Spectroscopic properties of lead fluoroborate glasses doped with ytterbium

Luciana R. P. Kassab; Sonia H. Tatumi; Alessandro S. Morais; Lilia C. Courrol; Niklaus U. Wetter; V. L. R. Salvador

doi:10.1364/OE.8.000585

Abstract

A new lead fluoroborate glass (PbO-PbF₂-B₂O₃) doped with ytterbium (Yb:PbFB) is presented. Samples with different concentrations of Yb³⁺ were produced and had their emission cross-sections, fluorescence lifetimes and minimum pump intensities determined. They have high refractive index of 2.2 and a density of 4.4 g/cm³. For a doping level of 1.153×10²⁰ ions/cm³, the fluorescence lifetime, after excitation at 968 nm, is 0.81 ms, which is comparable to Yb:tellurite laser glass. Also, an emission band at 1022 nm is measured with emission cross-section of approximately 1.07×10^-20 cm² and fluorescence effective linewidth of 60 nm, which is comparable to Yb:phosphate laser glass.

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References

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J. Nees et al., “Ensuring compactness, reliability and scalability for the next generation of high-field laser,” J. Quant. Electron 4, 376–384 (1998).
A. Diening, P. E. A. Mobert, and G. Huber, “Diode pumping continuous wave, quasi-continuous-wave, and Q-switched laser operation of Yb,Tm:YLFB at 1.5 and 2.3 µm,” J. Appl. Phys. 84, 5900–5904(1998).
[Crossref]
B. R. Judd, “Optical Absorption Intensities of Rare-Earth Ions,” Phys. Rev. 127, 750–761(1962).
[Crossref]
G. S. Ofelt, “Intensities of Crystal Spectra of Rare-Earth Ions,” J. Chem. Phys. 37, 511–520 (1962).
[Crossref]
X. Zou and H. Toratani, “Evaluation spectroscopic properties of Yb3+ doped glasses,” Phys. Rev. B 52, 15889–15897 (1995).
[Crossref]
C. Jiang, F. Gan, J. Zhang, P. Deng, and G. Huang, “Yb:tellurite laser glass with high emission cross-section,” Materials Letters 41, 209–214 (1999).
[Crossref]
C. Jiang, H. Liu, Q. Zeng, X. Tang, and F. Gan, “Yb:phosphate laser glass with high emission cross-section,” J. Chem. and Phys. of Solids 61, 1217–1223 (2000).
[Crossref]
M. J. Weber, J. E. Lynch, D. H. Blackburn, and D. J. Cronin, “Dependence of the stimulated emission cross-section of Yb3+ on host glass composition, ” IEE J. Quantum Electron 19, 1600–1608 (1983).
[Crossref]
P. Nachimuthu, R. Jagannathan, V. N. Kumar, and D. N. Rao, “Absorption and emission spectral studies of Sm3+ and Dy3+ ions in PbO-PbF2 glasses,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 217, 215–223 (1997).
[Crossref]
M. B. Saisudha and J. Ramakrishna, “Effect of host glass on the optical absorption properties of Nd3+, Sm3+, and Dy3+ in lead borate glasses,” Phys. Rev. B 53, 6186–6196 (1995).
[Crossref]
F. Donald Bloss, An Introduction to the Methods of Optical Crystallography, (Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc, USA, 1961).
N. U. Wetter, “High Efficiency Pumping Scheme for Diode Bars” in Proceedings of the 2000 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (Technical Digest. European Physical Society -Mulhouse, Nice, 2000), pp. 60–61.
V. Petrov, U. Griebner, D. Ehrt, and W. Seeber, “Femtosecond self mode locking of Yb:fluoride phosphate glass laser,” Opt. Lett. 22, 408–410 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
R. Koch et al., “Efficient room temperature cw Yb:glass laser pumped by a 946 nm Nd:YAG laser,” Optics Communications 134, 175–178 (1997).
[Crossref]
L. D. Deloach, S. A. Payne, L. Smith, W. L. Kway, and W. F. Krupke, “Laser and spectroscopic properties of Sr5 (PO4)3 F:YB,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 11, 269–276 (1994).
[Crossref]

2000 (1)

C. Jiang, H. Liu, Q. Zeng, X. Tang, and F. Gan, “Yb:phosphate laser glass with high emission cross-section,” J. Chem. and Phys. of Solids 61, 1217–1223 (2000).
[Crossref]

1999 (1)

C. Jiang, F. Gan, J. Zhang, P. Deng, and G. Huang, “Yb:tellurite laser glass with high emission cross-section,” Materials Letters 41, 209–214 (1999).
[Crossref]

1998 (2)

J. Nees et al., “Ensuring compactness, reliability and scalability for the next generation of high-field laser,” J. Quant. Electron 4, 376–384 (1998).

A. Diening, P. E. A. Mobert, and G. Huber, “Diode pumping continuous wave, quasi-continuous-wave, and Q-switched laser operation of Yb,Tm:YLFB at 1.5 and 2.3 µm,” J. Appl. Phys. 84, 5900–5904(1998).
[Crossref]

1997 (3)

P. Nachimuthu, R. Jagannathan, V. N. Kumar, and D. N. Rao, “Absorption and emission spectral studies of Sm3+ and Dy3+ ions in PbO-PbF2 glasses,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 217, 215–223 (1997).
[Crossref]

V. Petrov, U. Griebner, D. Ehrt, and W. Seeber, “Femtosecond self mode locking of Yb:fluoride phosphate glass laser,” Opt. Lett. 22, 408–410 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

R. Koch et al., “Efficient room temperature cw Yb:glass laser pumped by a 946 nm Nd:YAG laser,” Optics Communications 134, 175–178 (1997).
[Crossref]

1995 (2)

M. B. Saisudha and J. Ramakrishna, “Effect of host glass on the optical absorption properties of Nd3+, Sm3+, and Dy3+ in lead borate glasses,” Phys. Rev. B 53, 6186–6196 (1995).
[Crossref]

X. Zou and H. Toratani, “Evaluation spectroscopic properties of Yb3+ doped glasses,” Phys. Rev. B 52, 15889–15897 (1995).
[Crossref]

1994 (1)

L. D. Deloach, S. A. Payne, L. Smith, W. L. Kway, and W. F. Krupke, “Laser and spectroscopic properties of Sr5 (PO4)3 F:YB,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 11, 269–276 (1994).
[Crossref]

1983 (1)

M. J. Weber, J. E. Lynch, D. H. Blackburn, and D. J. Cronin, “Dependence of the stimulated emission cross-section of Yb3+ on host glass composition, ” IEE J. Quantum Electron 19, 1600–1608 (1983).
[Crossref]

1962 (2)

B. R. Judd, “Optical Absorption Intensities of Rare-Earth Ions,” Phys. Rev. 127, 750–761(1962).
[Crossref]

G. S. Ofelt, “Intensities of Crystal Spectra of Rare-Earth Ions,” J. Chem. Phys. 37, 511–520 (1962).
[Crossref]

Blackburn, D. H.

M. J. Weber, J. E. Lynch, D. H. Blackburn, and D. J. Cronin, “Dependence of the stimulated emission cross-section of Yb3+ on host glass composition, ” IEE J. Quantum Electron 19, 1600–1608 (1983).
[Crossref]

Cronin, D. J.

M. J. Weber, J. E. Lynch, D. H. Blackburn, and D. J. Cronin, “Dependence of the stimulated emission cross-section of Yb3+ on host glass composition, ” IEE J. Quantum Electron 19, 1600–1608 (1983).
[Crossref]

Deloach, L. D.

L. D. Deloach, S. A. Payne, L. Smith, W. L. Kway, and W. F. Krupke, “Laser and spectroscopic properties of Sr5 (PO4)3 F:YB,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 11, 269–276 (1994).
[Crossref]

Deng, P.

C. Jiang, F. Gan, J. Zhang, P. Deng, and G. Huang, “Yb:tellurite laser glass with high emission cross-section,” Materials Letters 41, 209–214 (1999).
[Crossref]

Diening, A.

A. Diening, P. E. A. Mobert, and G. Huber, “Diode pumping continuous wave, quasi-continuous-wave, and Q-switched laser operation of Yb,Tm:YLFB at 1.5 and 2.3 µm,” J. Appl. Phys. 84, 5900–5904(1998).
[Crossref]

Donald Bloss, F.

F. Donald Bloss, An Introduction to the Methods of Optical Crystallography, (Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc, USA, 1961).

Ehrt, D.

V. Petrov, U. Griebner, D. Ehrt, and W. Seeber, “Femtosecond self mode locking of Yb:fluoride phosphate glass laser,” Opt. Lett. 22, 408–410 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Gan, F.

C. Jiang, H. Liu, Q. Zeng, X. Tang, and F. Gan, “Yb:phosphate laser glass with high emission cross-section,” J. Chem. and Phys. of Solids 61, 1217–1223 (2000).
[Crossref]

C. Jiang, F. Gan, J. Zhang, P. Deng, and G. Huang, “Yb:tellurite laser glass with high emission cross-section,” Materials Letters 41, 209–214 (1999).
[Crossref]

Griebner, U.

V. Petrov, U. Griebner, D. Ehrt, and W. Seeber, “Femtosecond self mode locking of Yb:fluoride phosphate glass laser,” Opt. Lett. 22, 408–410 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Huang, G.

C. Jiang, F. Gan, J. Zhang, P. Deng, and G. Huang, “Yb:tellurite laser glass with high emission cross-section,” Materials Letters 41, 209–214 (1999).
[Crossref]

Huber, G.

A. Diening, P. E. A. Mobert, and G. Huber, “Diode pumping continuous wave, quasi-continuous-wave, and Q-switched laser operation of Yb,Tm:YLFB at 1.5 and 2.3 µm,” J. Appl. Phys. 84, 5900–5904(1998).
[Crossref]

Jagannathan, R.

P. Nachimuthu, R. Jagannathan, V. N. Kumar, and D. N. Rao, “Absorption and emission spectral studies of Sm3+ and Dy3+ ions in PbO-PbF2 glasses,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 217, 215–223 (1997).
[Crossref]

Jiang, C.

C. Jiang, H. Liu, Q. Zeng, X. Tang, and F. Gan, “Yb:phosphate laser glass with high emission cross-section,” J. Chem. and Phys. of Solids 61, 1217–1223 (2000).
[Crossref]

C. Jiang, F. Gan, J. Zhang, P. Deng, and G. Huang, “Yb:tellurite laser glass with high emission cross-section,” Materials Letters 41, 209–214 (1999).
[Crossref]

Judd, B. R.

B. R. Judd, “Optical Absorption Intensities of Rare-Earth Ions,” Phys. Rev. 127, 750–761(1962).
[Crossref]

Koch, R.

R. Koch et al., “Efficient room temperature cw Yb:glass laser pumped by a 946 nm Nd:YAG laser,” Optics Communications 134, 175–178 (1997).
[Crossref]

Krupke, W. F.

L. D. Deloach, S. A. Payne, L. Smith, W. L. Kway, and W. F. Krupke, “Laser and spectroscopic properties of Sr5 (PO4)3 F:YB,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 11, 269–276 (1994).
[Crossref]

Kumar, V. N.

P. Nachimuthu, R. Jagannathan, V. N. Kumar, and D. N. Rao, “Absorption and emission spectral studies of Sm3+ and Dy3+ ions in PbO-PbF2 glasses,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 217, 215–223 (1997).
[Crossref]

Kway, W. L.

L. D. Deloach, S. A. Payne, L. Smith, W. L. Kway, and W. F. Krupke, “Laser and spectroscopic properties of Sr5 (PO4)3 F:YB,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 11, 269–276 (1994).
[Crossref]

Liu, H.

C. Jiang, H. Liu, Q. Zeng, X. Tang, and F. Gan, “Yb:phosphate laser glass with high emission cross-section,” J. Chem. and Phys. of Solids 61, 1217–1223 (2000).
[Crossref]

Lynch, J. E.

M. J. Weber, J. E. Lynch, D. H. Blackburn, and D. J. Cronin, “Dependence of the stimulated emission cross-section of Yb3+ on host glass composition, ” IEE J. Quantum Electron 19, 1600–1608 (1983).
[Crossref]

Mobert, P. E. A.

A. Diening, P. E. A. Mobert, and G. Huber, “Diode pumping continuous wave, quasi-continuous-wave, and Q-switched laser operation of Yb,Tm:YLFB at 1.5 and 2.3 µm,” J. Appl. Phys. 84, 5900–5904(1998).
[Crossref]

Nachimuthu, P.

P. Nachimuthu, R. Jagannathan, V. N. Kumar, and D. N. Rao, “Absorption and emission spectral studies of Sm3+ and Dy3+ ions in PbO-PbF2 glasses,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 217, 215–223 (1997).
[Crossref]

Nees, J.

J. Nees et al., “Ensuring compactness, reliability and scalability for the next generation of high-field laser,” J. Quant. Electron 4, 376–384 (1998).

Ofelt, G. S.

G. S. Ofelt, “Intensities of Crystal Spectra of Rare-Earth Ions,” J. Chem. Phys. 37, 511–520 (1962).
[Crossref]

Payne, S. A.

L. D. Deloach, S. A. Payne, L. Smith, W. L. Kway, and W. F. Krupke, “Laser and spectroscopic properties of Sr5 (PO4)3 F:YB,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 11, 269–276 (1994).
[Crossref]

Petrov, V.

V. Petrov, U. Griebner, D. Ehrt, and W. Seeber, “Femtosecond self mode locking of Yb:fluoride phosphate glass laser,” Opt. Lett. 22, 408–410 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Ramakrishna, J.

M. B. Saisudha and J. Ramakrishna, “Effect of host glass on the optical absorption properties of Nd3+, Sm3+, and Dy3+ in lead borate glasses,” Phys. Rev. B 53, 6186–6196 (1995).
[Crossref]

Rao, D. N.

P. Nachimuthu, R. Jagannathan, V. N. Kumar, and D. N. Rao, “Absorption and emission spectral studies of Sm3+ and Dy3+ ions in PbO-PbF2 glasses,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 217, 215–223 (1997).
[Crossref]

Saisudha, M. B.

M. B. Saisudha and J. Ramakrishna, “Effect of host glass on the optical absorption properties of Nd3+, Sm3+, and Dy3+ in lead borate glasses,” Phys. Rev. B 53, 6186–6196 (1995).
[Crossref]

Seeber, W.

V. Petrov, U. Griebner, D. Ehrt, and W. Seeber, “Femtosecond self mode locking of Yb:fluoride phosphate glass laser,” Opt. Lett. 22, 408–410 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Smith, L.

L. D. Deloach, S. A. Payne, L. Smith, W. L. Kway, and W. F. Krupke, “Laser and spectroscopic properties of Sr5 (PO4)3 F:YB,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 11, 269–276 (1994).
[Crossref]

Tang, X.

C. Jiang, H. Liu, Q. Zeng, X. Tang, and F. Gan, “Yb:phosphate laser glass with high emission cross-section,” J. Chem. and Phys. of Solids 61, 1217–1223 (2000).
[Crossref]

Toratani, H.

X. Zou and H. Toratani, “Evaluation spectroscopic properties of Yb3+ doped glasses,” Phys. Rev. B 52, 15889–15897 (1995).
[Crossref]

Weber, M. J.

M. J. Weber, J. E. Lynch, D. H. Blackburn, and D. J. Cronin, “Dependence of the stimulated emission cross-section of Yb3+ on host glass composition, ” IEE J. Quantum Electron 19, 1600–1608 (1983).
[Crossref]

Wetter, N. U.

N. U. Wetter, “High Efficiency Pumping Scheme for Diode Bars” in Proceedings of the 2000 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (Technical Digest. European Physical Society -Mulhouse, Nice, 2000), pp. 60–61.

Zeng, Q.

C. Jiang, H. Liu, Q. Zeng, X. Tang, and F. Gan, “Yb:phosphate laser glass with high emission cross-section,” J. Chem. and Phys. of Solids 61, 1217–1223 (2000).
[Crossref]

Zhang, J.

C. Jiang, F. Gan, J. Zhang, P. Deng, and G. Huang, “Yb:tellurite laser glass with high emission cross-section,” Materials Letters 41, 209–214 (1999).
[Crossref]

Zou, X.

X. Zou and H. Toratani, “Evaluation spectroscopic properties of Yb3+ doped glasses,” Phys. Rev. B 52, 15889–15897 (1995).
[Crossref]

IEE J. Quantum Electron (1)

M. J. Weber, J. E. Lynch, D. H. Blackburn, and D. J. Cronin, “Dependence of the stimulated emission cross-section of Yb3+ on host glass composition, ” IEE J. Quantum Electron 19, 1600–1608 (1983).
[Crossref]

J. Appl. Phys. (1)

A. Diening, P. E. A. Mobert, and G. Huber, “Diode pumping continuous wave, quasi-continuous-wave, and Q-switched laser operation of Yb,Tm:YLFB at 1.5 and 2.3 µm,” J. Appl. Phys. 84, 5900–5904(1998).
[Crossref]

J. Chem. and Phys. of Solids (1)

C. Jiang, H. Liu, Q. Zeng, X. Tang, and F. Gan, “Yb:phosphate laser glass with high emission cross-section,” J. Chem. and Phys. of Solids 61, 1217–1223 (2000).
[Crossref]

J. Chem. Phys. (1)

G. S. Ofelt, “Intensities of Crystal Spectra of Rare-Earth Ions,” J. Chem. Phys. 37, 511–520 (1962).
[Crossref]

J. Non-Cryst. Solids (1)

P. Nachimuthu, R. Jagannathan, V. N. Kumar, and D. N. Rao, “Absorption and emission spectral studies of Sm3+ and Dy3+ ions in PbO-PbF2 glasses,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 217, 215–223 (1997).
[Crossref]

J. Opt. Soc. Am. B (1)

L. D. Deloach, S. A. Payne, L. Smith, W. L. Kway, and W. F. Krupke, “Laser and spectroscopic properties of Sr5 (PO4)3 F:YB,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 11, 269–276 (1994).
[Crossref]

J. Quant. Electron (1)

J. Nees et al., “Ensuring compactness, reliability and scalability for the next generation of high-field laser,” J. Quant. Electron 4, 376–384 (1998).

Materials Letters (1)

C. Jiang, F. Gan, J. Zhang, P. Deng, and G. Huang, “Yb:tellurite laser glass with high emission cross-section,” Materials Letters 41, 209–214 (1999).
[Crossref]

Opt. Lett. (1)

V. Petrov, U. Griebner, D. Ehrt, and W. Seeber, “Femtosecond self mode locking of Yb:fluoride phosphate glass laser,” Opt. Lett. 22, 408–410 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Optics Communications (1)

R. Koch et al., “Efficient room temperature cw Yb:glass laser pumped by a 946 nm Nd:YAG laser,” Optics Communications 134, 175–178 (1997).
[Crossref]

Phys. Rev. (1)

B. R. Judd, “Optical Absorption Intensities of Rare-Earth Ions,” Phys. Rev. 127, 750–761(1962).
[Crossref]

Phys. Rev. B (2)

X. Zou and H. Toratani, “Evaluation spectroscopic properties of Yb3+ doped glasses,” Phys. Rev. B 52, 15889–15897 (1995).
[Crossref]

M. B. Saisudha and J. Ramakrishna, “Effect of host glass on the optical absorption properties of Nd3+, Sm3+, and Dy3+ in lead borate glasses,” Phys. Rev. B 53, 6186–6196 (1995).
[Crossref]

Other (2)

F. Donald Bloss, An Introduction to the Methods of Optical Crystallography, (Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc, USA, 1961).

N. U. Wetter, “High Efficiency Pumping Scheme for Diode Bars” in Proceedings of the 2000 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (Technical Digest. European Physical Society -Mulhouse, Nice, 2000), pp. 60–61.

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Fig 1.

Absorption spectrum for the lead fluoroborate glass (3 mm thickness) doped with 1.153x10²⁰ ions/cm³ of Yb³⁺.

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Fig 2.

Absorption and emission cross-section spectra for lead fluoroborate glasses doped with Yb³⁺ for excitation at 968 nm.

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Tables (2)

Table 1: Spectroscopic properties of Yb³⁺ doped lead fluoroborate glasses.

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Table 2: Spectroscopic properties of some laser glasses and the YAG crystal doped with Yb³⁺ [6,7,13,14,15].

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Equations (4)

Equations on this page are rendered with MathJax. Learn more.

A_{R} = \frac{8 π {cn}^{2} (2 J' + 1)}{λ_{p}^{4} (2 J + 1) ρ} \int k (λ) d λ

σ_{em} (λ) = \frac{λ^{4} A_{R} g (λ)}{8 π n^{2} c}

I_{min} = β_{min} I_{sat}

\begin{array}{l} β = \frac{σ_{a b s} (λ_{0})}{σ_{e m} (λ_{0}) + σ_{a b s} (λ_{0})} \\ I_{s a t} = \frac{h c}{λ_{p} τ_{f} σ_{a b s} (λ_{p})} \end{array}

Concentration (10²⁰ ion/cm³)	σ_em (10^-20 cm²)	AR (s^-1)	Δλ_eff (nm)	τ_f (ms)	σ_emτ_f (10^-20cm²ms)
1.153	1.07	3515.2	60.70	0.81	0.86
1.738	0.87	2703.7	81.90	0.78	0.68
2.952	0.75	2328.3	87.30	0.66	0.50
3.429	0.79	2488.5	87.20	0.59	0.47

Materials	σ_em (10^-20 cm²)	λ_o (nm)	I _min (kW/cm²)	τ_f (ms)	σ_emτ_f (10^-20cm²ms)
QX	0.70	1018	1.80	2.00	1.40
ADY	1.03	1020	1.12	1.58	1.63
LY	0.80	1028	1.95	1.68	1.35
PN	1.35	1035	0.59	1.36	1.83
PNK	1.08	1016	1.29	2.00	2.16
FP	0.50	1020	0.80	1.20	0.60
YTG	2.35	1024	0.81	0.90	2.12
YAG	crystal	2.00	1031	1.53	1.08	2.16
PbFB	1.07	1022	1.69	0.81	0.86

Concentration (10²⁰ ion/cm³)	σ_em (10^-20 cm²)	AR (s^-1)	Δλ_eff (nm)	τ_f (ms)	σ_emτ_f (10^-20cm²ms)
1.153	1.07	3515.2	60.70	0.81	0.86
1.738	0.87	2703.7	81.90	0.78	0.68
2.952	0.75	2328.3	87.30	0.66	0.50
3.429	0.79	2488.5	87.20	0.59	0.47

Materials	σ_em (10^-20 cm²)	λ_o (nm)	I _min (kW/cm²)	τ_f (ms)	σ_emτ_f (10^-20cm²ms)
QX	0.70	1018	1.80	2.00	1.40
ADY	1.03	1020	1.12	1.58	1.63
LY	0.80	1028	1.95	1.68	1.35
PN	1.35	1035	0.59	1.36	1.83
PNK	1.08	1016	1.29	2.00	2.16
FP	0.50	1020	0.80	1.20	0.60
YTG	2.35	1024	0.81	0.90	2.12
YAG	crystal	2.00	1031	1.53	1.08	2.16
PbFB	1.07	1022	1.69	0.81	0.86

Abstract

References

2000 (1)

1999 (1)

1998 (2)

1997 (3)

1995 (2)

1994 (1)

1983 (1)

1962 (2)

Blackburn, D. H.

Cronin, D. J.

Deloach, L. D.

Deng, P.

Diening, A.

Donald Bloss, F.

Ehrt, D.

Gan, F.

Griebner, U.

Huang, G.

Huber, G.

Jagannathan, R.

Jiang, C.

Judd, B. R.

Koch, R.

Krupke, W. F.

Kumar, V. N.

Kway, W. L.

Liu, H.

Lynch, J. E.

Mobert, P. E. A.

Nachimuthu, P.

Nees, J.

Ofelt, G. S.

Payne, S. A.

Petrov, V.

Ramakrishna, J.

Rao, D. N.

Saisudha, M. B.

Seeber, W.

Smith, L.

Tang, X.

Toratani, H.

Weber, M. J.

Wetter, N. U.

Zeng, Q.

Zhang, J.

Zou, X.

IEE J. Quantum Electron (1)

J. Appl. Phys. (1)

J. Chem. and Phys. of Solids (1)

J. Chem. Phys. (1)

J. Non-Cryst. Solids (1)

J. Opt. Soc. Am. B (1)

J. Quant. Electron (1)

Materials Letters (1)

Opt. Lett. (1)

Optics Communications (1)

Phys. Rev. (1)

Phys. Rev. B (2)

Other (2)

Cited By

Figures (2)

Tables (2)

Equations (4)

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