Abstract

Precise dissection of cells with ultrashort laser pulses requires a clear understanding of how the onset and extent of ablation (i.e., the removal of material) depends on pulse energy. We carried out a systematic study of the energy dependence of the plasma-mediated ablation of fluorescently-labeled subcellular structures in the cytoskeleton and nuclei of fixed endothelial cells using femtosecond, near-infrared laser pulses focused through a high-numerical aperture objective lens (1.4 NA). We find that the energy threshold for photobleaching lies between 0.9 and 1.7 nJ. By comparing the changes in fluorescence with the actual material loss determined by electron microscopy, we find that the threshold for true material ablation is about 20% higher than the photobleaching threshold. This information makes it possible to use the fluorescence to determine the onset of true material ablation without resorting to electron microscopy. We confirm the precision of this technique by severing a single microtubule without disrupting the neighboring microtubules, less than 1 µm away.

©2005 Optical Society of America

Full Article  |  PDF Article
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  1. W. Denk, J.H. Strickler, and W.W. Webb, “Two-Photon Laser Scanning Fluorescence Microscopy,” Science 248, 4951, 73–76 (1990)
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  2. K. Koenig, “Multiphoton Microscopy in Life Sciences,” J. Microscopy 200, 83–104 (2000)
    [Crossref]
  3. D. Stern, R.W. Schoenlein, C.A. Puliafito, E.T. Dobi, R. Birngruber, and J.G. Fujimoto, “Ablation by Nanosecond, Picosecond, and Femtosecond Lasers at 532 nm and 625 nm,” Arch. Ophthalmol. 107, 587–592 (1989)
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  4. P.T.C. So, H. Kim, and I.E. Kochevar, “Two-photon deep tissue ex vivo imaging of mouse dermal and subcutaneous structures,” Opt. Express 3, 339–350 (1998), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-3-9-339
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  5. N. Shen, C.B. Schaffer, D. Datta, and E. Mazur, “Photodisruption in biological tissues and single cells using femtosecond laser pulses,” in Lasers and Electro Optics, conference technical digest, OSA, Washington, DC,  56, 403–404 (2001)
  6. K. Koenig, I. Riemann, P. Fischer, and K. Halbhuber, “Intracellular Nanosurgery With Near Infrared Femtosecond Laser Pulses,” Cell. Mol. Biol. 45, 192–201 (1999)
  7. U.K. Tirlapur and K. Koenig, “Targeted transfection by femtosecond laser,” Nature 448, 290–291 (2002)
    [Crossref]
  8. W. Watanabe, N. Arakawa, S. Matsunaga, T. Higashi, K. Fukui, K. Isobe, and K. Itoh, “Femtosecond laser disruption of subcellular organelles in a living cell,” Opt. Express 12, 18, 4203–4213 (2004), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-12-18-4203
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  9. A. Vogel and V. Venugopalan, “Mechanisms of Pulsed Laser Ablation of Biological Tissues,” Chem. Rev. 103, 2, 577–644 (2003)
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  10. M.W. Berns, J. Aist, J. Edwards, K. Strahs, J. Girton, P. McNeil, J.B. Rattner, M. Kitzes, M. Hammerwilson, L.H. Liaw, A. Siemens, M. Koonce, S. Peterson, S. Brenner, J. Burt, R. Walter, P. J. Bryant, D. Vandyk, J. Couclombe, T. Cahill, and G.S. Bern, “Laser microsurgery in cell and developmental biology,” Science 213, 505–513 (1981)
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  11. H. Liang, W.H. Wright, S. Cheng, W. He, and M.W. Berns, “Micromanipulation of Chromosomes in PTK2 Cells Using Laser Microsurgery (Optical Scalpel) in Combination with Laser-Induced Optical Force (Optical Tweezers),” Experimental Cell Research 204, 110–120 (1993)
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  12. J.R. Aist, H. Liang, and M.W. Berns, “Astral and spindle forces in PtK2 cells during anaphase B: a laser microbeam study,” Journal of Cell Science 104, 1207–1216 (1993)
    [PubMed]
  13. S.W. Grill, J. Howard, E. Schäffer, E.H.K. Stelzer, and A.A. Hyman, “The Distribution of Active Force Generators Controls Mitotic Spindle Position,” Science 301, 518–521 (2003)
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  14. J. Noack, D.X. Hammer, G.D. Noojin, B.A. Rockwell, and A. Vogel, “Influence of pulse duration on mechanical effects after laser-induced breakdown in water,” J. Appl. Phys. 83, 12, 7488–7495 (1998)
    [Crossref]
  15. C.B. Schaffer, J.F. Garcia, and E. Mazur, “Bulk heating of transparent materials using a high-repetition-rate femtosecond laser,” Appl. Phys. A 76, 351–354 (2003)
    [Crossref]
  16. E.L. Botvinick, V. Venugopalan, J.V. Shah, L.H. Liaw, and M.W. Berns, “Controlled Ablation of Microtubules Using a Picosecond Laser,” Biophys. J. 87, 6, 4203–4212 (2004)
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  17. M.F. Yanik, H. Cinar, H.N. Cinar, A.D. Chisholm, Y. Jin, and A. Ben-Yakar, “Neurosurgery: Functional regeneration after laser axotomy,” Nature 432, 822 (2004)
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  18. C.S. Chen, M. Mrksich, S. Huang, G.M. Whitesides, and D.E. Ingber, “Geometric Control of Cell Life and Death,” Science 276, 1425–1427 (1997)
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  19. Y. Numaguchi, S. Huang, T.R. Polte, G.S. Eichler, N. Wang, and D.E. Ingber, “Caldesmon-dependent switching between capillary endothelial cell growth and apoptosis through modulation of cell shape and contractility,” Angiogenesis. 6, 55–64 (2003)
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  20. S.H. Hu, J.X. Chen, and N. Wang, “Cell spreading controls balance of prestress by microtubules and extracellular matrix,” Front. Biosci. 9, 2177–2182 (2004)
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  21. F.J. Alenghat, S.M. Nauli, R. Kolb, J. Zhou, and D.E. Ingber, “Global cytoskeletal control of mechanotransduction in kidney epithelial cells,” Exp. Cell Res. 301, 23–30 (2004)
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  22. V. Venugopalan, A. Guerra, K. Nahen, and A. Vogel, “Role of Laser-Induced Plasma Formation in Pulsed Cellular Microsurgery and Micromanipulation,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 078103, 1–4 (2002)
    [Crossref]
  23. D. Gusnard and R. H. Kirschner, “Cell and organelle shrinkage during preparation for scanning electron microscopy: Effects of fixation, dehydration and critical point drying,” J. Microscopy 110, 1, 51–57 (1977)
    [Crossref]
  24. U. Brunk, V.P. Collins, and E. Arro, “The fixation, dehydration, drying and coating of cultured cells of SEM,” J. Microscopy 123, 2, 121–131 (1981)
    [Crossref]

2004 (5)

S.H. Hu, J.X. Chen, and N. Wang, “Cell spreading controls balance of prestress by microtubules and extracellular matrix,” Front. Biosci. 9, 2177–2182 (2004)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

E.L. Botvinick, V. Venugopalan, J.V. Shah, L.H. Liaw, and M.W. Berns, “Controlled Ablation of Microtubules Using a Picosecond Laser,” Biophys. J. 87, 6, 4203–4212 (2004)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M.F. Yanik, H. Cinar, H.N. Cinar, A.D. Chisholm, Y. Jin, and A. Ben-Yakar, “Neurosurgery: Functional regeneration after laser axotomy,” Nature 432, 822 (2004)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

F.J. Alenghat, S.M. Nauli, R. Kolb, J. Zhou, and D.E. Ingber, “Global cytoskeletal control of mechanotransduction in kidney epithelial cells,” Exp. Cell Res. 301, 23–30 (2004)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

W. Watanabe, N. Arakawa, S. Matsunaga, T. Higashi, K. Fukui, K. Isobe, and K. Itoh, “Femtosecond laser disruption of subcellular organelles in a living cell,” Opt. Express 12, 18, 4203–4213 (2004), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-12-18-4203
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2003 (4)

Y. Numaguchi, S. Huang, T.R. Polte, G.S. Eichler, N. Wang, and D.E. Ingber, “Caldesmon-dependent switching between capillary endothelial cell growth and apoptosis through modulation of cell shape and contractility,” Angiogenesis. 6, 55–64 (2003)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

C.B. Schaffer, J.F. Garcia, and E. Mazur, “Bulk heating of transparent materials using a high-repetition-rate femtosecond laser,” Appl. Phys. A 76, 351–354 (2003)
[Crossref]

S.W. Grill, J. Howard, E. Schäffer, E.H.K. Stelzer, and A.A. Hyman, “The Distribution of Active Force Generators Controls Mitotic Spindle Position,” Science 301, 518–521 (2003)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Vogel and V. Venugopalan, “Mechanisms of Pulsed Laser Ablation of Biological Tissues,” Chem. Rev. 103, 2, 577–644 (2003)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2002 (2)

U.K. Tirlapur and K. Koenig, “Targeted transfection by femtosecond laser,” Nature 448, 290–291 (2002)
[Crossref]

V. Venugopalan, A. Guerra, K. Nahen, and A. Vogel, “Role of Laser-Induced Plasma Formation in Pulsed Cellular Microsurgery and Micromanipulation,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 078103, 1–4 (2002)
[Crossref]

2001 (1)

N. Shen, C.B. Schaffer, D. Datta, and E. Mazur, “Photodisruption in biological tissues and single cells using femtosecond laser pulses,” in Lasers and Electro Optics, conference technical digest, OSA, Washington, DC,  56, 403–404 (2001)

2000 (1)

K. Koenig, “Multiphoton Microscopy in Life Sciences,” J. Microscopy 200, 83–104 (2000)
[Crossref]

1999 (1)

K. Koenig, I. Riemann, P. Fischer, and K. Halbhuber, “Intracellular Nanosurgery With Near Infrared Femtosecond Laser Pulses,” Cell. Mol. Biol. 45, 192–201 (1999)

1998 (2)

P.T.C. So, H. Kim, and I.E. Kochevar, “Two-photon deep tissue ex vivo imaging of mouse dermal and subcutaneous structures,” Opt. Express 3, 339–350 (1998), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-3-9-339
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Noack, D.X. Hammer, G.D. Noojin, B.A. Rockwell, and A. Vogel, “Influence of pulse duration on mechanical effects after laser-induced breakdown in water,” J. Appl. Phys. 83, 12, 7488–7495 (1998)
[Crossref]

1997 (1)

C.S. Chen, M. Mrksich, S. Huang, G.M. Whitesides, and D.E. Ingber, “Geometric Control of Cell Life and Death,” Science 276, 1425–1427 (1997)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1993 (2)

H. Liang, W.H. Wright, S. Cheng, W. He, and M.W. Berns, “Micromanipulation of Chromosomes in PTK2 Cells Using Laser Microsurgery (Optical Scalpel) in Combination with Laser-Induced Optical Force (Optical Tweezers),” Experimental Cell Research 204, 110–120 (1993)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J.R. Aist, H. Liang, and M.W. Berns, “Astral and spindle forces in PtK2 cells during anaphase B: a laser microbeam study,” Journal of Cell Science 104, 1207–1216 (1993)
[PubMed]

1990 (1)

W. Denk, J.H. Strickler, and W.W. Webb, “Two-Photon Laser Scanning Fluorescence Microscopy,” Science 248, 4951, 73–76 (1990)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1989 (1)

D. Stern, R.W. Schoenlein, C.A. Puliafito, E.T. Dobi, R. Birngruber, and J.G. Fujimoto, “Ablation by Nanosecond, Picosecond, and Femtosecond Lasers at 532 nm and 625 nm,” Arch. Ophthalmol. 107, 587–592 (1989)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1981 (2)

U. Brunk, V.P. Collins, and E. Arro, “The fixation, dehydration, drying and coating of cultured cells of SEM,” J. Microscopy 123, 2, 121–131 (1981)
[Crossref]

M.W. Berns, J. Aist, J. Edwards, K. Strahs, J. Girton, P. McNeil, J.B. Rattner, M. Kitzes, M. Hammerwilson, L.H. Liaw, A. Siemens, M. Koonce, S. Peterson, S. Brenner, J. Burt, R. Walter, P. J. Bryant, D. Vandyk, J. Couclombe, T. Cahill, and G.S. Bern, “Laser microsurgery in cell and developmental biology,” Science 213, 505–513 (1981)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1977 (1)

D. Gusnard and R. H. Kirschner, “Cell and organelle shrinkage during preparation for scanning electron microscopy: Effects of fixation, dehydration and critical point drying,” J. Microscopy 110, 1, 51–57 (1977)
[Crossref]

Aist, J.

M.W. Berns, J. Aist, J. Edwards, K. Strahs, J. Girton, P. McNeil, J.B. Rattner, M. Kitzes, M. Hammerwilson, L.H. Liaw, A. Siemens, M. Koonce, S. Peterson, S. Brenner, J. Burt, R. Walter, P. J. Bryant, D. Vandyk, J. Couclombe, T. Cahill, and G.S. Bern, “Laser microsurgery in cell and developmental biology,” Science 213, 505–513 (1981)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Aist, J.R.

J.R. Aist, H. Liang, and M.W. Berns, “Astral and spindle forces in PtK2 cells during anaphase B: a laser microbeam study,” Journal of Cell Science 104, 1207–1216 (1993)
[PubMed]

Alenghat, F.J.

F.J. Alenghat, S.M. Nauli, R. Kolb, J. Zhou, and D.E. Ingber, “Global cytoskeletal control of mechanotransduction in kidney epithelial cells,” Exp. Cell Res. 301, 23–30 (2004)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Arakawa, N.

Arro, E.

U. Brunk, V.P. Collins, and E. Arro, “The fixation, dehydration, drying and coating of cultured cells of SEM,” J. Microscopy 123, 2, 121–131 (1981)
[Crossref]

Ben-Yakar, A.

M.F. Yanik, H. Cinar, H.N. Cinar, A.D. Chisholm, Y. Jin, and A. Ben-Yakar, “Neurosurgery: Functional regeneration after laser axotomy,” Nature 432, 822 (2004)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Bern, G.S.

M.W. Berns, J. Aist, J. Edwards, K. Strahs, J. Girton, P. McNeil, J.B. Rattner, M. Kitzes, M. Hammerwilson, L.H. Liaw, A. Siemens, M. Koonce, S. Peterson, S. Brenner, J. Burt, R. Walter, P. J. Bryant, D. Vandyk, J. Couclombe, T. Cahill, and G.S. Bern, “Laser microsurgery in cell and developmental biology,” Science 213, 505–513 (1981)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Berns, M.W.

E.L. Botvinick, V. Venugopalan, J.V. Shah, L.H. Liaw, and M.W. Berns, “Controlled Ablation of Microtubules Using a Picosecond Laser,” Biophys. J. 87, 6, 4203–4212 (2004)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J.R. Aist, H. Liang, and M.W. Berns, “Astral and spindle forces in PtK2 cells during anaphase B: a laser microbeam study,” Journal of Cell Science 104, 1207–1216 (1993)
[PubMed]

H. Liang, W.H. Wright, S. Cheng, W. He, and M.W. Berns, “Micromanipulation of Chromosomes in PTK2 Cells Using Laser Microsurgery (Optical Scalpel) in Combination with Laser-Induced Optical Force (Optical Tweezers),” Experimental Cell Research 204, 110–120 (1993)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M.W. Berns, J. Aist, J. Edwards, K. Strahs, J. Girton, P. McNeil, J.B. Rattner, M. Kitzes, M. Hammerwilson, L.H. Liaw, A. Siemens, M. Koonce, S. Peterson, S. Brenner, J. Burt, R. Walter, P. J. Bryant, D. Vandyk, J. Couclombe, T. Cahill, and G.S. Bern, “Laser microsurgery in cell and developmental biology,” Science 213, 505–513 (1981)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Birngruber, R.

D. Stern, R.W. Schoenlein, C.A. Puliafito, E.T. Dobi, R. Birngruber, and J.G. Fujimoto, “Ablation by Nanosecond, Picosecond, and Femtosecond Lasers at 532 nm and 625 nm,” Arch. Ophthalmol. 107, 587–592 (1989)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Botvinick, E.L.

E.L. Botvinick, V. Venugopalan, J.V. Shah, L.H. Liaw, and M.W. Berns, “Controlled Ablation of Microtubules Using a Picosecond Laser,” Biophys. J. 87, 6, 4203–4212 (2004)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Brenner, S.

M.W. Berns, J. Aist, J. Edwards, K. Strahs, J. Girton, P. McNeil, J.B. Rattner, M. Kitzes, M. Hammerwilson, L.H. Liaw, A. Siemens, M. Koonce, S. Peterson, S. Brenner, J. Burt, R. Walter, P. J. Bryant, D. Vandyk, J. Couclombe, T. Cahill, and G.S. Bern, “Laser microsurgery in cell and developmental biology,” Science 213, 505–513 (1981)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Brunk, U.

U. Brunk, V.P. Collins, and E. Arro, “The fixation, dehydration, drying and coating of cultured cells of SEM,” J. Microscopy 123, 2, 121–131 (1981)
[Crossref]

Bryant, P. J.

M.W. Berns, J. Aist, J. Edwards, K. Strahs, J. Girton, P. McNeil, J.B. Rattner, M. Kitzes, M. Hammerwilson, L.H. Liaw, A. Siemens, M. Koonce, S. Peterson, S. Brenner, J. Burt, R. Walter, P. J. Bryant, D. Vandyk, J. Couclombe, T. Cahill, and G.S. Bern, “Laser microsurgery in cell and developmental biology,” Science 213, 505–513 (1981)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Burt, J.

M.W. Berns, J. Aist, J. Edwards, K. Strahs, J. Girton, P. McNeil, J.B. Rattner, M. Kitzes, M. Hammerwilson, L.H. Liaw, A. Siemens, M. Koonce, S. Peterson, S. Brenner, J. Burt, R. Walter, P. J. Bryant, D. Vandyk, J. Couclombe, T. Cahill, and G.S. Bern, “Laser microsurgery in cell and developmental biology,” Science 213, 505–513 (1981)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Cahill, T.

M.W. Berns, J. Aist, J. Edwards, K. Strahs, J. Girton, P. McNeil, J.B. Rattner, M. Kitzes, M. Hammerwilson, L.H. Liaw, A. Siemens, M. Koonce, S. Peterson, S. Brenner, J. Burt, R. Walter, P. J. Bryant, D. Vandyk, J. Couclombe, T. Cahill, and G.S. Bern, “Laser microsurgery in cell and developmental biology,” Science 213, 505–513 (1981)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Chen, C.S.

C.S. Chen, M. Mrksich, S. Huang, G.M. Whitesides, and D.E. Ingber, “Geometric Control of Cell Life and Death,” Science 276, 1425–1427 (1997)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Chen, J.X.

S.H. Hu, J.X. Chen, and N. Wang, “Cell spreading controls balance of prestress by microtubules and extracellular matrix,” Front. Biosci. 9, 2177–2182 (2004)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Cheng, S.

H. Liang, W.H. Wright, S. Cheng, W. He, and M.W. Berns, “Micromanipulation of Chromosomes in PTK2 Cells Using Laser Microsurgery (Optical Scalpel) in Combination with Laser-Induced Optical Force (Optical Tweezers),” Experimental Cell Research 204, 110–120 (1993)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Chisholm, A.D.

M.F. Yanik, H. Cinar, H.N. Cinar, A.D. Chisholm, Y. Jin, and A. Ben-Yakar, “Neurosurgery: Functional regeneration after laser axotomy,” Nature 432, 822 (2004)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Cinar, H.

M.F. Yanik, H. Cinar, H.N. Cinar, A.D. Chisholm, Y. Jin, and A. Ben-Yakar, “Neurosurgery: Functional regeneration after laser axotomy,” Nature 432, 822 (2004)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Cinar, H.N.

M.F. Yanik, H. Cinar, H.N. Cinar, A.D. Chisholm, Y. Jin, and A. Ben-Yakar, “Neurosurgery: Functional regeneration after laser axotomy,” Nature 432, 822 (2004)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Collins, V.P.

U. Brunk, V.P. Collins, and E. Arro, “The fixation, dehydration, drying and coating of cultured cells of SEM,” J. Microscopy 123, 2, 121–131 (1981)
[Crossref]

Couclombe, J.

M.W. Berns, J. Aist, J. Edwards, K. Strahs, J. Girton, P. McNeil, J.B. Rattner, M. Kitzes, M. Hammerwilson, L.H. Liaw, A. Siemens, M. Koonce, S. Peterson, S. Brenner, J. Burt, R. Walter, P. J. Bryant, D. Vandyk, J. Couclombe, T. Cahill, and G.S. Bern, “Laser microsurgery in cell and developmental biology,” Science 213, 505–513 (1981)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Datta, D.

N. Shen, C.B. Schaffer, D. Datta, and E. Mazur, “Photodisruption in biological tissues and single cells using femtosecond laser pulses,” in Lasers and Electro Optics, conference technical digest, OSA, Washington, DC,  56, 403–404 (2001)

Denk, W.

W. Denk, J.H. Strickler, and W.W. Webb, “Two-Photon Laser Scanning Fluorescence Microscopy,” Science 248, 4951, 73–76 (1990)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Dobi, E.T.

D. Stern, R.W. Schoenlein, C.A. Puliafito, E.T. Dobi, R. Birngruber, and J.G. Fujimoto, “Ablation by Nanosecond, Picosecond, and Femtosecond Lasers at 532 nm and 625 nm,” Arch. Ophthalmol. 107, 587–592 (1989)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Edwards, J.

M.W. Berns, J. Aist, J. Edwards, K. Strahs, J. Girton, P. McNeil, J.B. Rattner, M. Kitzes, M. Hammerwilson, L.H. Liaw, A. Siemens, M. Koonce, S. Peterson, S. Brenner, J. Burt, R. Walter, P. J. Bryant, D. Vandyk, J. Couclombe, T. Cahill, and G.S. Bern, “Laser microsurgery in cell and developmental biology,” Science 213, 505–513 (1981)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Eichler, G.S.

Y. Numaguchi, S. Huang, T.R. Polte, G.S. Eichler, N. Wang, and D.E. Ingber, “Caldesmon-dependent switching between capillary endothelial cell growth and apoptosis through modulation of cell shape and contractility,” Angiogenesis. 6, 55–64 (2003)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Fischer, P.

K. Koenig, I. Riemann, P. Fischer, and K. Halbhuber, “Intracellular Nanosurgery With Near Infrared Femtosecond Laser Pulses,” Cell. Mol. Biol. 45, 192–201 (1999)

Fujimoto, J.G.

D. Stern, R.W. Schoenlein, C.A. Puliafito, E.T. Dobi, R. Birngruber, and J.G. Fujimoto, “Ablation by Nanosecond, Picosecond, and Femtosecond Lasers at 532 nm and 625 nm,” Arch. Ophthalmol. 107, 587–592 (1989)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Fukui, K.

Garcia, J.F.

C.B. Schaffer, J.F. Garcia, and E. Mazur, “Bulk heating of transparent materials using a high-repetition-rate femtosecond laser,” Appl. Phys. A 76, 351–354 (2003)
[Crossref]

Girton, J.

M.W. Berns, J. Aist, J. Edwards, K. Strahs, J. Girton, P. McNeil, J.B. Rattner, M. Kitzes, M. Hammerwilson, L.H. Liaw, A. Siemens, M. Koonce, S. Peterson, S. Brenner, J. Burt, R. Walter, P. J. Bryant, D. Vandyk, J. Couclombe, T. Cahill, and G.S. Bern, “Laser microsurgery in cell and developmental biology,” Science 213, 505–513 (1981)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Grill, S.W.

S.W. Grill, J. Howard, E. Schäffer, E.H.K. Stelzer, and A.A. Hyman, “The Distribution of Active Force Generators Controls Mitotic Spindle Position,” Science 301, 518–521 (2003)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Guerra, A.

V. Venugopalan, A. Guerra, K. Nahen, and A. Vogel, “Role of Laser-Induced Plasma Formation in Pulsed Cellular Microsurgery and Micromanipulation,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 078103, 1–4 (2002)
[Crossref]

Gusnard, D.

D. Gusnard and R. H. Kirschner, “Cell and organelle shrinkage during preparation for scanning electron microscopy: Effects of fixation, dehydration and critical point drying,” J. Microscopy 110, 1, 51–57 (1977)
[Crossref]

Halbhuber, K.

K. Koenig, I. Riemann, P. Fischer, and K. Halbhuber, “Intracellular Nanosurgery With Near Infrared Femtosecond Laser Pulses,” Cell. Mol. Biol. 45, 192–201 (1999)

Hammer, D.X.

J. Noack, D.X. Hammer, G.D. Noojin, B.A. Rockwell, and A. Vogel, “Influence of pulse duration on mechanical effects after laser-induced breakdown in water,” J. Appl. Phys. 83, 12, 7488–7495 (1998)
[Crossref]

Hammerwilson, M.

M.W. Berns, J. Aist, J. Edwards, K. Strahs, J. Girton, P. McNeil, J.B. Rattner, M. Kitzes, M. Hammerwilson, L.H. Liaw, A. Siemens, M. Koonce, S. Peterson, S. Brenner, J. Burt, R. Walter, P. J. Bryant, D. Vandyk, J. Couclombe, T. Cahill, and G.S. Bern, “Laser microsurgery in cell and developmental biology,” Science 213, 505–513 (1981)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

He, W.

H. Liang, W.H. Wright, S. Cheng, W. He, and M.W. Berns, “Micromanipulation of Chromosomes in PTK2 Cells Using Laser Microsurgery (Optical Scalpel) in Combination with Laser-Induced Optical Force (Optical Tweezers),” Experimental Cell Research 204, 110–120 (1993)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Higashi, T.

Howard, J.

S.W. Grill, J. Howard, E. Schäffer, E.H.K. Stelzer, and A.A. Hyman, “The Distribution of Active Force Generators Controls Mitotic Spindle Position,” Science 301, 518–521 (2003)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Hu, S.H.

S.H. Hu, J.X. Chen, and N. Wang, “Cell spreading controls balance of prestress by microtubules and extracellular matrix,” Front. Biosci. 9, 2177–2182 (2004)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Huang, S.

Y. Numaguchi, S. Huang, T.R. Polte, G.S. Eichler, N. Wang, and D.E. Ingber, “Caldesmon-dependent switching between capillary endothelial cell growth and apoptosis through modulation of cell shape and contractility,” Angiogenesis. 6, 55–64 (2003)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

C.S. Chen, M. Mrksich, S. Huang, G.M. Whitesides, and D.E. Ingber, “Geometric Control of Cell Life and Death,” Science 276, 1425–1427 (1997)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Hyman, A.A.

S.W. Grill, J. Howard, E. Schäffer, E.H.K. Stelzer, and A.A. Hyman, “The Distribution of Active Force Generators Controls Mitotic Spindle Position,” Science 301, 518–521 (2003)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Ingber, D.E.

F.J. Alenghat, S.M. Nauli, R. Kolb, J. Zhou, and D.E. Ingber, “Global cytoskeletal control of mechanotransduction in kidney epithelial cells,” Exp. Cell Res. 301, 23–30 (2004)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. Numaguchi, S. Huang, T.R. Polte, G.S. Eichler, N. Wang, and D.E. Ingber, “Caldesmon-dependent switching between capillary endothelial cell growth and apoptosis through modulation of cell shape and contractility,” Angiogenesis. 6, 55–64 (2003)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

C.S. Chen, M. Mrksich, S. Huang, G.M. Whitesides, and D.E. Ingber, “Geometric Control of Cell Life and Death,” Science 276, 1425–1427 (1997)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Isobe, K.

Itoh, K.

Jin, Y.

M.F. Yanik, H. Cinar, H.N. Cinar, A.D. Chisholm, Y. Jin, and A. Ben-Yakar, “Neurosurgery: Functional regeneration after laser axotomy,” Nature 432, 822 (2004)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Kim, H.

Kirschner, R. H.

D. Gusnard and R. H. Kirschner, “Cell and organelle shrinkage during preparation for scanning electron microscopy: Effects of fixation, dehydration and critical point drying,” J. Microscopy 110, 1, 51–57 (1977)
[Crossref]

Kitzes, M.

M.W. Berns, J. Aist, J. Edwards, K. Strahs, J. Girton, P. McNeil, J.B. Rattner, M. Kitzes, M. Hammerwilson, L.H. Liaw, A. Siemens, M. Koonce, S. Peterson, S. Brenner, J. Burt, R. Walter, P. J. Bryant, D. Vandyk, J. Couclombe, T. Cahill, and G.S. Bern, “Laser microsurgery in cell and developmental biology,” Science 213, 505–513 (1981)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Kochevar, I.E.

Koenig, K.

U.K. Tirlapur and K. Koenig, “Targeted transfection by femtosecond laser,” Nature 448, 290–291 (2002)
[Crossref]

K. Koenig, “Multiphoton Microscopy in Life Sciences,” J. Microscopy 200, 83–104 (2000)
[Crossref]

K. Koenig, I. Riemann, P. Fischer, and K. Halbhuber, “Intracellular Nanosurgery With Near Infrared Femtosecond Laser Pulses,” Cell. Mol. Biol. 45, 192–201 (1999)

Kolb, R.

F.J. Alenghat, S.M. Nauli, R. Kolb, J. Zhou, and D.E. Ingber, “Global cytoskeletal control of mechanotransduction in kidney epithelial cells,” Exp. Cell Res. 301, 23–30 (2004)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Koonce, M.

M.W. Berns, J. Aist, J. Edwards, K. Strahs, J. Girton, P. McNeil, J.B. Rattner, M. Kitzes, M. Hammerwilson, L.H. Liaw, A. Siemens, M. Koonce, S. Peterson, S. Brenner, J. Burt, R. Walter, P. J. Bryant, D. Vandyk, J. Couclombe, T. Cahill, and G.S. Bern, “Laser microsurgery in cell and developmental biology,” Science 213, 505–513 (1981)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Liang, H.

J.R. Aist, H. Liang, and M.W. Berns, “Astral and spindle forces in PtK2 cells during anaphase B: a laser microbeam study,” Journal of Cell Science 104, 1207–1216 (1993)
[PubMed]

H. Liang, W.H. Wright, S. Cheng, W. He, and M.W. Berns, “Micromanipulation of Chromosomes in PTK2 Cells Using Laser Microsurgery (Optical Scalpel) in Combination with Laser-Induced Optical Force (Optical Tweezers),” Experimental Cell Research 204, 110–120 (1993)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Liaw, L.H.

E.L. Botvinick, V. Venugopalan, J.V. Shah, L.H. Liaw, and M.W. Berns, “Controlled Ablation of Microtubules Using a Picosecond Laser,” Biophys. J. 87, 6, 4203–4212 (2004)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M.W. Berns, J. Aist, J. Edwards, K. Strahs, J. Girton, P. McNeil, J.B. Rattner, M. Kitzes, M. Hammerwilson, L.H. Liaw, A. Siemens, M. Koonce, S. Peterson, S. Brenner, J. Burt, R. Walter, P. J. Bryant, D. Vandyk, J. Couclombe, T. Cahill, and G.S. Bern, “Laser microsurgery in cell and developmental biology,” Science 213, 505–513 (1981)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Matsunaga, S.

Mazur, E.

C.B. Schaffer, J.F. Garcia, and E. Mazur, “Bulk heating of transparent materials using a high-repetition-rate femtosecond laser,” Appl. Phys. A 76, 351–354 (2003)
[Crossref]

N. Shen, C.B. Schaffer, D. Datta, and E. Mazur, “Photodisruption in biological tissues and single cells using femtosecond laser pulses,” in Lasers and Electro Optics, conference technical digest, OSA, Washington, DC,  56, 403–404 (2001)

McNeil, P.

M.W. Berns, J. Aist, J. Edwards, K. Strahs, J. Girton, P. McNeil, J.B. Rattner, M. Kitzes, M. Hammerwilson, L.H. Liaw, A. Siemens, M. Koonce, S. Peterson, S. Brenner, J. Burt, R. Walter, P. J. Bryant, D. Vandyk, J. Couclombe, T. Cahill, and G.S. Bern, “Laser microsurgery in cell and developmental biology,” Science 213, 505–513 (1981)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Mrksich, M.

C.S. Chen, M. Mrksich, S. Huang, G.M. Whitesides, and D.E. Ingber, “Geometric Control of Cell Life and Death,” Science 276, 1425–1427 (1997)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Nahen, K.

V. Venugopalan, A. Guerra, K. Nahen, and A. Vogel, “Role of Laser-Induced Plasma Formation in Pulsed Cellular Microsurgery and Micromanipulation,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 078103, 1–4 (2002)
[Crossref]

Nauli, S.M.

F.J. Alenghat, S.M. Nauli, R. Kolb, J. Zhou, and D.E. Ingber, “Global cytoskeletal control of mechanotransduction in kidney epithelial cells,” Exp. Cell Res. 301, 23–30 (2004)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Noack, J.

J. Noack, D.X. Hammer, G.D. Noojin, B.A. Rockwell, and A. Vogel, “Influence of pulse duration on mechanical effects after laser-induced breakdown in water,” J. Appl. Phys. 83, 12, 7488–7495 (1998)
[Crossref]

Noojin, G.D.

J. Noack, D.X. Hammer, G.D. Noojin, B.A. Rockwell, and A. Vogel, “Influence of pulse duration on mechanical effects after laser-induced breakdown in water,” J. Appl. Phys. 83, 12, 7488–7495 (1998)
[Crossref]

Numaguchi, Y.

Y. Numaguchi, S. Huang, T.R. Polte, G.S. Eichler, N. Wang, and D.E. Ingber, “Caldesmon-dependent switching between capillary endothelial cell growth and apoptosis through modulation of cell shape and contractility,” Angiogenesis. 6, 55–64 (2003)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Peterson, S.

M.W. Berns, J. Aist, J. Edwards, K. Strahs, J. Girton, P. McNeil, J.B. Rattner, M. Kitzes, M. Hammerwilson, L.H. Liaw, A. Siemens, M. Koonce, S. Peterson, S. Brenner, J. Burt, R. Walter, P. J. Bryant, D. Vandyk, J. Couclombe, T. Cahill, and G.S. Bern, “Laser microsurgery in cell and developmental biology,” Science 213, 505–513 (1981)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Polte, T.R.

Y. Numaguchi, S. Huang, T.R. Polte, G.S. Eichler, N. Wang, and D.E. Ingber, “Caldesmon-dependent switching between capillary endothelial cell growth and apoptosis through modulation of cell shape and contractility,” Angiogenesis. 6, 55–64 (2003)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Puliafito, C.A.

D. Stern, R.W. Schoenlein, C.A. Puliafito, E.T. Dobi, R. Birngruber, and J.G. Fujimoto, “Ablation by Nanosecond, Picosecond, and Femtosecond Lasers at 532 nm and 625 nm,” Arch. Ophthalmol. 107, 587–592 (1989)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Rattner, J.B.

M.W. Berns, J. Aist, J. Edwards, K. Strahs, J. Girton, P. McNeil, J.B. Rattner, M. Kitzes, M. Hammerwilson, L.H. Liaw, A. Siemens, M. Koonce, S. Peterson, S. Brenner, J. Burt, R. Walter, P. J. Bryant, D. Vandyk, J. Couclombe, T. Cahill, and G.S. Bern, “Laser microsurgery in cell and developmental biology,” Science 213, 505–513 (1981)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Riemann, I.

K. Koenig, I. Riemann, P. Fischer, and K. Halbhuber, “Intracellular Nanosurgery With Near Infrared Femtosecond Laser Pulses,” Cell. Mol. Biol. 45, 192–201 (1999)

Rockwell, B.A.

J. Noack, D.X. Hammer, G.D. Noojin, B.A. Rockwell, and A. Vogel, “Influence of pulse duration on mechanical effects after laser-induced breakdown in water,” J. Appl. Phys. 83, 12, 7488–7495 (1998)
[Crossref]

Schaffer, C.B.

C.B. Schaffer, J.F. Garcia, and E. Mazur, “Bulk heating of transparent materials using a high-repetition-rate femtosecond laser,” Appl. Phys. A 76, 351–354 (2003)
[Crossref]

N. Shen, C.B. Schaffer, D. Datta, and E. Mazur, “Photodisruption in biological tissues and single cells using femtosecond laser pulses,” in Lasers and Electro Optics, conference technical digest, OSA, Washington, DC,  56, 403–404 (2001)

Schäffer, E.

S.W. Grill, J. Howard, E. Schäffer, E.H.K. Stelzer, and A.A. Hyman, “The Distribution of Active Force Generators Controls Mitotic Spindle Position,” Science 301, 518–521 (2003)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Schoenlein, R.W.

D. Stern, R.W. Schoenlein, C.A. Puliafito, E.T. Dobi, R. Birngruber, and J.G. Fujimoto, “Ablation by Nanosecond, Picosecond, and Femtosecond Lasers at 532 nm and 625 nm,” Arch. Ophthalmol. 107, 587–592 (1989)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Shah, J.V.

E.L. Botvinick, V. Venugopalan, J.V. Shah, L.H. Liaw, and M.W. Berns, “Controlled Ablation of Microtubules Using a Picosecond Laser,” Biophys. J. 87, 6, 4203–4212 (2004)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Shen, N.

N. Shen, C.B. Schaffer, D. Datta, and E. Mazur, “Photodisruption in biological tissues and single cells using femtosecond laser pulses,” in Lasers and Electro Optics, conference technical digest, OSA, Washington, DC,  56, 403–404 (2001)

Siemens, A.

M.W. Berns, J. Aist, J. Edwards, K. Strahs, J. Girton, P. McNeil, J.B. Rattner, M. Kitzes, M. Hammerwilson, L.H. Liaw, A. Siemens, M. Koonce, S. Peterson, S. Brenner, J. Burt, R. Walter, P. J. Bryant, D. Vandyk, J. Couclombe, T. Cahill, and G.S. Bern, “Laser microsurgery in cell and developmental biology,” Science 213, 505–513 (1981)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

So, P.T.C.

Stelzer, E.H.K.

S.W. Grill, J. Howard, E. Schäffer, E.H.K. Stelzer, and A.A. Hyman, “The Distribution of Active Force Generators Controls Mitotic Spindle Position,” Science 301, 518–521 (2003)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Stern, D.

D. Stern, R.W. Schoenlein, C.A. Puliafito, E.T. Dobi, R. Birngruber, and J.G. Fujimoto, “Ablation by Nanosecond, Picosecond, and Femtosecond Lasers at 532 nm and 625 nm,” Arch. Ophthalmol. 107, 587–592 (1989)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Strahs, K.

M.W. Berns, J. Aist, J. Edwards, K. Strahs, J. Girton, P. McNeil, J.B. Rattner, M. Kitzes, M. Hammerwilson, L.H. Liaw, A. Siemens, M. Koonce, S. Peterson, S. Brenner, J. Burt, R. Walter, P. J. Bryant, D. Vandyk, J. Couclombe, T. Cahill, and G.S. Bern, “Laser microsurgery in cell and developmental biology,” Science 213, 505–513 (1981)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Strickler, J.H.

W. Denk, J.H. Strickler, and W.W. Webb, “Two-Photon Laser Scanning Fluorescence Microscopy,” Science 248, 4951, 73–76 (1990)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Tirlapur, U.K.

U.K. Tirlapur and K. Koenig, “Targeted transfection by femtosecond laser,” Nature 448, 290–291 (2002)
[Crossref]

Vandyk, D.

M.W. Berns, J. Aist, J. Edwards, K. Strahs, J. Girton, P. McNeil, J.B. Rattner, M. Kitzes, M. Hammerwilson, L.H. Liaw, A. Siemens, M. Koonce, S. Peterson, S. Brenner, J. Burt, R. Walter, P. J. Bryant, D. Vandyk, J. Couclombe, T. Cahill, and G.S. Bern, “Laser microsurgery in cell and developmental biology,” Science 213, 505–513 (1981)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Venugopalan, V.

E.L. Botvinick, V. Venugopalan, J.V. Shah, L.H. Liaw, and M.W. Berns, “Controlled Ablation of Microtubules Using a Picosecond Laser,” Biophys. J. 87, 6, 4203–4212 (2004)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Vogel and V. Venugopalan, “Mechanisms of Pulsed Laser Ablation of Biological Tissues,” Chem. Rev. 103, 2, 577–644 (2003)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

V. Venugopalan, A. Guerra, K. Nahen, and A. Vogel, “Role of Laser-Induced Plasma Formation in Pulsed Cellular Microsurgery and Micromanipulation,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 078103, 1–4 (2002)
[Crossref]

Vogel, A.

A. Vogel and V. Venugopalan, “Mechanisms of Pulsed Laser Ablation of Biological Tissues,” Chem. Rev. 103, 2, 577–644 (2003)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

V. Venugopalan, A. Guerra, K. Nahen, and A. Vogel, “Role of Laser-Induced Plasma Formation in Pulsed Cellular Microsurgery and Micromanipulation,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 078103, 1–4 (2002)
[Crossref]

J. Noack, D.X. Hammer, G.D. Noojin, B.A. Rockwell, and A. Vogel, “Influence of pulse duration on mechanical effects after laser-induced breakdown in water,” J. Appl. Phys. 83, 12, 7488–7495 (1998)
[Crossref]

Walter, R.

M.W. Berns, J. Aist, J. Edwards, K. Strahs, J. Girton, P. McNeil, J.B. Rattner, M. Kitzes, M. Hammerwilson, L.H. Liaw, A. Siemens, M. Koonce, S. Peterson, S. Brenner, J. Burt, R. Walter, P. J. Bryant, D. Vandyk, J. Couclombe, T. Cahill, and G.S. Bern, “Laser microsurgery in cell and developmental biology,” Science 213, 505–513 (1981)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Wang, N.

S.H. Hu, J.X. Chen, and N. Wang, “Cell spreading controls balance of prestress by microtubules and extracellular matrix,” Front. Biosci. 9, 2177–2182 (2004)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. Numaguchi, S. Huang, T.R. Polte, G.S. Eichler, N. Wang, and D.E. Ingber, “Caldesmon-dependent switching between capillary endothelial cell growth and apoptosis through modulation of cell shape and contractility,” Angiogenesis. 6, 55–64 (2003)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Watanabe, W.

Webb, W.W.

W. Denk, J.H. Strickler, and W.W. Webb, “Two-Photon Laser Scanning Fluorescence Microscopy,” Science 248, 4951, 73–76 (1990)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Whitesides, G.M.

C.S. Chen, M. Mrksich, S. Huang, G.M. Whitesides, and D.E. Ingber, “Geometric Control of Cell Life and Death,” Science 276, 1425–1427 (1997)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Wright, W.H.

H. Liang, W.H. Wright, S. Cheng, W. He, and M.W. Berns, “Micromanipulation of Chromosomes in PTK2 Cells Using Laser Microsurgery (Optical Scalpel) in Combination with Laser-Induced Optical Force (Optical Tweezers),” Experimental Cell Research 204, 110–120 (1993)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Yanik, M.F.

M.F. Yanik, H. Cinar, H.N. Cinar, A.D. Chisholm, Y. Jin, and A. Ben-Yakar, “Neurosurgery: Functional regeneration after laser axotomy,” Nature 432, 822 (2004)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Zhou, J.

F.J. Alenghat, S.M. Nauli, R. Kolb, J. Zhou, and D.E. Ingber, “Global cytoskeletal control of mechanotransduction in kidney epithelial cells,” Exp. Cell Res. 301, 23–30 (2004)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Angiogenesis. (1)

Y. Numaguchi, S. Huang, T.R. Polte, G.S. Eichler, N. Wang, and D.E. Ingber, “Caldesmon-dependent switching between capillary endothelial cell growth and apoptosis through modulation of cell shape and contractility,” Angiogenesis. 6, 55–64 (2003)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Appl. Phys. A (1)

C.B. Schaffer, J.F. Garcia, and E. Mazur, “Bulk heating of transparent materials using a high-repetition-rate femtosecond laser,” Appl. Phys. A 76, 351–354 (2003)
[Crossref]

Arch. Ophthalmol. (1)

D. Stern, R.W. Schoenlein, C.A. Puliafito, E.T. Dobi, R. Birngruber, and J.G. Fujimoto, “Ablation by Nanosecond, Picosecond, and Femtosecond Lasers at 532 nm and 625 nm,” Arch. Ophthalmol. 107, 587–592 (1989)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Biophys. J. (1)

E.L. Botvinick, V. Venugopalan, J.V. Shah, L.H. Liaw, and M.W. Berns, “Controlled Ablation of Microtubules Using a Picosecond Laser,” Biophys. J. 87, 6, 4203–4212 (2004)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Cell. Mol. Biol. (1)

K. Koenig, I. Riemann, P. Fischer, and K. Halbhuber, “Intracellular Nanosurgery With Near Infrared Femtosecond Laser Pulses,” Cell. Mol. Biol. 45, 192–201 (1999)

Chem. Rev. (1)

A. Vogel and V. Venugopalan, “Mechanisms of Pulsed Laser Ablation of Biological Tissues,” Chem. Rev. 103, 2, 577–644 (2003)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Exp. Cell Res. (1)

F.J. Alenghat, S.M. Nauli, R. Kolb, J. Zhou, and D.E. Ingber, “Global cytoskeletal control of mechanotransduction in kidney epithelial cells,” Exp. Cell Res. 301, 23–30 (2004)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Experimental Cell Research (1)

H. Liang, W.H. Wright, S. Cheng, W. He, and M.W. Berns, “Micromanipulation of Chromosomes in PTK2 Cells Using Laser Microsurgery (Optical Scalpel) in Combination with Laser-Induced Optical Force (Optical Tweezers),” Experimental Cell Research 204, 110–120 (1993)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Front. Biosci. (1)

S.H. Hu, J.X. Chen, and N. Wang, “Cell spreading controls balance of prestress by microtubules and extracellular matrix,” Front. Biosci. 9, 2177–2182 (2004)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

in Lasers and Electro Optics, conference technical digest (1)

N. Shen, C.B. Schaffer, D. Datta, and E. Mazur, “Photodisruption in biological tissues and single cells using femtosecond laser pulses,” in Lasers and Electro Optics, conference technical digest, OSA, Washington, DC,  56, 403–404 (2001)

J. Appl. Phys. (1)

J. Noack, D.X. Hammer, G.D. Noojin, B.A. Rockwell, and A. Vogel, “Influence of pulse duration on mechanical effects after laser-induced breakdown in water,” J. Appl. Phys. 83, 12, 7488–7495 (1998)
[Crossref]

J. Microscopy (3)

K. Koenig, “Multiphoton Microscopy in Life Sciences,” J. Microscopy 200, 83–104 (2000)
[Crossref]

D. Gusnard and R. H. Kirschner, “Cell and organelle shrinkage during preparation for scanning electron microscopy: Effects of fixation, dehydration and critical point drying,” J. Microscopy 110, 1, 51–57 (1977)
[Crossref]

U. Brunk, V.P. Collins, and E. Arro, “The fixation, dehydration, drying and coating of cultured cells of SEM,” J. Microscopy 123, 2, 121–131 (1981)
[Crossref]

Journal of Cell Science (1)

J.R. Aist, H. Liang, and M.W. Berns, “Astral and spindle forces in PtK2 cells during anaphase B: a laser microbeam study,” Journal of Cell Science 104, 1207–1216 (1993)
[PubMed]

Nature (2)

M.F. Yanik, H. Cinar, H.N. Cinar, A.D. Chisholm, Y. Jin, and A. Ben-Yakar, “Neurosurgery: Functional regeneration after laser axotomy,” Nature 432, 822 (2004)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

U.K. Tirlapur and K. Koenig, “Targeted transfection by femtosecond laser,” Nature 448, 290–291 (2002)
[Crossref]

Opt. Express (2)

Phys. Rev. Lett. (1)

V. Venugopalan, A. Guerra, K. Nahen, and A. Vogel, “Role of Laser-Induced Plasma Formation in Pulsed Cellular Microsurgery and Micromanipulation,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 078103, 1–4 (2002)
[Crossref]

Science (4)

W. Denk, J.H. Strickler, and W.W. Webb, “Two-Photon Laser Scanning Fluorescence Microscopy,” Science 248, 4951, 73–76 (1990)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

C.S. Chen, M. Mrksich, S. Huang, G.M. Whitesides, and D.E. Ingber, “Geometric Control of Cell Life and Death,” Science 276, 1425–1427 (1997)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S.W. Grill, J. Howard, E. Schäffer, E.H.K. Stelzer, and A.A. Hyman, “The Distribution of Active Force Generators Controls Mitotic Spindle Position,” Science 301, 518–521 (2003)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M.W. Berns, J. Aist, J. Edwards, K. Strahs, J. Girton, P. McNeil, J.B. Rattner, M. Kitzes, M. Hammerwilson, L.H. Liaw, A. Siemens, M. Koonce, S. Peterson, S. Brenner, J. Burt, R. Walter, P. J. Bryant, D. Vandyk, J. Couclombe, T. Cahill, and G.S. Bern, “Laser microsurgery in cell and developmental biology,” Science 213, 505–513 (1981)
[Crossref] [PubMed]

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Figures (4)

Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. (a) Cuts through fluorescently-labeled actin fibers in a fixed endothelial cell obtained by irradiation with femtosecond laser pulses of energies between 1.8 nJ and 4.4 nJ. (b) Fluorescence intensity profile along the actin bundle outlined in the image

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Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. Cuts in the nucleus of a fixed endothelial cell at various laser energies, imaged by (a) fluorescence microscopy and (b) electron microscopy.

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Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. Pulse energy dependence of the ablation width of cuts in the nucleus of endothelial cells measured by fluorescence microscopy (filled circles) and TEM (open circles) in three different cells (a)–(c).

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Fig. 4.
Fig. 4. (a) Fluorescence microscope image of GFP-labeled microtubule network in an endothelial cell. (b) time-lapse sequence showing rapid retraction of microtubule due to depolymerization. The cross hair shows the position targeted by the laser; the triangles show the retracting ends of the microtubule.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

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