cortical blood oxygenation changes in the left and right occipital area induced by selective visual stimuli in humans,” Adv Exp Med Biol 471, 35–41 (1999).
[Crossref]

J. Ruben, R. Wenzel, H. Obrig, K. Villringer, J. Bernarding, C. Hirth, H. Heekeren, U. Dirnagl, and A. Villringer, “Haemoglobin oxygenation changes during visual stimulation in the occipital cortex,” Adv Exp Med Biol 428, 181–7 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Villringer and B. Chance, “Non-invasive optical spectroscopy and imaging of human brain function,” Trends Neurosci 20, 435–42 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. Obrig, C. Hirth, J. G. Junge-Hulsing, C. Doge, T. Wolf, U. Dirnagl, and A. Villringer, “Cerebral oxygenation changes in response to motor stimulation,” J Appl Physiol 81, 1174–83 (1996).
[PubMed]

C. Hirth, H. Obrig, K. Villringer, A. Thiel, J. Bernarding, W. Muhlnickel, H. Flor, U. Dirnagl, and A. Villringer, “Non-invasive functional mapping of the human motor cortex using near-infrared spectroscopy,” Neuroreport 7, 1977–81 (1996).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Villringer, K.

J. Ruben, R. Wenzel, H. Obrig, K. Villringer, J. Bernarding, C. Hirth, H. Heekeren, U. Dirnagl, and A. Villringer, “Haemoglobin oxygenation changes during visual stimulation in the occipital cortex,” Adv Exp Med Biol 428, 181–7 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

C. Hirth, H. Obrig, K. Villringer, A. Thiel, J. Bernarding, W. Muhlnickel, H. Flor, U. Dirnagl, and A. Villringer, “Non-invasive functional mapping of the human motor cortex using near-infrared spectroscopy,” Neuroreport 7, 1977–81 (1996).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

von Siebenthal, K.

K. von Siebenthal, J. Beran, M. Wolf, M. Keel, V. Dietz, S. Kundu, and H. U. Bucher, “Cyclical fluctuations in blood pressure, heart rate and cerebral blood volume in preterm infants,” Brain Dev,  21, 529–34 (1999).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Wabnitz, H.

J. Steinbrink, M. Kohl, H. Obrig, G. Curio, F. Syre, F. Thomas, H. Wabnitz, H. Rinneberg, and A. Villringer. “Somatosensory evoked fast optical intensity changes detected non-invasively in the adult human head.” Neurosci Lett 15, 105–108 (2000).
[Crossref]

Wang, Y. P.

K. Sakatani, S. Chen, W. Lichty, H. Zuo, and Y. P. Wang, “Cerebral blood oxygenation changes induced by auditory stimulation in newborn infants measured by near infrared spectroscopy,” Early Hum Dev 55, 229–36 (1999).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Wenzel, R.

P. Wobst, R. Wenzel, M. Kohl, H. Obrig, and A. Villringer, “Linear aspects of changes in deoxygenated hemoglobin concentration and cytochrome oxidase oxidation during brain activation,” Neuroimage 13, 520–30 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. Obrig, M. Neufang, R. Wenzel, M. Kohl, J. Steinbrink, K. Einhaupl, and A. Villringer, “Spontaneous low frequency oscillations of cerebral hemodynamics and metabolism in human adults,” Neuroimage 12, 623–39 (2000).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

W. N. Colier, V. Quaresima, R. Wenzel, M. C. van der Sluijs, B. Oeseburg, M. Ferrari, and A. Villringer, “Cortical blood oxygenation changes in the left and right occipital area induced by selective visual stimuli in humans,” Adv Exp Med Biol 471, 35–41 (1999).
[Crossref]

J. Ruben, R. Wenzel, H. Obrig, K. Villringer, J. Bernarding, C. Hirth, H. Heekeren, U. Dirnagl, and A. Villringer, “Haemoglobin oxygenation changes during visual stimulation in the occipital cortex,” Adv Exp Med Biol 428, 181–7 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Winberg, J.

M. Bartocci, J. Winberg, C. Ruggiero, L. L. Bergqvist, G. Serra, and H. Lagercrantz, “Activation of olfactory cortex in newborn infants after odor stimulation: a functional near-infrared spectroscopy study,” Pediatr Res 48, 18–23 (2000).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Wobst, P.

P. Wobst, R. Wenzel, M. Kohl, H. Obrig, and A. Villringer, “Linear aspects of changes in deoxygenated hemoglobin concentration and cytochrome oxidase oxidation during brain activation,” Neuroimage 13, 520–30 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Wolf, M.

M. Wolf, U. Wolf U, J. H. Choi, V. Toronov, L. A. Paunescu, A. Michalos, and E. Gratton. “Fast cerebral functional signal in the 100-ms range detected in the visual cortex by frequency-domain near-infrared spectrophotometry.” Psychophysiology 40(4), 521–528 (2003).
[Crossref]

M. Wolf, U. Wolf, J. H. Choi, R. Gupta, L. P. Safonova, L. Paunescu, A. Michalos, and E. Gratton, “Functional frequency-domain near-infrared spectroscopy detects fast neuronal signal in motor cortex,” Neuroimage,  17, 1868–75 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Wolf, U. Wolf, V. Toronov, A. Michalos, L. A. Paunescu, J. H. Choi, and E. Gratton, “Different time evolution of oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin concentration changes in the visual and motor cortices during functional stimulation: a near-infrared spectroscopy study,” Neuroimage 16, 704–12 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

K. von Siebenthal, J. Beran, M. Wolf, M. Keel, V. Dietz, S. Kundu, and H. U. Bucher, “Cyclical fluctuations in blood pressure, heart rate and cerebral blood volume in preterm infants,” Brain Dev,  21, 529–34 (1999).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Wolf, T.

H. Obrig, C. Hirth, J. G. Junge-Hulsing, C. Doge, T. Wolf, U. Dirnagl, and A. Villringer, “Cerebral oxygenation changes in response to motor stimulation,” J Appl Physiol 81, 1174–83 (1996).
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Wolf, U.

M. Wolf, U. Wolf, V. Toronov, A. Michalos, L. A. Paunescu, J. H. Choi, and E. Gratton, “Different time evolution of oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin concentration changes in the visual and motor cortices during functional stimulation: a near-infrared spectroscopy study,” Neuroimage 16, 704–12 (2002).
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M. Wolf, U. Wolf U, J. H. Choi, V. Toronov, L. A. Paunescu, A. Michalos, and E. Gratton. “Fast cerebral functional signal in the 100-ms range detected in the visual cortex by frequency-domain near-infrared spectrophotometry.” Psychophysiology 40(4), 521–528 (2003).
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S. Wray, M. Cope, D. T. Delpy, J. S. Wyatt, and E. O. Reynolds, “Characterization of the near infrared absorption spectra of cytochrome aa3 and haemoglobin for the non-invasive monitoring of cerebral oxygenation,” Biochim Biophys Acta 933, 184–92 (1988).
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P. Zaramella, F. Freato, A. Amigoni, S. Salvadori, P. Marangoni, A. Suppjei, B. Schiavo, and L. Chiandetti, “Brain auditory activation measured by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in neonates,” Pediatr Res 49, 213–9 (2001).
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[Crossref]

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[PubMed]

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K. Sakatani, S. Chen, W. Lichty, H. Zuo, and Y. P. Wang, “Cerebral blood oxygenation changes induced by auditory stimulation in newborn infants measured by near infrared spectroscopy,” Early Hum Dev 55, 229–36 (1999).
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[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. H. Meek, M. Firbank, C. E. Elwell, J. Atkinson, O. Braddick, and J. S. Wyatt, “Regional hemodynamic responses to visual stimulation in awake infants,” Pediatr Res 43, 840–3 (1998).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Psychophysiology (1)

M. Wolf, U. Wolf U, J. H. Choi, V. Toronov, L. A. Paunescu, A. Michalos, and E. Gratton. “Fast cerebral functional signal in the 100-ms range detected in the visual cortex by frequency-domain near-infrared spectrophotometry.” Psychophysiology 40(4), 521–528 (2003).
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Supplementary Material (2)

» Media 1: MOV (869 KB)     
» Media 2: MOV (984 KB)     

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Figures (5)

Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. The block diagram shows the data acquisition unit, the stimulation unit, and the brain mapping sensors. The amplified analog signals from the brain mapping sensors are filtered and digitized. The data acquisition processor controls the measurement by switching the stimuli devices and selecting the photodiode — LED pairs of each sensor in a time multiplexed fashion. The communication processor transfers the acquired data to the PC-notebook. Both devices use Linux as an operating system.

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Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. Data are sampled in a time multiplexed fashion. The LEDs are switched on and off in a sequence which is predefined in a device initialization script.

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Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. Arterial occlusions were performed on the left arm of a subject at 1, 5, 9, and 13 minutes as indicated by the black bars. During the occlusion, the oxyhemoglobin (O2Hb) concentration decreases and the deoxyhemoglobin (HHb) concentration increases. The magnitude of the concentration changes is similar for both instruments, although the trace is much noisier for the NIRO-300. Both devices had a time resolution of 2s in this setting. (MCP II (top), NIRO-300 (bottom))

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Fig. 4.
Fig. 4. Finger tapping exercises were performed from second 10 to 30 (dotted box). The first (sensors 1–4) and the second column (sensor 5–8) measured over left and right hemisphere respectively before, during, and after left hand finger tapping. The third (sensors 1–4) and fourth column (sensor 5–8) show the left and right hemisphere during right hand finger tapping. An activation typically consists of an increase in oxyhemoglobin (O2Hb) concentration and of a decrease in deoxyhemoglobin (HHb) concentration. The higher O2 consumption in the activated area is immediately overcompensated by an increase in blood flow, which leads to the observed pattern. Both hands showed a stronger contralateral activation on the motor cortex hemisphere. The ordinates are scaled to µmol/l.

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Fig. 5.
Fig. 5. Tactile stimulation was performed from second 5 to 25. An activation typically consists of an increase in oxyhemoglobin (O2Hb) concentration and of a decrease in deoxyhemoglobin (HHb) concentration. The higher O2 consumption in the activated area is immediately overcompensated by an increase in blood flow, which leads to the observed pattern. Only the contra-lateral hemisphere (right column) showed a strong activation on the somatosensory cortex. a) (Top) The color palettes are scaled to +/-0.55µmol/l (size of the videos is 1.1MB each) [Media 1, Media 2]. b) (Bottom) The time traces are shown below.

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Tables (3)

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Table 1. Warm and Cold Start drift

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Table 2. Instrument Noise

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Table 3. Instrument Comparison

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Equations (21)

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I = I 0 e − α · c · d · DPF + G
I ( λ ) = I 0 ( λ ) e − α ( λ ) · c · d · DPF ( λ ) + G
I = 1 Δ λ ∫ λ I ( λ ) d λ
ADC LedOn − ADC LedOff =
∫ λ S Det ( λ ) I 0 ( λ ) e − α ( λ ) · c · d · DPF ( λ ) + G d λ
S Det ( λ ) I 0 ( λ ) = I ̂ 0 2 π σ e − ( λ − λ 0 ) 2 2 σ 2 = I ̂ 0 · Γ ( λ )
ADC LedOn − ADC LedOff =
I ̂ 0 ∫ λ Γ ( λ ) · e − α ( λ ) · c · d · DPF ( λ ) + G d λ
h α , λ 0 ( c ) : = ln ( ∫ λ Γ ( λ ) e − α ( λ ) · c · d · DPF ( λ ) d λ )
ADC ld : = ln ( ADC LedOn − ADC LedOff )
ADC ld = ln ( I ̂ 0 ) + G + h α , λ 0 ( c )
h α 1 , α 2 , λ 0 ( c 1 , c 2 ) = ln ( ∫ λ Γ ( λ ) e − ( α 1 ( λ ) · c 1 + α 2 ( λ ) · c 2 ) · d · DPF ( λ ) d λ )
h α 1 , α 2 , λ 0 ( c 1 , c 2 ) ≅ h α 1 , α 2 , λ 0 ( c 10 , c 20 )
+ ( c 1 − c 10 ) ∂ ∂ c 1 h α 1 , α 2 , λ 0 ( c 1 , c 2 ) ∣ c 1 = c 10 , c 2 = c 20
+ ( c 2 − c 20 ) ∂ ∂ c 2 h α 1 , α 2 , λ 0 ( c 1 , c 2 ) ∣ c 1 = c 10 , c 2 = c 20
Δ ADC ld ( t ) = ADC ld ( t ) − ADC ld ( t 0 )
= ln ( I 0 ) + G + h α , λ 0 ( c ( t ) ) − ln ( I 0 ) − G − h α , λ 0 ( c ( t 0 ) )
Δ ADC ld ( t ) = h α , λ 0 ( c ( t ) ) − h α , λ 0 ( c ( t 0 ) )
H = [ ∂ h α HHb , α O 2 Hb, λ 0 = 730 nm ( c 1 , c 2 ) ∂ c 1 ∣ c 1 = c 10 c 2 = c 20 , ∂ h α HHb , α O 2 Hb λ 0 = 730 nm , ( c 1 , c 2 ) ∂ c 2 ∣ c 1 = c 10 c 2 = c 20 , ∂ h α HHb , α O 2 Hb λ 0 = 770 nm , ( c 1 , c 2 ) ∂ c 1 ∣ c 1 = c 10 c 2 = c 20 , ∂ h α HHb , α O 2 Hb λ 0 = 770 nm ( c 1 , c 2 ) ∂ c 2 ∣ c 1 = c 10 c 2 = c 20 , ∂ h α HHb , α O 2 Hb λ 0 = 805 nm , ( c 1 , c 2 ) ∂ c 1 ∣ c 1 = c 10 c 2 = c 20 , ∂ h α HHb , α O 2 Hb λ 0 = 805 nm ( c 1 , c 2 ) ∂ c 2 ∣ c 1 = c 10 c 2 = c 20 , ]
[ Δ ADC ld , 730 nm ( t ) Δ ADC ld , 770 nm ( t ) Δ ADC ld , 805 nm ( t ) ] = H [ Δ c HHb Δ c O 2 Hb ]
[ Δ c HHb Δ c O 2 HHb ] = ( H T H ) − 1 H T [ Δ ADC ld , 730 nm ( t ) Δ ADC ld , 770 nm ( t ) Δ ADC ld , 805 nm ( t ) ]

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