Abstract

Ultrahigh resolution, real time OCT imaging is demonstrated using a compact femtosecond Nd:Glass laser that is spectrally broadened in a high numerical aperture single mode fiber. A reflective grating phase delay scanner enables broad bandwidth, high-speed group delay scanning. We demonstrate in vivo, ultrahigh resolution, real time OCT imaging at 1 µm center wavelength with <5 µm axial resolution in free space (<4 µm in tissue). The light source is robust, portable, and well suited for in vivo imaging studies.

©2003 Optical Society of America

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  1. D. Huang, E. A. Swanson, C. P. Lin, J. S. Schuman, W. G. Stinson, W. Chang, M. R. Hee, T. Flotte, K. Gregory, C. A. Puliafito, and J. G. Fujimoto, “Optical coherence tomography,” Science 254, 1178–1181 (1991).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  2. G. J. Tearney, M. E. Brezinski, B. E. Bouma, S. A. Boppart, C. Pitris, J. F. Southern, and J. G. Fujimoto, “In vivo endoscopic optical biopsy with optical coherence tomography,” Science 276, 2037–2039 (1997).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  3. S. A. Boppart, B. E. Bouma, C. Pitris, J. F. Southern, M. E. Brezinski, and J. G. Fujimoto, “In vivo cellular optical coherence tomography imaging,” Nature Medicine 4, 861–865 (1998).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  4. J. K. Ranka, R. S. Windeler, and A. J. Stentz, “Visible continuum generation in air-silica microstructure optical fibers with anomalous dispersion at 800 nm,” Opt. Lett. 25, 25–27 (2000).
    [Crossref]
  5. T. A. Birks, W. J. Wadsworth, and P. St. J. Russell, “Supercontinuum generation in tapered fibers,” Opt. Lett. 25, 1415–1417 (2000).
    [Crossref]
  6. D. L. Marks, A. L. Oldenburg, J. J. Reynolds, and S. A. Boppart, “Study of an ultrahigh-numerical-aperture fiber continuum generation source for optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Lett. 27, 2010–2012 (2002).
    [Crossref]
  7. I. Hartl, X. D. Li, C. Chudoba, R. Ghanta, T. Ko, J. G. Fujimoto, J. K. Ranka, and R. S. Windeler, “Ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography using continuum generation in an air-silica microstructure optical fiber,” Opt. Lett. 26, 608–610 (2001).
    [Crossref]
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    [Crossref]
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    [Crossref] [PubMed]
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    [Crossref]
  14. I. Hartl, A. M. Kowalevicz, P.-L. Hsiung, T. H. Ko, T. Schibli, F.X. Kärtner, J. G. Fujimoto, T. A. Birks, W. J. Wadsworth, U. Bünting, and D. Kopf., “Ultrahigh resolution optical coherence tomography using novel femtosecond laser sources,” in Ultrafast Phenomena XIII, Editors R. D. Miller, M.M. Murnane, N.F. Scherer, and A.M. Weiner, Springer Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg2003, pp. 660–662.
  15. G. J. Tearney, B. E. Bouma, and J. G. Fujimoto, “High-speed phase- and group-delay scanning with a grating-based phase control delay line,” Opt. Lett. 22, 1811–1813 (1997).
    [Crossref]
  16. R. N. Thurston, J. P. Heritage, A. M. Weiner, and W. J. Tomlinson, “Analysis of picosecond pulse shape synthesis by spectral masking in a grating pulse compressor,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 22, 682–696 (1986).
    [Crossref]
  17. S. Backus, C. G. Durfee III, M. M. Murnane, and H. C. Kapteyn, “High power ultrafast lasers,” Review of Scientific Instruments 69, 1207–1223 (1998).
    [Crossref]
  18. A. V. Zvyagin and D. D. Sampson, “Achromatic optical phase shifter-modulator,” Opt. Lett. 26, 187–189 (2001).
    [Crossref]
  19. K. L. Corwin, N. R. Newbury, J. M. Dudley, S. Coen, S. A. Diddams, K. Weber, and R. S. Windeler, “Fundamental Noise Limitations to Supercontinuum Generation in Microstructure Fiber,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 113904-1 -4 (2003).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  20. A. Rollins, J. Izatt, M. Kulkarni, S. Yazdanfar, and R. Ung-arunyawee, “In vivo video rate optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Express 3, 219–221 (1998), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-3-6-219.
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  21. A. M. Rollins and J. A. Izatt, “Optimal interferometer designs for optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Lett. 24, 1484–1486 (1999).
    [Crossref]

2003 (3)

2002 (2)

2001 (2)

2000 (2)

1999 (1)

1998 (3)

A. Rollins, J. Izatt, M. Kulkarni, S. Yazdanfar, and R. Ung-arunyawee, “In vivo video rate optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Express 3, 219–221 (1998), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-3-6-219.
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. Backus, C. G. Durfee III, M. M. Murnane, and H. C. Kapteyn, “High power ultrafast lasers,” Review of Scientific Instruments 69, 1207–1223 (1998).
[Crossref]

S. A. Boppart, B. E. Bouma, C. Pitris, J. F. Southern, M. E. Brezinski, and J. G. Fujimoto, “In vivo cellular optical coherence tomography imaging,” Nature Medicine 4, 861–865 (1998).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1997 (2)

G. J. Tearney, B. E. Bouma, and J. G. Fujimoto, “High-speed phase- and group-delay scanning with a grating-based phase control delay line,” Opt. Lett. 22, 1811–1813 (1997).
[Crossref]

G. J. Tearney, M. E. Brezinski, B. E. Bouma, S. A. Boppart, C. Pitris, J. F. Southern, and J. G. Fujimoto, “In vivo endoscopic optical biopsy with optical coherence tomography,” Science 276, 2037–2039 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1996 (2)

U. Keller, K. J. Weingarten, F. X. Kärtner, D. Kopf, B. Braun, I. D. Jung, R. Fluck, C. Hönninger, N. Matuschek, and J. Aus der Au, “Semiconductor Saturable Absorber Mirrors (SESAM’s) for femtosecond to nanosecond pulse generation in solid-state lasers,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 2, 435–453 (1996).
[Crossref]

F. X. Kärtner, I. D. Jung, and U. Keller, “Soliton mode-locking with saturable absorbers,” Special Issue on Ultrafast Electronics, Photonics and Optoelectronics, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 2, 540–556 (1996).
[Crossref]

1995 (1)

1991 (1)

D. Huang, E. A. Swanson, C. P. Lin, J. S. Schuman, W. G. Stinson, W. Chang, M. R. Hee, T. Flotte, K. Gregory, C. A. Puliafito, and J. G. Fujimoto, “Optical coherence tomography,” Science 254, 1178–1181 (1991).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1986 (1)

R. N. Thurston, J. P. Heritage, A. M. Weiner, and W. J. Tomlinson, “Analysis of picosecond pulse shape synthesis by spectral masking in a grating pulse compressor,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 22, 682–696 (1986).
[Crossref]

Apolonski, A.

Backus, S.

S. Backus, C. G. Durfee III, M. M. Murnane, and H. C. Kapteyn, “High power ultrafast lasers,” Review of Scientific Instruments 69, 1207–1223 (1998).
[Crossref]

Birks, T. A.

T. A. Birks, W. J. Wadsworth, and P. St. J. Russell, “Supercontinuum generation in tapered fibers,” Opt. Lett. 25, 1415–1417 (2000).
[Crossref]

I. Hartl, A. M. Kowalevicz, P.-L. Hsiung, T. H. Ko, T. Schibli, F.X. Kärtner, J. G. Fujimoto, T. A. Birks, W. J. Wadsworth, U. Bünting, and D. Kopf., “Ultrahigh resolution optical coherence tomography using novel femtosecond laser sources,” in Ultrafast Phenomena XIII, Editors R. D. Miller, M.M. Murnane, N.F. Scherer, and A.M. Weiner, Springer Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg2003, pp. 660–662.

Bizheva, K.

Boppart, S. A.

D. L. Marks, A. L. Oldenburg, J. J. Reynolds, and S. A. Boppart, “Study of an ultrahigh-numerical-aperture fiber continuum generation source for optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Lett. 27, 2010–2012 (2002).
[Crossref]

S. A. Boppart, B. E. Bouma, C. Pitris, J. F. Southern, M. E. Brezinski, and J. G. Fujimoto, “In vivo cellular optical coherence tomography imaging,” Nature Medicine 4, 861–865 (1998).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

G. J. Tearney, M. E. Brezinski, B. E. Bouma, S. A. Boppart, C. Pitris, J. F. Southern, and J. G. Fujimoto, “In vivo endoscopic optical biopsy with optical coherence tomography,” Science 276, 2037–2039 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Bouma, B. E.

S. A. Boppart, B. E. Bouma, C. Pitris, J. F. Southern, M. E. Brezinski, and J. G. Fujimoto, “In vivo cellular optical coherence tomography imaging,” Nature Medicine 4, 861–865 (1998).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

G. J. Tearney, M. E. Brezinski, B. E. Bouma, S. A. Boppart, C. Pitris, J. F. Southern, and J. G. Fujimoto, “In vivo endoscopic optical biopsy with optical coherence tomography,” Science 276, 2037–2039 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

G. J. Tearney, B. E. Bouma, and J. G. Fujimoto, “High-speed phase- and group-delay scanning with a grating-based phase control delay line,” Opt. Lett. 22, 1811–1813 (1997).
[Crossref]

Braun, B.

U. Keller, K. J. Weingarten, F. X. Kärtner, D. Kopf, B. Braun, I. D. Jung, R. Fluck, C. Hönninger, N. Matuschek, and J. Aus der Au, “Semiconductor Saturable Absorber Mirrors (SESAM’s) for femtosecond to nanosecond pulse generation in solid-state lasers,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 2, 435–453 (1996).
[Crossref]

Brezinski, M. E.

S. A. Boppart, B. E. Bouma, C. Pitris, J. F. Southern, M. E. Brezinski, and J. G. Fujimoto, “In vivo cellular optical coherence tomography imaging,” Nature Medicine 4, 861–865 (1998).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

G. J. Tearney, M. E. Brezinski, B. E. Bouma, S. A. Boppart, C. Pitris, J. F. Southern, and J. G. Fujimoto, “In vivo endoscopic optical biopsy with optical coherence tomography,” Science 276, 2037–2039 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Bünting, U.

I. Hartl, A. M. Kowalevicz, P.-L. Hsiung, T. H. Ko, T. Schibli, F.X. Kärtner, J. G. Fujimoto, T. A. Birks, W. J. Wadsworth, U. Bünting, and D. Kopf., “Ultrahigh resolution optical coherence tomography using novel femtosecond laser sources,” in Ultrafast Phenomena XIII, Editors R. D. Miller, M.M. Murnane, N.F. Scherer, and A.M. Weiner, Springer Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg2003, pp. 660–662.

Chang, W.

D. Huang, E. A. Swanson, C. P. Lin, J. S. Schuman, W. G. Stinson, W. Chang, M. R. Hee, T. Flotte, K. Gregory, C. A. Puliafito, and J. G. Fujimoto, “Optical coherence tomography,” Science 254, 1178–1181 (1991).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Chen, Z.

chuck, R. S.

Chudoba, C.

Coen, S.

K. L. Corwin, N. R. Newbury, J. M. Dudley, S. Coen, S. A. Diddams, K. Weber, and R. S. Windeler, “Fundamental Noise Limitations to Supercontinuum Generation in Microstructure Fiber,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 113904-1 -4 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Corwin, K. L.

K. L. Corwin, N. R. Newbury, J. M. Dudley, S. Coen, S. A. Diddams, K. Weber, and R. S. Windeler, “Fundamental Noise Limitations to Supercontinuum Generation in Microstructure Fiber,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 113904-1 -4 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

der Au, J. Aus

U. Keller, K. J. Weingarten, F. X. Kärtner, D. Kopf, B. Braun, I. D. Jung, R. Fluck, C. Hönninger, N. Matuschek, and J. Aus der Au, “Semiconductor Saturable Absorber Mirrors (SESAM’s) for femtosecond to nanosecond pulse generation in solid-state lasers,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 2, 435–453 (1996).
[Crossref]

Diddams, S. A.

K. L. Corwin, N. R. Newbury, J. M. Dudley, S. Coen, S. A. Diddams, K. Weber, and R. S. Windeler, “Fundamental Noise Limitations to Supercontinuum Generation in Microstructure Fiber,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 113904-1 -4 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Drexler, W.

Dudley, J. M.

K. L. Corwin, N. R. Newbury, J. M. Dudley, S. Coen, S. A. Diddams, K. Weber, and R. S. Windeler, “Fundamental Noise Limitations to Supercontinuum Generation in Microstructure Fiber,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 113904-1 -4 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Durfee III, C. G.

S. Backus, C. G. Durfee III, M. M. Murnane, and H. C. Kapteyn, “High power ultrafast lasers,” Review of Scientific Instruments 69, 1207–1223 (1998).
[Crossref]

Fercher, A. F.

Flotte, T.

D. Huang, E. A. Swanson, C. P. Lin, J. S. Schuman, W. G. Stinson, W. Chang, M. R. Hee, T. Flotte, K. Gregory, C. A. Puliafito, and J. G. Fujimoto, “Optical coherence tomography,” Science 254, 1178–1181 (1991).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Fluck, R.

U. Keller, K. J. Weingarten, F. X. Kärtner, D. Kopf, B. Braun, I. D. Jung, R. Fluck, C. Hönninger, N. Matuschek, and J. Aus der Au, “Semiconductor Saturable Absorber Mirrors (SESAM’s) for femtosecond to nanosecond pulse generation in solid-state lasers,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 2, 435–453 (1996).
[Crossref]

Fujimoto, J. G.

I. Hartl, X. D. Li, C. Chudoba, R. Ghanta, T. Ko, J. G. Fujimoto, J. K. Ranka, and R. S. Windeler, “Ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography using continuum generation in an air-silica microstructure optical fiber,” Opt. Lett. 26, 608–610 (2001).
[Crossref]

S. A. Boppart, B. E. Bouma, C. Pitris, J. F. Southern, M. E. Brezinski, and J. G. Fujimoto, “In vivo cellular optical coherence tomography imaging,” Nature Medicine 4, 861–865 (1998).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

G. J. Tearney, M. E. Brezinski, B. E. Bouma, S. A. Boppart, C. Pitris, J. F. Southern, and J. G. Fujimoto, “In vivo endoscopic optical biopsy with optical coherence tomography,” Science 276, 2037–2039 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

G. J. Tearney, B. E. Bouma, and J. G. Fujimoto, “High-speed phase- and group-delay scanning with a grating-based phase control delay line,” Opt. Lett. 22, 1811–1813 (1997).
[Crossref]

D. Huang, E. A. Swanson, C. P. Lin, J. S. Schuman, W. G. Stinson, W. Chang, M. R. Hee, T. Flotte, K. Gregory, C. A. Puliafito, and J. G. Fujimoto, “Optical coherence tomography,” Science 254, 1178–1181 (1991).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

I. Hartl, A. M. Kowalevicz, P.-L. Hsiung, T. H. Ko, T. Schibli, F.X. Kärtner, J. G. Fujimoto, T. A. Birks, W. J. Wadsworth, U. Bünting, and D. Kopf., “Ultrahigh resolution optical coherence tomography using novel femtosecond laser sources,” in Ultrafast Phenomena XIII, Editors R. D. Miller, M.M. Murnane, N.F. Scherer, and A.M. Weiner, Springer Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg2003, pp. 660–662.

Ghanta, R.

Gregory, K.

D. Huang, E. A. Swanson, C. P. Lin, J. S. Schuman, W. G. Stinson, W. Chang, M. R. Hee, T. Flotte, K. Gregory, C. A. Puliafito, and J. G. Fujimoto, “Optical coherence tomography,” Science 254, 1178–1181 (1991).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Hartl, I.

I. Hartl, X. D. Li, C. Chudoba, R. Ghanta, T. Ko, J. G. Fujimoto, J. K. Ranka, and R. S. Windeler, “Ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography using continuum generation in an air-silica microstructure optical fiber,” Opt. Lett. 26, 608–610 (2001).
[Crossref]

I. Hartl, A. M. Kowalevicz, P.-L. Hsiung, T. H. Ko, T. Schibli, F.X. Kärtner, J. G. Fujimoto, T. A. Birks, W. J. Wadsworth, U. Bünting, and D. Kopf., “Ultrahigh resolution optical coherence tomography using novel femtosecond laser sources,” in Ultrafast Phenomena XIII, Editors R. D. Miller, M.M. Murnane, N.F. Scherer, and A.M. Weiner, Springer Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg2003, pp. 660–662.

Hee, M. R.

D. Huang, E. A. Swanson, C. P. Lin, J. S. Schuman, W. G. Stinson, W. Chang, M. R. Hee, T. Flotte, K. Gregory, C. A. Puliafito, and J. G. Fujimoto, “Optical coherence tomography,” Science 254, 1178–1181 (1991).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Heritage, J. P.

R. N. Thurston, J. P. Heritage, A. M. Weiner, and W. J. Tomlinson, “Analysis of picosecond pulse shape synthesis by spectral masking in a grating pulse compressor,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 22, 682–696 (1986).
[Crossref]

Hermann, B.

Hönninger, C.

U. Keller, K. J. Weingarten, F. X. Kärtner, D. Kopf, B. Braun, I. D. Jung, R. Fluck, C. Hönninger, N. Matuschek, and J. Aus der Au, “Semiconductor Saturable Absorber Mirrors (SESAM’s) for femtosecond to nanosecond pulse generation in solid-state lasers,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 2, 435–453 (1996).
[Crossref]

Hsiung, P.-L.

I. Hartl, A. M. Kowalevicz, P.-L. Hsiung, T. H. Ko, T. Schibli, F.X. Kärtner, J. G. Fujimoto, T. A. Birks, W. J. Wadsworth, U. Bünting, and D. Kopf., “Ultrahigh resolution optical coherence tomography using novel femtosecond laser sources,” in Ultrafast Phenomena XIII, Editors R. D. Miller, M.M. Murnane, N.F. Scherer, and A.M. Weiner, Springer Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg2003, pp. 660–662.

Huang, D.

D. Huang, E. A. Swanson, C. P. Lin, J. S. Schuman, W. G. Stinson, W. Chang, M. R. Hee, T. Flotte, K. Gregory, C. A. Puliafito, and J. G. Fujimoto, “Optical coherence tomography,” Science 254, 1178–1181 (1991).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Izatt, J.

Izatt, J. A.

Jung, I. D.

U. Keller, K. J. Weingarten, F. X. Kärtner, D. Kopf, B. Braun, I. D. Jung, R. Fluck, C. Hönninger, N. Matuschek, and J. Aus der Au, “Semiconductor Saturable Absorber Mirrors (SESAM’s) for femtosecond to nanosecond pulse generation in solid-state lasers,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 2, 435–453 (1996).
[Crossref]

F. X. Kärtner, I. D. Jung, and U. Keller, “Soliton mode-locking with saturable absorbers,” Special Issue on Ultrafast Electronics, Photonics and Optoelectronics, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 2, 540–556 (1996).
[Crossref]

Kapteyn, H. C.

S. Backus, C. G. Durfee III, M. M. Murnane, and H. C. Kapteyn, “High power ultrafast lasers,” Review of Scientific Instruments 69, 1207–1223 (1998).
[Crossref]

Kärtner, F. X.

F. X. Kärtner, I. D. Jung, and U. Keller, “Soliton mode-locking with saturable absorbers,” Special Issue on Ultrafast Electronics, Photonics and Optoelectronics, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 2, 540–556 (1996).
[Crossref]

U. Keller, K. J. Weingarten, F. X. Kärtner, D. Kopf, B. Braun, I. D. Jung, R. Fluck, C. Hönninger, N. Matuschek, and J. Aus der Au, “Semiconductor Saturable Absorber Mirrors (SESAM’s) for femtosecond to nanosecond pulse generation in solid-state lasers,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 2, 435–453 (1996).
[Crossref]

D. Kopf, F. X. Kärtner, K. J. Weingarten, and U. Keller, “Diode-pumped mode-locked Nd:glass lasers with an antiresonant Fabry-Perot saturable absorber,” Opt. Lett. 20, 1169–1171 (1995).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Kärtner, F.X.

I. Hartl, A. M. Kowalevicz, P.-L. Hsiung, T. H. Ko, T. Schibli, F.X. Kärtner, J. G. Fujimoto, T. A. Birks, W. J. Wadsworth, U. Bünting, and D. Kopf., “Ultrahigh resolution optical coherence tomography using novel femtosecond laser sources,” in Ultrafast Phenomena XIII, Editors R. D. Miller, M.M. Murnane, N.F. Scherer, and A.M. Weiner, Springer Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg2003, pp. 660–662.

Keller, U.

F. X. Kärtner, I. D. Jung, and U. Keller, “Soliton mode-locking with saturable absorbers,” Special Issue on Ultrafast Electronics, Photonics and Optoelectronics, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 2, 540–556 (1996).
[Crossref]

U. Keller, K. J. Weingarten, F. X. Kärtner, D. Kopf, B. Braun, I. D. Jung, R. Fluck, C. Hönninger, N. Matuschek, and J. Aus der Au, “Semiconductor Saturable Absorber Mirrors (SESAM’s) for femtosecond to nanosecond pulse generation in solid-state lasers,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 2, 435–453 (1996).
[Crossref]

D. Kopf, F. X. Kärtner, K. J. Weingarten, and U. Keller, “Diode-pumped mode-locked Nd:glass lasers with an antiresonant Fabry-Perot saturable absorber,” Opt. Lett. 20, 1169–1171 (1995).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Knight, J. C.

Ko, T.

Ko, T. H.

I. Hartl, A. M. Kowalevicz, P.-L. Hsiung, T. H. Ko, T. Schibli, F.X. Kärtner, J. G. Fujimoto, T. A. Birks, W. J. Wadsworth, U. Bünting, and D. Kopf., “Ultrahigh resolution optical coherence tomography using novel femtosecond laser sources,” in Ultrafast Phenomena XIII, Editors R. D. Miller, M.M. Murnane, N.F. Scherer, and A.M. Weiner, Springer Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg2003, pp. 660–662.

Kopf, D.

U. Keller, K. J. Weingarten, F. X. Kärtner, D. Kopf, B. Braun, I. D. Jung, R. Fluck, C. Hönninger, N. Matuschek, and J. Aus der Au, “Semiconductor Saturable Absorber Mirrors (SESAM’s) for femtosecond to nanosecond pulse generation in solid-state lasers,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 2, 435–453 (1996).
[Crossref]

D. Kopf, F. X. Kärtner, K. J. Weingarten, and U. Keller, “Diode-pumped mode-locked Nd:glass lasers with an antiresonant Fabry-Perot saturable absorber,” Opt. Lett. 20, 1169–1171 (1995).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

I. Hartl, A. M. Kowalevicz, P.-L. Hsiung, T. H. Ko, T. Schibli, F.X. Kärtner, J. G. Fujimoto, T. A. Birks, W. J. Wadsworth, U. Bünting, and D. Kopf., “Ultrahigh resolution optical coherence tomography using novel femtosecond laser sources,” in Ultrafast Phenomena XIII, Editors R. D. Miller, M.M. Murnane, N.F. Scherer, and A.M. Weiner, Springer Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg2003, pp. 660–662.

Kowalevicz, A. M.

I. Hartl, A. M. Kowalevicz, P.-L. Hsiung, T. H. Ko, T. Schibli, F.X. Kärtner, J. G. Fujimoto, T. A. Birks, W. J. Wadsworth, U. Bünting, and D. Kopf., “Ultrahigh resolution optical coherence tomography using novel femtosecond laser sources,” in Ultrafast Phenomena XIII, Editors R. D. Miller, M.M. Murnane, N.F. Scherer, and A.M. Weiner, Springer Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg2003, pp. 660–662.

Kulkarni, M.

Li, X. D.

Lin, C. P.

D. Huang, E. A. Swanson, C. P. Lin, J. S. Schuman, W. G. Stinson, W. Chang, M. R. Hee, T. Flotte, K. Gregory, C. A. Puliafito, and J. G. Fujimoto, “Optical coherence tomography,” Science 254, 1178–1181 (1991).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Marks, D. L.

Matuschek, N.

U. Keller, K. J. Weingarten, F. X. Kärtner, D. Kopf, B. Braun, I. D. Jung, R. Fluck, C. Hönninger, N. Matuschek, and J. Aus der Au, “Semiconductor Saturable Absorber Mirrors (SESAM’s) for femtosecond to nanosecond pulse generation in solid-state lasers,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 2, 435–453 (1996).
[Crossref]

Murnane, M. M.

S. Backus, C. G. Durfee III, M. M. Murnane, and H. C. Kapteyn, “High power ultrafast lasers,” Review of Scientific Instruments 69, 1207–1223 (1998).
[Crossref]

Nelson, J. S.

Nelson, J. Stuart

Newbury, N. R.

K. L. Corwin, N. R. Newbury, J. M. Dudley, S. Coen, S. A. Diddams, K. Weber, and R. S. Windeler, “Fundamental Noise Limitations to Supercontinuum Generation in Microstructure Fiber,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 113904-1 -4 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Oldenburg, A. L.

Pitris, C.

S. A. Boppart, B. E. Bouma, C. Pitris, J. F. Southern, M. E. Brezinski, and J. G. Fujimoto, “In vivo cellular optical coherence tomography imaging,” Nature Medicine 4, 861–865 (1998).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

G. J. Tearney, M. E. Brezinski, B. E. Bouma, S. A. Boppart, C. Pitris, J. F. Southern, and J. G. Fujimoto, “In vivo endoscopic optical biopsy with optical coherence tomography,” Science 276, 2037–2039 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Povazay, B.

Puliafito, C. A.

D. Huang, E. A. Swanson, C. P. Lin, J. S. Schuman, W. G. Stinson, W. Chang, M. R. Hee, T. Flotte, K. Gregory, C. A. Puliafito, and J. G. Fujimoto, “Optical coherence tomography,” Science 254, 1178–1181 (1991).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Ranka, J. K.

Reiser, B. J.

Reynolds, J. J.

Rollins, A.

Rollins, A. M.

Russel, P. St.

Russell, P. St. J.

Sampson, D. D.

Sattmann, H.

Scherzer, E.

Schibli, T.

I. Hartl, A. M. Kowalevicz, P.-L. Hsiung, T. H. Ko, T. Schibli, F.X. Kärtner, J. G. Fujimoto, T. A. Birks, W. J. Wadsworth, U. Bünting, and D. Kopf., “Ultrahigh resolution optical coherence tomography using novel femtosecond laser sources,” in Ultrafast Phenomena XIII, Editors R. D. Miller, M.M. Murnane, N.F. Scherer, and A.M. Weiner, Springer Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg2003, pp. 660–662.

Schuman, J. S.

D. Huang, E. A. Swanson, C. P. Lin, J. S. Schuman, W. G. Stinson, W. Chang, M. R. Hee, T. Flotte, K. Gregory, C. A. Puliafito, and J. G. Fujimoto, “Optical coherence tomography,” Science 254, 1178–1181 (1991).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Southern, J. F.

S. A. Boppart, B. E. Bouma, C. Pitris, J. F. Southern, M. E. Brezinski, and J. G. Fujimoto, “In vivo cellular optical coherence tomography imaging,” Nature Medicine 4, 861–865 (1998).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

G. J. Tearney, M. E. Brezinski, B. E. Bouma, S. A. Boppart, C. Pitris, J. F. Southern, and J. G. Fujimoto, “In vivo endoscopic optical biopsy with optical coherence tomography,” Science 276, 2037–2039 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Stentz, A. J.

Stinson, W. G.

D. Huang, E. A. Swanson, C. P. Lin, J. S. Schuman, W. G. Stinson, W. Chang, M. R. Hee, T. Flotte, K. Gregory, C. A. Puliafito, and J. G. Fujimoto, “Optical coherence tomography,” Science 254, 1178–1181 (1991).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Swanson, E. A.

D. Huang, E. A. Swanson, C. P. Lin, J. S. Schuman, W. G. Stinson, W. Chang, M. R. Hee, T. Flotte, K. Gregory, C. A. Puliafito, and J. G. Fujimoto, “Optical coherence tomography,” Science 254, 1178–1181 (1991).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Tearney, G. J.

G. J. Tearney, M. E. Brezinski, B. E. Bouma, S. A. Boppart, C. Pitris, J. F. Southern, and J. G. Fujimoto, “In vivo endoscopic optical biopsy with optical coherence tomography,” Science 276, 2037–2039 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

G. J. Tearney, B. E. Bouma, and J. G. Fujimoto, “High-speed phase- and group-delay scanning with a grating-based phase control delay line,” Opt. Lett. 22, 1811–1813 (1997).
[Crossref]

Thurston, R. N.

R. N. Thurston, J. P. Heritage, A. M. Weiner, and W. J. Tomlinson, “Analysis of picosecond pulse shape synthesis by spectral masking in a grating pulse compressor,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 22, 682–696 (1986).
[Crossref]

Tomlinson, W. J.

R. N. Thurston, J. P. Heritage, A. M. Weiner, and W. J. Tomlinson, “Analysis of picosecond pulse shape synthesis by spectral masking in a grating pulse compressor,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 22, 682–696 (1986).
[Crossref]

Ung-arunyawee, R.

Unterhuber, A.

Vetterlein, M.

Wadsworth, W. J.

B. Povazay, K. Bizheva, A. Unterhuber, B. Hermann, H. Sattmann, A. F. Fercher, W. Drexler, A. Apolonski, W. J. Wadsworth, J. C. Knight, P. St. Russel, M. Vetterlein, and E. Scherzer, “Submicrometer axial resolution optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Lett. 27, 1800–1802 (2002).
[Crossref]

T. A. Birks, W. J. Wadsworth, and P. St. J. Russell, “Supercontinuum generation in tapered fibers,” Opt. Lett. 25, 1415–1417 (2000).
[Crossref]

I. Hartl, A. M. Kowalevicz, P.-L. Hsiung, T. H. Ko, T. Schibli, F.X. Kärtner, J. G. Fujimoto, T. A. Birks, W. J. Wadsworth, U. Bünting, and D. Kopf., “Ultrahigh resolution optical coherence tomography using novel femtosecond laser sources,” in Ultrafast Phenomena XIII, Editors R. D. Miller, M.M. Murnane, N.F. Scherer, and A.M. Weiner, Springer Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg2003, pp. 660–662.

Wang, Y.

Weber, K.

K. L. Corwin, N. R. Newbury, J. M. Dudley, S. Coen, S. A. Diddams, K. Weber, and R. S. Windeler, “Fundamental Noise Limitations to Supercontinuum Generation in Microstructure Fiber,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 113904-1 -4 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Weiner, A. M.

R. N. Thurston, J. P. Heritage, A. M. Weiner, and W. J. Tomlinson, “Analysis of picosecond pulse shape synthesis by spectral masking in a grating pulse compressor,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 22, 682–696 (1986).
[Crossref]

Weingarten, K. J.

U. Keller, K. J. Weingarten, F. X. Kärtner, D. Kopf, B. Braun, I. D. Jung, R. Fluck, C. Hönninger, N. Matuschek, and J. Aus der Au, “Semiconductor Saturable Absorber Mirrors (SESAM’s) for femtosecond to nanosecond pulse generation in solid-state lasers,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 2, 435–453 (1996).
[Crossref]

D. Kopf, F. X. Kärtner, K. J. Weingarten, and U. Keller, “Diode-pumped mode-locked Nd:glass lasers with an antiresonant Fabry-Perot saturable absorber,” Opt. Lett. 20, 1169–1171 (1995).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Windeler, R. S.

Yazdanfar, S.

Zhao, Y.

Zvyagin, A. V.

IEEE J. Quantum Electron. (1)

R. N. Thurston, J. P. Heritage, A. M. Weiner, and W. J. Tomlinson, “Analysis of picosecond pulse shape synthesis by spectral masking in a grating pulse compressor,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 22, 682–696 (1986).
[Crossref]

IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. (2)

U. Keller, K. J. Weingarten, F. X. Kärtner, D. Kopf, B. Braun, I. D. Jung, R. Fluck, C. Hönninger, N. Matuschek, and J. Aus der Au, “Semiconductor Saturable Absorber Mirrors (SESAM’s) for femtosecond to nanosecond pulse generation in solid-state lasers,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 2, 435–453 (1996).
[Crossref]

F. X. Kärtner, I. D. Jung, and U. Keller, “Soliton mode-locking with saturable absorbers,” Special Issue on Ultrafast Electronics, Photonics and Optoelectronics, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 2, 540–556 (1996).
[Crossref]

Nature Medicine (1)

S. A. Boppart, B. E. Bouma, C. Pitris, J. F. Southern, M. E. Brezinski, and J. G. Fujimoto, “In vivo cellular optical coherence tomography imaging,” Nature Medicine 4, 861–865 (1998).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Opt. Express (2)

Opt. Lett. (10)

A. M. Rollins and J. A. Izatt, “Optimal interferometer designs for optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Lett. 24, 1484–1486 (1999).
[Crossref]

G. J. Tearney, B. E. Bouma, and J. G. Fujimoto, “High-speed phase- and group-delay scanning with a grating-based phase control delay line,” Opt. Lett. 22, 1811–1813 (1997).
[Crossref]

A. V. Zvyagin and D. D. Sampson, “Achromatic optical phase shifter-modulator,” Opt. Lett. 26, 187–189 (2001).
[Crossref]

J. K. Ranka, R. S. Windeler, and A. J. Stentz, “Visible continuum generation in air-silica microstructure optical fibers with anomalous dispersion at 800 nm,” Opt. Lett. 25, 25–27 (2000).
[Crossref]

T. A. Birks, W. J. Wadsworth, and P. St. J. Russell, “Supercontinuum generation in tapered fibers,” Opt. Lett. 25, 1415–1417 (2000).
[Crossref]

D. L. Marks, A. L. Oldenburg, J. J. Reynolds, and S. A. Boppart, “Study of an ultrahigh-numerical-aperture fiber continuum generation source for optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Lett. 27, 2010–2012 (2002).
[Crossref]

I. Hartl, X. D. Li, C. Chudoba, R. Ghanta, T. Ko, J. G. Fujimoto, J. K. Ranka, and R. S. Windeler, “Ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography using continuum generation in an air-silica microstructure optical fiber,” Opt. Lett. 26, 608–610 (2001).
[Crossref]

Y. Wang, Y. Zhao, J. S. Nelson, Z. Chen, and R. S. Windeler, “Ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography by broadband continuum generation from a photonic crystal fiber,” Opt. Lett.,  28, 182–184 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

B. Povazay, K. Bizheva, A. Unterhuber, B. Hermann, H. Sattmann, A. F. Fercher, W. Drexler, A. Apolonski, W. J. Wadsworth, J. C. Knight, P. St. Russel, M. Vetterlein, and E. Scherzer, “Submicrometer axial resolution optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Lett. 27, 1800–1802 (2002).
[Crossref]

D. Kopf, F. X. Kärtner, K. J. Weingarten, and U. Keller, “Diode-pumped mode-locked Nd:glass lasers with an antiresonant Fabry-Perot saturable absorber,” Opt. Lett. 20, 1169–1171 (1995).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Phys. Rev. Lett. (1)

K. L. Corwin, N. R. Newbury, J. M. Dudley, S. Coen, S. A. Diddams, K. Weber, and R. S. Windeler, “Fundamental Noise Limitations to Supercontinuum Generation in Microstructure Fiber,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 113904-1 -4 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Review of Scientific Instruments (1)

S. Backus, C. G. Durfee III, M. M. Murnane, and H. C. Kapteyn, “High power ultrafast lasers,” Review of Scientific Instruments 69, 1207–1223 (1998).
[Crossref]

Science (2)

D. Huang, E. A. Swanson, C. P. Lin, J. S. Schuman, W. G. Stinson, W. Chang, M. R. Hee, T. Flotte, K. Gregory, C. A. Puliafito, and J. G. Fujimoto, “Optical coherence tomography,” Science 254, 1178–1181 (1991).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

G. J. Tearney, M. E. Brezinski, B. E. Bouma, S. A. Boppart, C. Pitris, J. F. Southern, and J. G. Fujimoto, “In vivo endoscopic optical biopsy with optical coherence tomography,” Science 276, 2037–2039 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Other (1)

I. Hartl, A. M. Kowalevicz, P.-L. Hsiung, T. H. Ko, T. Schibli, F.X. Kärtner, J. G. Fujimoto, T. A. Birks, W. J. Wadsworth, U. Bünting, and D. Kopf., “Ultrahigh resolution optical coherence tomography using novel femtosecond laser sources,” in Ultrafast Phenomena XIII, Editors R. D. Miller, M.M. Murnane, N.F. Scherer, and A.M. Weiner, Springer Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg2003, pp. 660–662.

Supplementary Material (2)

» Media 1: MOV (2155 KB)     
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Figures (6)

Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Ultrahigh resolution, real time, OCT system using a femtosecond diode pumped Nd:Glass laser with a high numerical aperture fiber and a broadband grating based phase delay scanner. AS: aspheric lens, NA: numerical aperture, L1–L5: chromatically corrected doublet, FC1,2: 3dB 2×2 fiber coupler, PC1,2: polarization controller, A: air gap, D1,2: InGaAs photodiode, PR: prisms, M: mirror, DM: mirror for double-pass configuration, G: grating, CM: curved mirror, GM: galvanometer controlled mirror, XG: x-galvanometer.

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Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. Top and side views of the reflective grating phase delay line for high speed imaging. The double pass mirror allows doubling the axial scan range and coupling back the light beam into the fiber.

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Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. (a) Plot of the optical spectrum of the Nd:Glass laser broadened in the high numerical aperture (NA) single mode fiber. (b) Comparison of RF noise spectrum for the Nd:Glass pump laser to that of the continuum generated in the high NA fiber.

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Fig. 4.
Fig. 4. (a) Plot of the interference signal and (b) measurement of the axial resolution using a 150 µm thick (225 µm optical thickness) microscope cover glass test sample. (c) Corresponding log demodulated signal. A 1.5 ND filter was inserted in the sample arm to avoid detector saturation.

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Fig. 5.
Fig. 5. In vivo ultrahigh resolution OCT images at 1 µm wavelength. Images were acquired at 4 frames per second and are 2.5 mm transverse × 1.2 mm axial with 11 µm×4 µm resolution. (a,b) Images of the hamster cheek pouch showing squamous epithelium and connective tissue as well as a junction between two vessels. (c) Image of the nail bed showing the stratum corneum and the junction between the epidermis and the dermis. (d) Image of human volar finger pad showing stratum corneum and sweat ducts.

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Fig. 6.
Fig. 6. Movie from in vivo ultrahigh resolution images acquired at 4 frames per second. (a) (2.1 MB) 2D images of human volar finger pad with sweat ducts (1.9 mm×1.3 mm). (b) (2.3 MB) Sequence of transverse images of a tadpole in water scanned from the posterior to the anterior (1.8 mm×1.5 mm).

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