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Towards CARS Endoscopy

François Légaré, Conor L. Evans, Feruz Ganikhanov, and X. Sunney Xie

Open Access Open Access

Abstract

We provide a proof-of-principle demonstration of CARS endoscopy. The design utilizes a single mode optical fiber with a focusing unit attached to the distal end. Picosecond pump and Stokes pulse trains in the near infrared are delivered through the fiber with nearly unaltered spectral and temporal characteristics at intensities needed for endoscopy. CARS endoscopic images are recorded by collecting the epi-CARS signal generated at the sample and raster scanning the sample with respect to the fiber. This CARS endoscope prototype represents an important step towards in situ chemically selective imaging for biomedical applications.

©2006 Optical Society of America

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Figures (4)
Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. (a) CARS energy diagram. (b) Experimental setup: BS, 15% beam splitter; VA, variable attenuator; λ/2, half-waveplate; D1, 950nm longpass dichroic mirror; D2, 750nm longpass dichroic mirror; F, three 670nm bandpass filters; L1, aspheric lens; L2, 10cm concave lens.

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Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. (a) Autocorrelation traces of pump (blue) and Stokes (red) pulses after propagation in 1m long fiber. Cross-correlation trace after 1m of fiber propagation (green). The faintly seen black trace is the autocorrelation of the pump before fiber propagation. Measured pump (b) and Stokes (c) power spectra after the OPO (black), 1m- (blue) and 5m- red) long fiber propagation at 400mW and 700mW of pump and Stokes fiber output, respectively. The fiber input powers were 1W and 1.3W, respectively.

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Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. (a) Prototype CARS endoscope image of 0.75µm polystyrene beads embedded in agarose gel spin-coated on a coverslip (Δω=2845cm-1). The image dimension is 29µm×29µm (128×128 pixels). The pump and Stokes powers at the sample were 80mW each, with a pixel dwell time of 1ms. (b) CARS intensity profile along the white line in (a). The CARS contrast decreased when the system was tuned off the resonance maximum.

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Fig. 4.
Fig. 4. Prototype CARS endoscope image of 5µm polystyrene beads embedded in agarose spin-coated on a coverslip (Δω=2845cm-1). The ring-like structure is due to signal arising at the edge of the bead from incomplete destructive interference in the epi-direction. The image dimension is 31µm×15µm (139×66 pixels). The pixel dwell time was 1ms.

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Equations (1)

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E 2 π ≈ π λ t p D eff 2 4 n 2 L
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