Abstract

Microresonator-based frequency combs are strong contenders as light sources for wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM). Recent experiments have shown the potential of microresonator combs for replacing a multitude of WDM lasers with a single laser-pumped device. Previous demonstrations have however focused on short-distance few-span links reaching an impressive throughput at the expense of transmission distance. Here we report the first long-haul coherent communication demonstration using a microresonator-based comb source. We modulated polarization multiplexed (PM) quadrature phase-shift keying-data onto the comb lines allowing transmission over more than 6300 km in a single-mode fiber. In a second experiment, we reached beyond 700 km with the PM 16 quadrature amplitude modulation format. To the best of our knowledge, these results represent the longest fiber transmission ever achieved using an integrated comb source.

© 2017 Optical Society of America

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2017 (2)

P. Marin-Palomo, J. N. Kemal, M. Karpov, A. Kordts, J. Pfeifle, M. H. P. Pfeiffer, P. Trocha, S. Wolf, V. Brasch, M. H. Anderson, R. Rosenberger, K. Vijayan, W. Freude, T. J. Kippenberg, and C. Koos, “Microresonator-based solitons for massively parallel coherent optical communications,” Nature 546(7657), 274–279 (2017).
[PubMed]

X. Xue, P. Wang, Y. Xuan, M. Qi, and A. M. Weiner, “Microresonator Kerr frequency combs with high conversion efficiency,” Laser Photonics Rev. 11(1), 1600276 (2017).

2016 (8)

M.-G. Suh, Q.-F. Yang, K. Y. Yang, X. Yi, and K. J. Vahala, “Microresonator soliton dual-comb spectroscopy,” Science 354(6312), 600–603 (2016).
[PubMed]

P. Del’Haye, A. Coillet, T. Fortier, K. Beha, D. C. Cole, K. Y. Yang, H. Lee, K. J. Vahala, S. B. Papp, and S. A. Diddams, “Phase-coherent microwave-to-optical link with a self-referenced microcomb,” Nat. Photonics 10(8), 516–520 (2016).

V. Brasch, E. Lucas, J. D. Jost, M. Geiselmann, and T. J. Kippenberg, “Self-referenced photonic chip soliton Kerr frequency comb,” Light Sci. Appl. 6(1), e16202 (2016).

A. Kordts, M. H. P. Pfeiffer, H. Guo, V. Brasch, and T. J. Kippenberg, “Higher order mode suppression in high-Q anomalous dispersion SiN microresonators for temporal dissipative Kerr soliton formation,” Opt. Lett. 41(3), 452–455 (2016).
[PubMed]

A. Lorences-Riesgo, T. A. Eriksson, A. Fülöp, P. A. Andrekson, and M. Karlsson, “Frequency-Comb Regeneration for Self-Homodyne Superchannels,” J. Lightwave Technol. 34(8), 1800–1806 (2016).

V. Corral, R. Guzmán, C. Gordón, X. J. M. Leijtens, and G. Carpintero, “Optical frequency comb generator based on a monolithically integrated passive mode-locked ring laser with a Mach-Zehnder interferometer,” Opt. Lett. 41(9), 1937–1940 (2016).
[PubMed]

M. Pu, L. Ottaviano, E. Semenova, and K. Yvind, “Efficient frequency comb generation in AlGaAs-on-insulator,” Optica 3(8), 823–826 (2016).

Y. Xuan, Y. Liu, L. T. Varghese, A. J. Metcalf, X. Xue, P.-H. Wang, K. Han, J. A. Jaramillo-Villegas, A. Al Noman, C. Wang, S. Kim, M. Teng, Y. J. Lee, B. Niu, L. Fan, J. Wang, D. E. Leaird, A. M. Weiner, and M. Qi, “High-Q silicon nitride microresonators exhibiting low-power frequency comb initiation,” Optica 3(11), 1171–1180 (2016).

2015 (8)

V. E. Lobanov, G. Lihachev, T. J. Kippenberg, and M. L. Gorodetsky, “Frequency combs and platicons in optical microresonators with normal GVD,” Opt. Express 23(6), 7713–7721 (2015).
[PubMed]

E. Temprana, E. Myslivets, L. Liu, V. Ataie, A. Wiberg, B. P. P. Kuo, N. Alic, and S. Radic, “Two-fold transmission reach enhancement enabled by transmitter-side digital backpropagation and optical frequency comb-derived information carriers,” Opt. Express 23(16), 20774–20783 (2015).
[PubMed]

W. Liang, D. Eliyahu, V. S. Ilchenko, A. A. Savchenkov, A. B. Matsko, D. Seidel, and L. Maleki, “High spectral purity Kerr frequency comb radio frequency photonic oscillator,” Nat. Commun. 6, 7957 (2015).
[PubMed]

J. Pfeifle, A. Coillet, R. Henriet, K. Saleh, P. Schindler, C. Weimann, W. Freude, I. V. Balakireva, L. Larger, C. Koos, and Y. K. Chembo, “Optimally Coherent Kerr Combs Generated with Crystalline Whispering Gallery Mode Resonators for Ultrahigh Capacity Fiber Communications,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 114(9), 093902 (2015).
[PubMed]

X. Xue, Y. Xuan, P. H. Wang, Y. Liu, D. E. Leaird, M. Qi, and A. M. Weiner, “Normal-dispersion microcombs enabled by controllable mode interactions,” Laser Photonics Rev. 9(4), L23–L28 (2015).

E. Temprana, E. Myslivets, B. P.-P. Kuo, L. Liu, V. Ataie, N. Alic, and S. Radic, “Overcoming Kerr-induced capacity limit in optical fiber transmission,” Science 348(6242), 1445–1448 (2015).
[PubMed]

R. Slavik, S. G. Farwell, M. J. Wale, and D. J. Richardson, “Compact Optical Comb Generator Using InP Tunable Laser and Push-Pull Modulator,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 27(2), 217–220 (2015).

X. Xue, Y. Xuan, Y. Liu, P.-H. Wang, S. Chen, J. Wang, D. E. Leaird, M. Qi, and A. M. Weiner, “Mode-locked dark pulse Kerr combs in normal-dispersion microresonators,” Nat. Photonics 9(9), 594–600 (2015).

2014 (8)

V. Torres-Company and A. M. Weiner, “Optical frequency comb technology for ultra-broadband radio-frequency photonics,” Laser Photonics Rev. 8(3), 368–393 (2014).

C. Weimann, P. C. Schindler, R. Palmer, S. Wolf, D. Bekele, D. Korn, J. Pfeifle, S. Koeber, R. Schmogrow, L. Alloatti, D. Elder, H. Yu, W. Bogaerts, L. R. Dalton, W. Freude, J. Leuthold, and C. Koos, “Silicon-organic hybrid (SOH) frequency comb sources for terabit/s data transmission,” Opt. Express 22(3), 3629–3637 (2014).
[PubMed]

L. M. Zhang and F. R. Kschischang, “Staircase codes with 6% to 33% overhead,” J. Lightwave Technol. 32(10), 1999–2002 (2014).

S. B. Papp, K. Beha, P. Del’Haye, F. Quinlan, H. Lee, K. J. Vahala, S. a. Diddams, P. Del’Haye, F. Quinlan, H. Lee, K. J. Vahala, and S. a. Diddams, “Microresonator frequency comb optical clock,” Optica 1(1), 10–14 (2014).

Y. Liu, Y. Xuan, X. Xue, P.-H. Wang, S. Chen, A. J. Metcalf, J. Wang, D. E. Leaird, M. Qi, and A. M. Weiner, “Investigation of mode coupling in normal-dispersion silicon nitride microresonators for Kerr frequency comb generation,” Optica 1(3), 137–144 (2014).

X. Xue, Y. Xuan, H. J. Kim, J. Wang, D. E. Leaird, M. Qi, and A. M. Weiner, “Programmable single-bandpass photonic rf filter based on kerr comb from a microring,” J. Lightwave Technol. 32(20), 3557–3565 (2014).

J. Pfeifle, V. Brasch, M. Lauermann, Y. Yu, D. Wegner, T. Herr, K. Hartinger, P. Schindler, J. Li, D. Hillerkuss, R. Schmogrow, C. Weimann, R. Holzwarth, W. Freude, J. Leuthold, T. J. Kippenberg, and C. Koos, “Coherent terabit communications with microresonator Kerr frequency combs,” Nat. Photonics 8(5), 375–380 (2014).
[PubMed]

A. H. Gnauck, B. P. P. Kuo, E. Myslivets, R. M. Jopson, M. Dinu, J. E. Simsarian, P. J. Winzer, and S. Radic, “Comb-Based 16-QAM Transmitter Spanning the C and L Bands,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 26(8), 821–824 (2014).

2013 (3)

2012 (5)

2011 (6)

Y. Okawachi, K. Saha, J. S. Levy, Y. H. Wen, M. Lipson, and A. L. Gaeta, “Octave-spanning frequency comb generation in a silicon nitride chip,” Opt. Lett. 36(17), 3398–3400 (2011).
[PubMed]

I. Kang, S. Chadrasekhar, M. Rasras, X. Liu, M. Cappuzzo, L. T. Gomez, Y. F. Chen, L. Buhl, S. Cabot, and J. Jaques, “Long-haul transmission of 35-Gb/s all-optical OFDM signal without using tunable dispersion compensation and time gating,” Opt. Express 19(26), B811–B816 (2011).
[PubMed]

F. Ferdous, H. Miao, D. E. Leaird, K. Srinivasan, J. Wang, L. Chen, L. T. Varghese, and A. M. Weiner, “Spectral line-by-line pulse shaping of on-chip microresonator frequency combs,” Nat. Photonics 5(12), 770–776 (2011).

P. Poggiolini, A. Carena, V. Curri, G. Bosco, and F. Forghieri, “Analytical modeling of nonlinear propagation in uncompensated optical transmission links,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 23(11), 742–744 (2011).

T. J. Kippenberg, R. Holzwarth, and S. A. Diddams, “Microresonator-based optical frequency combs,” Science 332(6029), 555–559 (2011).
[PubMed]

N. R. Newbury, “Searching for applications with a fine-tooth comb,” Nat. Photonics 5(4), 186–188 (2011).

2010 (1)

J. S. Levy, A. Gondarenko, M. a. Foster, A. C. Turner-Foster, A. L. Gaeta, and M. Lipson, “CMOS-compatible multiple-wavelength oscillator for on-chip optical interconnects,” Nat. Photonics 4(1), 37–40 (2010).

2009 (1)

2007 (1)

P. Del’Haye, A. Schliesser, O. Arcizet, T. Wilken, R. Holzwarth, and T. J. Kippenberg, “Optical frequency comb generation from a monolithic microresonator,” Nature 450(7173), 1214–1217 (2007).
[PubMed]

2006 (1)

2000 (1)

D. J. Jones, S. A. Diddams, J. K. Ranka, A. Stentz, R. S. Windeler, J. L. Hall, and S. T. Cundiff, “Carrier-envelope phase control of femtosecond mode-locked lasers and direct optical frequency synthesis,” Science 288(5466), 635–640 (2000).
[PubMed]

1999 (1)

T. Udem, J. Reichert, R. Holzwarth, and T. W. Hänsch, “Absolute Optical Frequency Measurement of the Cesium D1 Line with a Mode-Locked Laser,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 82(18), 3568–3571 (1999).

Abe, M.

Aksyuk, V.

Al Noman, A.

Alic, N.

Alloatti, L.

Altenhain, L.

Anderson, M. H.

P. Marin-Palomo, J. N. Kemal, M. Karpov, A. Kordts, J. Pfeifle, M. H. P. Pfeiffer, P. Trocha, S. Wolf, V. Brasch, M. H. Anderson, R. Rosenberger, K. Vijayan, W. Freude, T. J. Kippenberg, and C. Koos, “Microresonator-based solitons for massively parallel coherent optical communications,” Nature 546(7657), 274–279 (2017).
[PubMed]

Andrekson, P. A.

Arcizet, O.

P. Del’Haye, A. Schliesser, O. Arcizet, T. Wilken, R. Holzwarth, and T. J. Kippenberg, “Optical frequency comb generation from a monolithic microresonator,” Nature 450(7173), 1214–1217 (2007).
[PubMed]

Ataie, V.

Balakireva, I. V.

J. Pfeifle, A. Coillet, R. Henriet, K. Saleh, P. Schindler, C. Weimann, W. Freude, I. V. Balakireva, L. Larger, C. Koos, and Y. K. Chembo, “Optimally Coherent Kerr Combs Generated with Crystalline Whispering Gallery Mode Resonators for Ultrahigh Capacity Fiber Communications,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 114(9), 093902 (2015).
[PubMed]

Becker, J.

Beha, K.

P. Del’Haye, A. Coillet, T. Fortier, K. Beha, D. C. Cole, K. Y. Yang, H. Lee, K. J. Vahala, S. B. Papp, and S. A. Diddams, “Phase-coherent microwave-to-optical link with a self-referenced microcomb,” Nat. Photonics 10(8), 516–520 (2016).

S. B. Papp, K. Beha, P. Del’Haye, F. Quinlan, H. Lee, K. J. Vahala, S. a. Diddams, P. Del’Haye, F. Quinlan, H. Lee, K. J. Vahala, and S. a. Diddams, “Microresonator frequency comb optical clock,” Optica 1(1), 10–14 (2014).

Bekele, D.

Ben-Ezra, S.

Bogaerts, W.

Bosco, G.

P. Poggiolini, A. Carena, V. Curri, G. Bosco, and F. Forghieri, “Analytical modeling of nonlinear propagation in uncompensated optical transmission links,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 23(11), 742–744 (2011).

Brasch, V.

P. Marin-Palomo, J. N. Kemal, M. Karpov, A. Kordts, J. Pfeifle, M. H. P. Pfeiffer, P. Trocha, S. Wolf, V. Brasch, M. H. Anderson, R. Rosenberger, K. Vijayan, W. Freude, T. J. Kippenberg, and C. Koos, “Microresonator-based solitons for massively parallel coherent optical communications,” Nature 546(7657), 274–279 (2017).
[PubMed]

V. Brasch, E. Lucas, J. D. Jost, M. Geiselmann, and T. J. Kippenberg, “Self-referenced photonic chip soliton Kerr frequency comb,” Light Sci. Appl. 6(1), e16202 (2016).

A. Kordts, M. H. P. Pfeiffer, H. Guo, V. Brasch, and T. J. Kippenberg, “Higher order mode suppression in high-Q anomalous dispersion SiN microresonators for temporal dissipative Kerr soliton formation,” Opt. Lett. 41(3), 452–455 (2016).
[PubMed]

J. Pfeifle, V. Brasch, M. Lauermann, Y. Yu, D. Wegner, T. Herr, K. Hartinger, P. Schindler, J. Li, D. Hillerkuss, R. Schmogrow, C. Weimann, R. Holzwarth, W. Freude, J. Leuthold, T. J. Kippenberg, and C. Koos, “Coherent terabit communications with microresonator Kerr frequency combs,” Nat. Photonics 8(5), 375–380 (2014).
[PubMed]

Buhl, L.

Cabot, S.

Cappuzzo, M.

Cardenas, J.

Carena, A.

P. Poggiolini, A. Carena, V. Curri, G. Bosco, and F. Forghieri, “Analytical modeling of nonlinear propagation in uncompensated optical transmission links,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 23(11), 742–744 (2011).

Carpintero, G.

Chadrasekhar, S.

Chembo, Y. K.

J. Pfeifle, A. Coillet, R. Henriet, K. Saleh, P. Schindler, C. Weimann, W. Freude, I. V. Balakireva, L. Larger, C. Koos, and Y. K. Chembo, “Optimally Coherent Kerr Combs Generated with Crystalline Whispering Gallery Mode Resonators for Ultrahigh Capacity Fiber Communications,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 114(9), 093902 (2015).
[PubMed]

Chen, L.

P.-H. Wang, F. Ferdous, H. Miao, J. Wang, D. E. Leaird, K. Srinivasan, L. Chen, V. Aksyuk, and A. M. Weiner, “Observation of correlation between route to formation, coherence, noise, and communication performance of Kerr combs,” Opt. Express 20(28), 29284–29295 (2012).
[PubMed]

F. Ferdous, H. Miao, D. E. Leaird, K. Srinivasan, J. Wang, L. Chen, L. T. Varghese, and A. M. Weiner, “Spectral line-by-line pulse shaping of on-chip microresonator frequency combs,” Nat. Photonics 5(12), 770–776 (2011).

Chen, S.

X. Xue, Y. Xuan, Y. Liu, P.-H. Wang, S. Chen, J. Wang, D. E. Leaird, M. Qi, and A. M. Weiner, “Mode-locked dark pulse Kerr combs in normal-dispersion microresonators,” Nat. Photonics 9(9), 594–600 (2015).

Y. Liu, Y. Xuan, X. Xue, P.-H. Wang, S. Chen, A. J. Metcalf, J. Wang, D. E. Leaird, M. Qi, and A. M. Weiner, “Investigation of mode coupling in normal-dispersion silicon nitride microresonators for Kerr frequency comb generation,” Optica 1(3), 137–144 (2014).

Chen, T.

J. Li, H. Lee, T. Chen, and K. J. Vahala, “Low-pump-power, low-phase-noise, and microwave to millimeter-wave repetition rate operation in microcombs,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 109(23), 233901 (2012).
[PubMed]

Chen, Y. F.

Coen, S.

Coillet, A.

P. Del’Haye, A. Coillet, T. Fortier, K. Beha, D. C. Cole, K. Y. Yang, H. Lee, K. J. Vahala, S. B. Papp, and S. A. Diddams, “Phase-coherent microwave-to-optical link with a self-referenced microcomb,” Nat. Photonics 10(8), 516–520 (2016).

J. Pfeifle, A. Coillet, R. Henriet, K. Saleh, P. Schindler, C. Weimann, W. Freude, I. V. Balakireva, L. Larger, C. Koos, and Y. K. Chembo, “Optimally Coherent Kerr Combs Generated with Crystalline Whispering Gallery Mode Resonators for Ultrahigh Capacity Fiber Communications,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 114(9), 093902 (2015).
[PubMed]

Cole, D. C.

P. Del’Haye, A. Coillet, T. Fortier, K. Beha, D. C. Cole, K. Y. Yang, H. Lee, K. J. Vahala, S. B. Papp, and S. A. Diddams, “Phase-coherent microwave-to-optical link with a self-referenced microcomb,” Nat. Photonics 10(8), 516–520 (2016).

Corral, V.

Cundiff, S. T.

D. J. Jones, S. A. Diddams, J. K. Ranka, A. Stentz, R. S. Windeler, J. L. Hall, and S. T. Cundiff, “Carrier-envelope phase control of femtosecond mode-locked lasers and direct optical frequency synthesis,” Science 288(5466), 635–640 (2000).
[PubMed]

Curri, V.

P. Poggiolini, A. Carena, V. Curri, G. Bosco, and F. Forghieri, “Analytical modeling of nonlinear propagation in uncompensated optical transmission links,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 23(11), 742–744 (2011).

Dalton, L. R.

Del’Haye, P.

P. Del’Haye, A. Coillet, T. Fortier, K. Beha, D. C. Cole, K. Y. Yang, H. Lee, K. J. Vahala, S. B. Papp, and S. A. Diddams, “Phase-coherent microwave-to-optical link with a self-referenced microcomb,” Nat. Photonics 10(8), 516–520 (2016).

S. B. Papp, K. Beha, P. Del’Haye, F. Quinlan, H. Lee, K. J. Vahala, S. a. Diddams, P. Del’Haye, F. Quinlan, H. Lee, K. J. Vahala, and S. a. Diddams, “Microresonator frequency comb optical clock,” Optica 1(1), 10–14 (2014).

S. B. Papp, K. Beha, P. Del’Haye, F. Quinlan, H. Lee, K. J. Vahala, S. a. Diddams, P. Del’Haye, F. Quinlan, H. Lee, K. J. Vahala, and S. a. Diddams, “Microresonator frequency comb optical clock,” Optica 1(1), 10–14 (2014).

P. Del’Haye, A. Schliesser, O. Arcizet, T. Wilken, R. Holzwarth, and T. J. Kippenberg, “Optical frequency comb generation from a monolithic microresonator,” Nature 450(7173), 1214–1217 (2007).
[PubMed]

Diddams, S. A.

P. Del’Haye, A. Coillet, T. Fortier, K. Beha, D. C. Cole, K. Y. Yang, H. Lee, K. J. Vahala, S. B. Papp, and S. A. Diddams, “Phase-coherent microwave-to-optical link with a self-referenced microcomb,” Nat. Photonics 10(8), 516–520 (2016).

S. B. Papp, K. Beha, P. Del’Haye, F. Quinlan, H. Lee, K. J. Vahala, S. a. Diddams, P. Del’Haye, F. Quinlan, H. Lee, K. J. Vahala, and S. a. Diddams, “Microresonator frequency comb optical clock,” Optica 1(1), 10–14 (2014).

S. B. Papp, K. Beha, P. Del’Haye, F. Quinlan, H. Lee, K. J. Vahala, S. a. Diddams, P. Del’Haye, F. Quinlan, H. Lee, K. J. Vahala, and S. a. Diddams, “Microresonator frequency comb optical clock,” Optica 1(1), 10–14 (2014).

T. J. Kippenberg, R. Holzwarth, and S. A. Diddams, “Microresonator-based optical frequency combs,” Science 332(6029), 555–559 (2011).
[PubMed]

D. J. Jones, S. A. Diddams, J. K. Ranka, A. Stentz, R. S. Windeler, J. L. Hall, and S. T. Cundiff, “Carrier-envelope phase control of femtosecond mode-locked lasers and direct optical frequency synthesis,” Science 288(5466), 635–640 (2000).
[PubMed]

Dinu, M.

A. H. Gnauck, B. P. P. Kuo, E. Myslivets, R. M. Jopson, M. Dinu, J. E. Simsarian, P. J. Winzer, and S. Radic, “Comb-Based 16-QAM Transmitter Spanning the C and L Bands,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 26(8), 821–824 (2014).

Dreschmann, M.

Elder, D.

Eliyahu, D.

W. Liang, D. Eliyahu, V. S. Ilchenko, A. A. Savchenkov, A. B. Matsko, D. Seidel, and L. Maleki, “High spectral purity Kerr frequency comb radio frequency photonic oscillator,” Nat. Commun. 6, 7957 (2015).
[PubMed]

Ellermeyer, T.

Eriksson, T. A.

Erkintalo, M.

Fan, L.

Farwell, S. G.

R. Slavik, S. G. Farwell, M. J. Wale, and D. J. Richardson, “Compact Optical Comb Generator Using InP Tunable Laser and Push-Pull Modulator,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 27(2), 217–220 (2015).

Ferdous, F.

P.-H. Wang, F. Ferdous, H. Miao, J. Wang, D. E. Leaird, K. Srinivasan, L. Chen, V. Aksyuk, and A. M. Weiner, “Observation of correlation between route to formation, coherence, noise, and communication performance of Kerr combs,” Opt. Express 20(28), 29284–29295 (2012).
[PubMed]

F. Ferdous, H. Miao, D. E. Leaird, K. Srinivasan, J. Wang, L. Chen, L. T. Varghese, and A. M. Weiner, “Spectral line-by-line pulse shaping of on-chip microresonator frequency combs,” Nat. Photonics 5(12), 770–776 (2011).

Fong, K. Y.

Forghieri, F.

P. Poggiolini, A. Carena, V. Curri, G. Bosco, and F. Forghieri, “Analytical modeling of nonlinear propagation in uncompensated optical transmission links,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 23(11), 742–744 (2011).

Fortier, T.

P. Del’Haye, A. Coillet, T. Fortier, K. Beha, D. C. Cole, K. Y. Yang, H. Lee, K. J. Vahala, S. B. Papp, and S. A. Diddams, “Phase-coherent microwave-to-optical link with a self-referenced microcomb,” Nat. Photonics 10(8), 516–520 (2016).

Foster, M. a.

J. S. Levy, A. Gondarenko, M. a. Foster, A. C. Turner-Foster, A. L. Gaeta, and M. Lipson, “CMOS-compatible multiple-wavelength oscillator for on-chip optical interconnects,” Nat. Photonics 4(1), 37–40 (2010).

Freude, W.

P. Marin-Palomo, J. N. Kemal, M. Karpov, A. Kordts, J. Pfeifle, M. H. P. Pfeiffer, P. Trocha, S. Wolf, V. Brasch, M. H. Anderson, R. Rosenberger, K. Vijayan, W. Freude, T. J. Kippenberg, and C. Koos, “Microresonator-based solitons for massively parallel coherent optical communications,” Nature 546(7657), 274–279 (2017).
[PubMed]

J. Pfeifle, A. Coillet, R. Henriet, K. Saleh, P. Schindler, C. Weimann, W. Freude, I. V. Balakireva, L. Larger, C. Koos, and Y. K. Chembo, “Optimally Coherent Kerr Combs Generated with Crystalline Whispering Gallery Mode Resonators for Ultrahigh Capacity Fiber Communications,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 114(9), 093902 (2015).
[PubMed]

J. Pfeifle, V. Brasch, M. Lauermann, Y. Yu, D. Wegner, T. Herr, K. Hartinger, P. Schindler, J. Li, D. Hillerkuss, R. Schmogrow, C. Weimann, R. Holzwarth, W. Freude, J. Leuthold, T. J. Kippenberg, and C. Koos, “Coherent terabit communications with microresonator Kerr frequency combs,” Nat. Photonics 8(5), 375–380 (2014).
[PubMed]

C. Weimann, P. C. Schindler, R. Palmer, S. Wolf, D. Bekele, D. Korn, J. Pfeifle, S. Koeber, R. Schmogrow, L. Alloatti, D. Elder, H. Yu, W. Bogaerts, L. R. Dalton, W. Freude, J. Leuthold, and C. Koos, “Silicon-organic hybrid (SOH) frequency comb sources for terabit/s data transmission,” Opt. Express 22(3), 3629–3637 (2014).
[PubMed]

D. Hillerkuss, R. Schmogrow, M. Meyer, S. Wolf, M. Jordan, P. Kleinow, N. Lindenmann, P. C. Schindler, A. Melikyan, X. Yang, S. Ben-Ezra, B. Nebendahl, M. Dreschmann, J. Meyer, F. Parmigiani, P. Petropoulos, B. Resan, A. Oehler, K. Weingarten, L. Altenhain, T. Ellermeyer, M. Moeller, M. Huebner, J. Becker, C. Koos, W. Freude, and J. Leuthold, “Single-Laser 32.5 Tbit/s Nyquist WDM Transmission,” J. Opt. Commun. Netw. 4(10), 715–723 (2012).

Fülöp, A.

Gaeta, A. L.

Geiselmann, M.

V. Brasch, E. Lucas, J. D. Jost, M. Geiselmann, and T. J. Kippenberg, “Self-referenced photonic chip soliton Kerr frequency comb,” Light Sci. Appl. 6(1), e16202 (2016).

Gnauck, A. H.

A. H. Gnauck, B. P. P. Kuo, E. Myslivets, R. M. Jopson, M. Dinu, J. E. Simsarian, P. J. Winzer, and S. Radic, “Comb-Based 16-QAM Transmitter Spanning the C and L Bands,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 26(8), 821–824 (2014).

Gomez, L. T.

Gondarenko, A.

J. S. Levy, A. Gondarenko, M. a. Foster, A. C. Turner-Foster, A. L. Gaeta, and M. Lipson, “CMOS-compatible multiple-wavelength oscillator for on-chip optical interconnects,” Nat. Photonics 4(1), 37–40 (2010).

Gordón, C.

Gorodetsky, M. L.

Guo, H.

Guzmán, R.

Hall, J. L.

D. J. Jones, S. A. Diddams, J. K. Ranka, A. Stentz, R. S. Windeler, J. L. Hall, and S. T. Cundiff, “Carrier-envelope phase control of femtosecond mode-locked lasers and direct optical frequency synthesis,” Science 288(5466), 635–640 (2000).
[PubMed]

Han, K.

Hänsch, T. W.

T. Udem, J. Reichert, R. Holzwarth, and T. W. Hänsch, “Absolute Optical Frequency Measurement of the Cesium D1 Line with a Mode-Locked Laser,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 82(18), 3568–3571 (1999).

Hartinger, K.

J. Pfeifle, V. Brasch, M. Lauermann, Y. Yu, D. Wegner, T. Herr, K. Hartinger, P. Schindler, J. Li, D. Hillerkuss, R. Schmogrow, C. Weimann, R. Holzwarth, W. Freude, J. Leuthold, T. J. Kippenberg, and C. Koos, “Coherent terabit communications with microresonator Kerr frequency combs,” Nat. Photonics 8(5), 375–380 (2014).
[PubMed]

Henriet, R.

J. Pfeifle, A. Coillet, R. Henriet, K. Saleh, P. Schindler, C. Weimann, W. Freude, I. V. Balakireva, L. Larger, C. Koos, and Y. K. Chembo, “Optimally Coherent Kerr Combs Generated with Crystalline Whispering Gallery Mode Resonators for Ultrahigh Capacity Fiber Communications,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 114(9), 093902 (2015).
[PubMed]

Herr, T.

J. Pfeifle, V. Brasch, M. Lauermann, Y. Yu, D. Wegner, T. Herr, K. Hartinger, P. Schindler, J. Li, D. Hillerkuss, R. Schmogrow, C. Weimann, R. Holzwarth, W. Freude, J. Leuthold, T. J. Kippenberg, and C. Koos, “Coherent terabit communications with microresonator Kerr frequency combs,” Nat. Photonics 8(5), 375–380 (2014).
[PubMed]

Hillerkuss, D.

J. Pfeifle, V. Brasch, M. Lauermann, Y. Yu, D. Wegner, T. Herr, K. Hartinger, P. Schindler, J. Li, D. Hillerkuss, R. Schmogrow, C. Weimann, R. Holzwarth, W. Freude, J. Leuthold, T. J. Kippenberg, and C. Koos, “Coherent terabit communications with microresonator Kerr frequency combs,” Nat. Photonics 8(5), 375–380 (2014).
[PubMed]

D. Hillerkuss, R. Schmogrow, M. Meyer, S. Wolf, M. Jordan, P. Kleinow, N. Lindenmann, P. C. Schindler, A. Melikyan, X. Yang, S. Ben-Ezra, B. Nebendahl, M. Dreschmann, J. Meyer, F. Parmigiani, P. Petropoulos, B. Resan, A. Oehler, K. Weingarten, L. Altenhain, T. Ellermeyer, M. Moeller, M. Huebner, J. Becker, C. Koos, W. Freude, and J. Leuthold, “Single-Laser 32.5 Tbit/s Nyquist WDM Transmission,” J. Opt. Commun. Netw. 4(10), 715–723 (2012).

Hoffmann, S.

Holzwarth, R.

J. Pfeifle, V. Brasch, M. Lauermann, Y. Yu, D. Wegner, T. Herr, K. Hartinger, P. Schindler, J. Li, D. Hillerkuss, R. Schmogrow, C. Weimann, R. Holzwarth, W. Freude, J. Leuthold, T. J. Kippenberg, and C. Koos, “Coherent terabit communications with microresonator Kerr frequency combs,” Nat. Photonics 8(5), 375–380 (2014).
[PubMed]

T. J. Kippenberg, R. Holzwarth, and S. A. Diddams, “Microresonator-based optical frequency combs,” Science 332(6029), 555–559 (2011).
[PubMed]

P. Del’Haye, A. Schliesser, O. Arcizet, T. Wilken, R. Holzwarth, and T. J. Kippenberg, “Optical frequency comb generation from a monolithic microresonator,” Nature 450(7173), 1214–1217 (2007).
[PubMed]

T. Udem, J. Reichert, R. Holzwarth, and T. W. Hänsch, “Absolute Optical Frequency Measurement of the Cesium D1 Line with a Mode-Locked Laser,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 82(18), 3568–3571 (1999).

Huebner, M.

Ilchenko, V. S.

W. Liang, D. Eliyahu, V. S. Ilchenko, A. A. Savchenkov, A. B. Matsko, D. Seidel, and L. Maleki, “High spectral purity Kerr frequency comb radio frequency photonic oscillator,” Nat. Commun. 6, 7957 (2015).
[PubMed]

Jaques, J.

Jaramillo-Villegas, J. A.

Johnson, A. R.

Jones, D. J.

D. J. Jones, S. A. Diddams, J. K. Ranka, A. Stentz, R. S. Windeler, J. L. Hall, and S. T. Cundiff, “Carrier-envelope phase control of femtosecond mode-locked lasers and direct optical frequency synthesis,” Science 288(5466), 635–640 (2000).
[PubMed]

Jopson, R. M.

A. H. Gnauck, B. P. P. Kuo, E. Myslivets, R. M. Jopson, M. Dinu, J. E. Simsarian, P. J. Winzer, and S. Radic, “Comb-Based 16-QAM Transmitter Spanning the C and L Bands,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 26(8), 821–824 (2014).

Jordan, M.

Jost, J. D.

V. Brasch, E. Lucas, J. D. Jost, M. Geiselmann, and T. J. Kippenberg, “Self-referenced photonic chip soliton Kerr frequency comb,” Light Sci. Appl. 6(1), e16202 (2016).

Jung, H.

Kang, I.

Karlsson, M.

Karpov, M.

P. Marin-Palomo, J. N. Kemal, M. Karpov, A. Kordts, J. Pfeifle, M. H. P. Pfeiffer, P. Trocha, S. Wolf, V. Brasch, M. H. Anderson, R. Rosenberger, K. Vijayan, W. Freude, T. J. Kippenberg, and C. Koos, “Microresonator-based solitons for massively parallel coherent optical communications,” Nature 546(7657), 274–279 (2017).
[PubMed]

Kemal, J. N.

P. Marin-Palomo, J. N. Kemal, M. Karpov, A. Kordts, J. Pfeifle, M. H. P. Pfeiffer, P. Trocha, S. Wolf, V. Brasch, M. H. Anderson, R. Rosenberger, K. Vijayan, W. Freude, T. J. Kippenberg, and C. Koos, “Microresonator-based solitons for massively parallel coherent optical communications,” Nature 546(7657), 274–279 (2017).
[PubMed]

Kim, H. J.

Kim, S.

Kippenberg, T. J.

P. Marin-Palomo, J. N. Kemal, M. Karpov, A. Kordts, J. Pfeifle, M. H. P. Pfeiffer, P. Trocha, S. Wolf, V. Brasch, M. H. Anderson, R. Rosenberger, K. Vijayan, W. Freude, T. J. Kippenberg, and C. Koos, “Microresonator-based solitons for massively parallel coherent optical communications,” Nature 546(7657), 274–279 (2017).
[PubMed]

V. Brasch, E. Lucas, J. D. Jost, M. Geiselmann, and T. J. Kippenberg, “Self-referenced photonic chip soliton Kerr frequency comb,” Light Sci. Appl. 6(1), e16202 (2016).

A. Kordts, M. H. P. Pfeiffer, H. Guo, V. Brasch, and T. J. Kippenberg, “Higher order mode suppression in high-Q anomalous dispersion SiN microresonators for temporal dissipative Kerr soliton formation,” Opt. Lett. 41(3), 452–455 (2016).
[PubMed]

V. E. Lobanov, G. Lihachev, T. J. Kippenberg, and M. L. Gorodetsky, “Frequency combs and platicons in optical microresonators with normal GVD,” Opt. Express 23(6), 7713–7721 (2015).
[PubMed]

J. Pfeifle, V. Brasch, M. Lauermann, Y. Yu, D. Wegner, T. Herr, K. Hartinger, P. Schindler, J. Li, D. Hillerkuss, R. Schmogrow, C. Weimann, R. Holzwarth, W. Freude, J. Leuthold, T. J. Kippenberg, and C. Koos, “Coherent terabit communications with microresonator Kerr frequency combs,” Nat. Photonics 8(5), 375–380 (2014).
[PubMed]

T. J. Kippenberg, R. Holzwarth, and S. A. Diddams, “Microresonator-based optical frequency combs,” Science 332(6029), 555–559 (2011).
[PubMed]

P. Del’Haye, A. Schliesser, O. Arcizet, T. Wilken, R. Holzwarth, and T. J. Kippenberg, “Optical frequency comb generation from a monolithic microresonator,” Nature 450(7173), 1214–1217 (2007).
[PubMed]

Kleinow, P.

Koeber, S.

Koos, C.

P. Marin-Palomo, J. N. Kemal, M. Karpov, A. Kordts, J. Pfeifle, M. H. P. Pfeiffer, P. Trocha, S. Wolf, V. Brasch, M. H. Anderson, R. Rosenberger, K. Vijayan, W. Freude, T. J. Kippenberg, and C. Koos, “Microresonator-based solitons for massively parallel coherent optical communications,” Nature 546(7657), 274–279 (2017).
[PubMed]

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P. Marin-Palomo, J. N. Kemal, M. Karpov, A. Kordts, J. Pfeifle, M. H. P. Pfeiffer, P. Trocha, S. Wolf, V. Brasch, M. H. Anderson, R. Rosenberger, K. Vijayan, W. Freude, T. J. Kippenberg, and C. Koos, “Microresonator-based solitons for massively parallel coherent optical communications,” Nature 546(7657), 274–279 (2017).
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T. Udem, J. Reichert, R. Holzwarth, and T. W. Hänsch, “Absolute Optical Frequency Measurement of the Cesium D1 Line with a Mode-Locked Laser,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 82(18), 3568–3571 (1999).

Vahala, K. J.

M.-G. Suh, Q.-F. Yang, K. Y. Yang, X. Yi, and K. J. Vahala, “Microresonator soliton dual-comb spectroscopy,” Science 354(6312), 600–603 (2016).
[PubMed]

P. Del’Haye, A. Coillet, T. Fortier, K. Beha, D. C. Cole, K. Y. Yang, H. Lee, K. J. Vahala, S. B. Papp, and S. A. Diddams, “Phase-coherent microwave-to-optical link with a self-referenced microcomb,” Nat. Photonics 10(8), 516–520 (2016).

S. B. Papp, K. Beha, P. Del’Haye, F. Quinlan, H. Lee, K. J. Vahala, S. a. Diddams, P. Del’Haye, F. Quinlan, H. Lee, K. J. Vahala, and S. a. Diddams, “Microresonator frequency comb optical clock,” Optica 1(1), 10–14 (2014).

S. B. Papp, K. Beha, P. Del’Haye, F. Quinlan, H. Lee, K. J. Vahala, S. a. Diddams, P. Del’Haye, F. Quinlan, H. Lee, K. J. Vahala, and S. a. Diddams, “Microresonator frequency comb optical clock,” Optica 1(1), 10–14 (2014).

J. Li, H. Lee, T. Chen, and K. J. Vahala, “Low-pump-power, low-phase-noise, and microwave to millimeter-wave repetition rate operation in microcombs,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 109(23), 233901 (2012).
[PubMed]

Varghese, L. T.

Vijayan, K.

P. Marin-Palomo, J. N. Kemal, M. Karpov, A. Kordts, J. Pfeifle, M. H. P. Pfeiffer, P. Trocha, S. Wolf, V. Brasch, M. H. Anderson, R. Rosenberger, K. Vijayan, W. Freude, T. J. Kippenberg, and C. Koos, “Microresonator-based solitons for massively parallel coherent optical communications,” Nature 546(7657), 274–279 (2017).
[PubMed]

Wale, M. J.

R. Slavik, S. G. Farwell, M. J. Wale, and D. J. Richardson, “Compact Optical Comb Generator Using InP Tunable Laser and Push-Pull Modulator,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 27(2), 217–220 (2015).

Wang, C.

Wang, J.

Y. Xuan, Y. Liu, L. T. Varghese, A. J. Metcalf, X. Xue, P.-H. Wang, K. Han, J. A. Jaramillo-Villegas, A. Al Noman, C. Wang, S. Kim, M. Teng, Y. J. Lee, B. Niu, L. Fan, J. Wang, D. E. Leaird, A. M. Weiner, and M. Qi, “High-Q silicon nitride microresonators exhibiting low-power frequency comb initiation,” Optica 3(11), 1171–1180 (2016).

X. Xue, Y. Xuan, Y. Liu, P.-H. Wang, S. Chen, J. Wang, D. E. Leaird, M. Qi, and A. M. Weiner, “Mode-locked dark pulse Kerr combs in normal-dispersion microresonators,” Nat. Photonics 9(9), 594–600 (2015).

Y. Liu, Y. Xuan, X. Xue, P.-H. Wang, S. Chen, A. J. Metcalf, J. Wang, D. E. Leaird, M. Qi, and A. M. Weiner, “Investigation of mode coupling in normal-dispersion silicon nitride microresonators for Kerr frequency comb generation,” Optica 1(3), 137–144 (2014).

X. Xue, Y. Xuan, H. J. Kim, J. Wang, D. E. Leaird, M. Qi, and A. M. Weiner, “Programmable single-bandpass photonic rf filter based on kerr comb from a microring,” J. Lightwave Technol. 32(20), 3557–3565 (2014).

P.-H. Wang, Y. Xuan, L. Fan, L. T. Varghese, J. Wang, Y. Liu, X. Xue, D. E. Leaird, M. Qi, and A. M. Weiner, “Drop-port study of microresonator frequency combs: power transfer, spectra and time-domain characterization,” Opt. Express 21(19), 22441–22452 (2013).
[PubMed]

P.-H. Wang, F. Ferdous, H. Miao, J. Wang, D. E. Leaird, K. Srinivasan, L. Chen, V. Aksyuk, and A. M. Weiner, “Observation of correlation between route to formation, coherence, noise, and communication performance of Kerr combs,” Opt. Express 20(28), 29284–29295 (2012).
[PubMed]

F. Ferdous, H. Miao, D. E. Leaird, K. Srinivasan, J. Wang, L. Chen, L. T. Varghese, and A. M. Weiner, “Spectral line-by-line pulse shaping of on-chip microresonator frequency combs,” Nat. Photonics 5(12), 770–776 (2011).

Wang, P.

X. Xue, P. Wang, Y. Xuan, M. Qi, and A. M. Weiner, “Microresonator Kerr frequency combs with high conversion efficiency,” Laser Photonics Rev. 11(1), 1600276 (2017).

Wang, P. H.

X. Xue, Y. Xuan, P. H. Wang, Y. Liu, D. E. Leaird, M. Qi, and A. M. Weiner, “Normal-dispersion microcombs enabled by controllable mode interactions,” Laser Photonics Rev. 9(4), L23–L28 (2015).

Wang, P.-H.

Wegner, D.

J. Pfeifle, V. Brasch, M. Lauermann, Y. Yu, D. Wegner, T. Herr, K. Hartinger, P. Schindler, J. Li, D. Hillerkuss, R. Schmogrow, C. Weimann, R. Holzwarth, W. Freude, J. Leuthold, T. J. Kippenberg, and C. Koos, “Coherent terabit communications with microresonator Kerr frequency combs,” Nat. Photonics 8(5), 375–380 (2014).
[PubMed]

Weimann, C.

J. Pfeifle, A. Coillet, R. Henriet, K. Saleh, P. Schindler, C. Weimann, W. Freude, I. V. Balakireva, L. Larger, C. Koos, and Y. K. Chembo, “Optimally Coherent Kerr Combs Generated with Crystalline Whispering Gallery Mode Resonators for Ultrahigh Capacity Fiber Communications,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 114(9), 093902 (2015).
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J. Pfeifle, V. Brasch, M. Lauermann, Y. Yu, D. Wegner, T. Herr, K. Hartinger, P. Schindler, J. Li, D. Hillerkuss, R. Schmogrow, C. Weimann, R. Holzwarth, W. Freude, J. Leuthold, T. J. Kippenberg, and C. Koos, “Coherent terabit communications with microresonator Kerr frequency combs,” Nat. Photonics 8(5), 375–380 (2014).
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C. Weimann, P. C. Schindler, R. Palmer, S. Wolf, D. Bekele, D. Korn, J. Pfeifle, S. Koeber, R. Schmogrow, L. Alloatti, D. Elder, H. Yu, W. Bogaerts, L. R. Dalton, W. Freude, J. Leuthold, and C. Koos, “Silicon-organic hybrid (SOH) frequency comb sources for terabit/s data transmission,” Opt. Express 22(3), 3629–3637 (2014).
[PubMed]

Weiner, A. M.

X. Xue, P. Wang, Y. Xuan, M. Qi, and A. M. Weiner, “Microresonator Kerr frequency combs with high conversion efficiency,” Laser Photonics Rev. 11(1), 1600276 (2017).

Y. Xuan, Y. Liu, L. T. Varghese, A. J. Metcalf, X. Xue, P.-H. Wang, K. Han, J. A. Jaramillo-Villegas, A. Al Noman, C. Wang, S. Kim, M. Teng, Y. J. Lee, B. Niu, L. Fan, J. Wang, D. E. Leaird, A. M. Weiner, and M. Qi, “High-Q silicon nitride microresonators exhibiting low-power frequency comb initiation,” Optica 3(11), 1171–1180 (2016).

X. Xue, Y. Xuan, Y. Liu, P.-H. Wang, S. Chen, J. Wang, D. E. Leaird, M. Qi, and A. M. Weiner, “Mode-locked dark pulse Kerr combs in normal-dispersion microresonators,” Nat. Photonics 9(9), 594–600 (2015).

X. Xue, Y. Xuan, P. H. Wang, Y. Liu, D. E. Leaird, M. Qi, and A. M. Weiner, “Normal-dispersion microcombs enabled by controllable mode interactions,” Laser Photonics Rev. 9(4), L23–L28 (2015).

V. Torres-Company and A. M. Weiner, “Optical frequency comb technology for ultra-broadband radio-frequency photonics,” Laser Photonics Rev. 8(3), 368–393 (2014).

Y. Liu, Y. Xuan, X. Xue, P.-H. Wang, S. Chen, A. J. Metcalf, J. Wang, D. E. Leaird, M. Qi, and A. M. Weiner, “Investigation of mode coupling in normal-dispersion silicon nitride microresonators for Kerr frequency comb generation,” Optica 1(3), 137–144 (2014).

X. Xue, Y. Xuan, H. J. Kim, J. Wang, D. E. Leaird, M. Qi, and A. M. Weiner, “Programmable single-bandpass photonic rf filter based on kerr comb from a microring,” J. Lightwave Technol. 32(20), 3557–3565 (2014).

P.-H. Wang, Y. Xuan, L. Fan, L. T. Varghese, J. Wang, Y. Liu, X. Xue, D. E. Leaird, M. Qi, and A. M. Weiner, “Drop-port study of microresonator frequency combs: power transfer, spectra and time-domain characterization,” Opt. Express 21(19), 22441–22452 (2013).
[PubMed]

P.-H. Wang, F. Ferdous, H. Miao, J. Wang, D. E. Leaird, K. Srinivasan, L. Chen, V. Aksyuk, and A. M. Weiner, “Observation of correlation between route to formation, coherence, noise, and communication performance of Kerr combs,” Opt. Express 20(28), 29284–29295 (2012).
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F. Ferdous, H. Miao, D. E. Leaird, K. Srinivasan, J. Wang, L. Chen, L. T. Varghese, and A. M. Weiner, “Spectral line-by-line pulse shaping of on-chip microresonator frequency combs,” Nat. Photonics 5(12), 770–776 (2011).

Weingarten, K.

Wen, Y. H.

Wiberg, A.

Wilken, T.

P. Del’Haye, A. Schliesser, O. Arcizet, T. Wilken, R. Holzwarth, and T. J. Kippenberg, “Optical frequency comb generation from a monolithic microresonator,” Nature 450(7173), 1214–1217 (2007).
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Windeler, R. S.

D. J. Jones, S. A. Diddams, J. K. Ranka, A. Stentz, R. S. Windeler, J. L. Hall, and S. T. Cundiff, “Carrier-envelope phase control of femtosecond mode-locked lasers and direct optical frequency synthesis,” Science 288(5466), 635–640 (2000).
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Winzer, P. J.

A. H. Gnauck, B. P. P. Kuo, E. Myslivets, R. M. Jopson, M. Dinu, J. E. Simsarian, P. J. Winzer, and S. Radic, “Comb-Based 16-QAM Transmitter Spanning the C and L Bands,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 26(8), 821–824 (2014).

P. J. Winzer, “High-spectral-efficiency optical modulation formats,” J. Lightwave Technol. 30(24), 3824–3835 (2012).

Wolf, S.

Xiong, C.

Xuan, Y.

X. Xue, P. Wang, Y. Xuan, M. Qi, and A. M. Weiner, “Microresonator Kerr frequency combs with high conversion efficiency,” Laser Photonics Rev. 11(1), 1600276 (2017).

Y. Xuan, Y. Liu, L. T. Varghese, A. J. Metcalf, X. Xue, P.-H. Wang, K. Han, J. A. Jaramillo-Villegas, A. Al Noman, C. Wang, S. Kim, M. Teng, Y. J. Lee, B. Niu, L. Fan, J. Wang, D. E. Leaird, A. M. Weiner, and M. Qi, “High-Q silicon nitride microresonators exhibiting low-power frequency comb initiation,” Optica 3(11), 1171–1180 (2016).

X. Xue, Y. Xuan, P. H. Wang, Y. Liu, D. E. Leaird, M. Qi, and A. M. Weiner, “Normal-dispersion microcombs enabled by controllable mode interactions,” Laser Photonics Rev. 9(4), L23–L28 (2015).

X. Xue, Y. Xuan, Y. Liu, P.-H. Wang, S. Chen, J. Wang, D. E. Leaird, M. Qi, and A. M. Weiner, “Mode-locked dark pulse Kerr combs in normal-dispersion microresonators,” Nat. Photonics 9(9), 594–600 (2015).

Y. Liu, Y. Xuan, X. Xue, P.-H. Wang, S. Chen, A. J. Metcalf, J. Wang, D. E. Leaird, M. Qi, and A. M. Weiner, “Investigation of mode coupling in normal-dispersion silicon nitride microresonators for Kerr frequency comb generation,” Optica 1(3), 137–144 (2014).

X. Xue, Y. Xuan, H. J. Kim, J. Wang, D. E. Leaird, M. Qi, and A. M. Weiner, “Programmable single-bandpass photonic rf filter based on kerr comb from a microring,” J. Lightwave Technol. 32(20), 3557–3565 (2014).

P.-H. Wang, Y. Xuan, L. Fan, L. T. Varghese, J. Wang, Y. Liu, X. Xue, D. E. Leaird, M. Qi, and A. M. Weiner, “Drop-port study of microresonator frequency combs: power transfer, spectra and time-domain characterization,” Opt. Express 21(19), 22441–22452 (2013).
[PubMed]

Xue, X.

X. Xue, P. Wang, Y. Xuan, M. Qi, and A. M. Weiner, “Microresonator Kerr frequency combs with high conversion efficiency,” Laser Photonics Rev. 11(1), 1600276 (2017).

Y. Xuan, Y. Liu, L. T. Varghese, A. J. Metcalf, X. Xue, P.-H. Wang, K. Han, J. A. Jaramillo-Villegas, A. Al Noman, C. Wang, S. Kim, M. Teng, Y. J. Lee, B. Niu, L. Fan, J. Wang, D. E. Leaird, A. M. Weiner, and M. Qi, “High-Q silicon nitride microresonators exhibiting low-power frequency comb initiation,” Optica 3(11), 1171–1180 (2016).

X. Xue, Y. Xuan, Y. Liu, P.-H. Wang, S. Chen, J. Wang, D. E. Leaird, M. Qi, and A. M. Weiner, “Mode-locked dark pulse Kerr combs in normal-dispersion microresonators,” Nat. Photonics 9(9), 594–600 (2015).

X. Xue, Y. Xuan, P. H. Wang, Y. Liu, D. E. Leaird, M. Qi, and A. M. Weiner, “Normal-dispersion microcombs enabled by controllable mode interactions,” Laser Photonics Rev. 9(4), L23–L28 (2015).

Y. Liu, Y. Xuan, X. Xue, P.-H. Wang, S. Chen, A. J. Metcalf, J. Wang, D. E. Leaird, M. Qi, and A. M. Weiner, “Investigation of mode coupling in normal-dispersion silicon nitride microresonators for Kerr frequency comb generation,” Optica 1(3), 137–144 (2014).

X. Xue, Y. Xuan, H. J. Kim, J. Wang, D. E. Leaird, M. Qi, and A. M. Weiner, “Programmable single-bandpass photonic rf filter based on kerr comb from a microring,” J. Lightwave Technol. 32(20), 3557–3565 (2014).

P.-H. Wang, Y. Xuan, L. Fan, L. T. Varghese, J. Wang, Y. Liu, X. Xue, D. E. Leaird, M. Qi, and A. M. Weiner, “Drop-port study of microresonator frequency combs: power transfer, spectra and time-domain characterization,” Opt. Express 21(19), 22441–22452 (2013).
[PubMed]

Yamamoto, T.

Yang, K. Y.

M.-G. Suh, Q.-F. Yang, K. Y. Yang, X. Yi, and K. J. Vahala, “Microresonator soliton dual-comb spectroscopy,” Science 354(6312), 600–603 (2016).
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P. Del’Haye, A. Coillet, T. Fortier, K. Beha, D. C. Cole, K. Y. Yang, H. Lee, K. J. Vahala, S. B. Papp, and S. A. Diddams, “Phase-coherent microwave-to-optical link with a self-referenced microcomb,” Nat. Photonics 10(8), 516–520 (2016).

Yang, Q.-F.

M.-G. Suh, Q.-F. Yang, K. Y. Yang, X. Yi, and K. J. Vahala, “Microresonator soliton dual-comb spectroscopy,” Science 354(6312), 600–603 (2016).
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Yang, X.

Yi, X.

M.-G. Suh, Q.-F. Yang, K. Y. Yang, X. Yi, and K. J. Vahala, “Microresonator soliton dual-comb spectroscopy,” Science 354(6312), 600–603 (2016).
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Yu, H.

Yu, Y.

J. Pfeifle, V. Brasch, M. Lauermann, Y. Yu, D. Wegner, T. Herr, K. Hartinger, P. Schindler, J. Li, D. Hillerkuss, R. Schmogrow, C. Weimann, R. Holzwarth, W. Freude, J. Leuthold, T. J. Kippenberg, and C. Koos, “Coherent terabit communications with microresonator Kerr frequency combs,” Nat. Photonics 8(5), 375–380 (2014).
[PubMed]

Yvind, K.

Zhang, L. M.

Zhang, X.

IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. (3)

R. Slavik, S. G. Farwell, M. J. Wale, and D. J. Richardson, “Compact Optical Comb Generator Using InP Tunable Laser and Push-Pull Modulator,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 27(2), 217–220 (2015).

A. H. Gnauck, B. P. P. Kuo, E. Myslivets, R. M. Jopson, M. Dinu, J. E. Simsarian, P. J. Winzer, and S. Radic, “Comb-Based 16-QAM Transmitter Spanning the C and L Bands,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 26(8), 821–824 (2014).

P. Poggiolini, A. Carena, V. Curri, G. Bosco, and F. Forghieri, “Analytical modeling of nonlinear propagation in uncompensated optical transmission links,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 23(11), 742–744 (2011).

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X. Xue, Y. Xuan, P. H. Wang, Y. Liu, D. E. Leaird, M. Qi, and A. M. Weiner, “Normal-dispersion microcombs enabled by controllable mode interactions,” Laser Photonics Rev. 9(4), L23–L28 (2015).

V. Torres-Company and A. M. Weiner, “Optical frequency comb technology for ultra-broadband radio-frequency photonics,” Laser Photonics Rev. 8(3), 368–393 (2014).

X. Xue, P. Wang, Y. Xuan, M. Qi, and A. M. Weiner, “Microresonator Kerr frequency combs with high conversion efficiency,” Laser Photonics Rev. 11(1), 1600276 (2017).

Light Sci. Appl. (1)

V. Brasch, E. Lucas, J. D. Jost, M. Geiselmann, and T. J. Kippenberg, “Self-referenced photonic chip soliton Kerr frequency comb,” Light Sci. Appl. 6(1), e16202 (2016).

Nat. Commun. (1)

W. Liang, D. Eliyahu, V. S. Ilchenko, A. A. Savchenkov, A. B. Matsko, D. Seidel, and L. Maleki, “High spectral purity Kerr frequency comb radio frequency photonic oscillator,” Nat. Commun. 6, 7957 (2015).
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N. R. Newbury, “Searching for applications with a fine-tooth comb,” Nat. Photonics 5(4), 186–188 (2011).

J. S. Levy, A. Gondarenko, M. a. Foster, A. C. Turner-Foster, A. L. Gaeta, and M. Lipson, “CMOS-compatible multiple-wavelength oscillator for on-chip optical interconnects,” Nat. Photonics 4(1), 37–40 (2010).

F. Ferdous, H. Miao, D. E. Leaird, K. Srinivasan, J. Wang, L. Chen, L. T. Varghese, and A. M. Weiner, “Spectral line-by-line pulse shaping of on-chip microresonator frequency combs,” Nat. Photonics 5(12), 770–776 (2011).

J. Pfeifle, V. Brasch, M. Lauermann, Y. Yu, D. Wegner, T. Herr, K. Hartinger, P. Schindler, J. Li, D. Hillerkuss, R. Schmogrow, C. Weimann, R. Holzwarth, W. Freude, J. Leuthold, T. J. Kippenberg, and C. Koos, “Coherent terabit communications with microresonator Kerr frequency combs,” Nat. Photonics 8(5), 375–380 (2014).
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P. Del’Haye, A. Coillet, T. Fortier, K. Beha, D. C. Cole, K. Y. Yang, H. Lee, K. J. Vahala, S. B. Papp, and S. A. Diddams, “Phase-coherent microwave-to-optical link with a self-referenced microcomb,” Nat. Photonics 10(8), 516–520 (2016).

X. Xue, Y. Xuan, Y. Liu, P.-H. Wang, S. Chen, J. Wang, D. E. Leaird, M. Qi, and A. M. Weiner, “Mode-locked dark pulse Kerr combs in normal-dispersion microresonators,” Nat. Photonics 9(9), 594–600 (2015).

Nature (2)

P. Marin-Palomo, J. N. Kemal, M. Karpov, A. Kordts, J. Pfeifle, M. H. P. Pfeiffer, P. Trocha, S. Wolf, V. Brasch, M. H. Anderson, R. Rosenberger, K. Vijayan, W. Freude, T. J. Kippenberg, and C. Koos, “Microresonator-based solitons for massively parallel coherent optical communications,” Nature 546(7657), 274–279 (2017).
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P. Del’Haye, A. Schliesser, O. Arcizet, T. Wilken, R. Holzwarth, and T. J. Kippenberg, “Optical frequency comb generation from a monolithic microresonator,” Nature 450(7173), 1214–1217 (2007).
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Opt. Express (6)

P.-H. Wang, F. Ferdous, H. Miao, J. Wang, D. E. Leaird, K. Srinivasan, L. Chen, V. Aksyuk, and A. M. Weiner, “Observation of correlation between route to formation, coherence, noise, and communication performance of Kerr combs,” Opt. Express 20(28), 29284–29295 (2012).
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I. Kang, S. Chadrasekhar, M. Rasras, X. Liu, M. Cappuzzo, L. T. Gomez, Y. F. Chen, L. Buhl, S. Cabot, and J. Jaques, “Long-haul transmission of 35-Gb/s all-optical OFDM signal without using tunable dispersion compensation and time gating,” Opt. Express 19(26), B811–B816 (2011).
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V. E. Lobanov, G. Lihachev, T. J. Kippenberg, and M. L. Gorodetsky, “Frequency combs and platicons in optical microresonators with normal GVD,” Opt. Express 23(6), 7713–7721 (2015).
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E. Temprana, E. Myslivets, L. Liu, V. Ataie, A. Wiberg, B. P. P. Kuo, N. Alic, and S. Radic, “Two-fold transmission reach enhancement enabled by transmitter-side digital backpropagation and optical frequency comb-derived information carriers,” Opt. Express 23(16), 20774–20783 (2015).
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P.-H. Wang, Y. Xuan, L. Fan, L. T. Varghese, J. Wang, Y. Liu, X. Xue, D. E. Leaird, M. Qi, and A. M. Weiner, “Drop-port study of microresonator frequency combs: power transfer, spectra and time-domain characterization,” Opt. Express 21(19), 22441–22452 (2013).
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C. Weimann, P. C. Schindler, R. Palmer, S. Wolf, D. Bekele, D. Korn, J. Pfeifle, S. Koeber, R. Schmogrow, L. Alloatti, D. Elder, H. Yu, W. Bogaerts, L. R. Dalton, W. Freude, J. Leuthold, and C. Koos, “Silicon-organic hybrid (SOH) frequency comb sources for terabit/s data transmission,” Opt. Express 22(3), 3629–3637 (2014).
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J. Pfeifle, A. Coillet, R. Henriet, K. Saleh, P. Schindler, C. Weimann, W. Freude, I. V. Balakireva, L. Larger, C. Koos, and Y. K. Chembo, “Optimally Coherent Kerr Combs Generated with Crystalline Whispering Gallery Mode Resonators for Ultrahigh Capacity Fiber Communications,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 114(9), 093902 (2015).
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T. Udem, J. Reichert, R. Holzwarth, and T. W. Hänsch, “Absolute Optical Frequency Measurement of the Cesium D1 Line with a Mode-Locked Laser,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 82(18), 3568–3571 (1999).

J. Li, H. Lee, T. Chen, and K. J. Vahala, “Low-pump-power, low-phase-noise, and microwave to millimeter-wave repetition rate operation in microcombs,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 109(23), 233901 (2012).
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D. J. Jones, S. A. Diddams, J. K. Ranka, A. Stentz, R. S. Windeler, J. L. Hall, and S. T. Cundiff, “Carrier-envelope phase control of femtosecond mode-locked lasers and direct optical frequency synthesis,” Science 288(5466), 635–640 (2000).
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T. J. Kippenberg, R. Holzwarth, and S. A. Diddams, “Microresonator-based optical frequency combs,” Science 332(6029), 555–559 (2011).
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Figures (6)

Fig. 1
Fig. 1 (a) Microscope image of one of the microresonators used in this work. (b) Transmission scan of a multimode device highlighting a region where two modes couple linearly. By dividing the spectrum into regions spaced with 1 FSR, we can illustrate the coupling effect in subfigures (c) and (d). As the resonance locations move closer, they will repel each other if there is coupling between them, leading to the resonances being slightly offset in the shaded region. Since this is locally changing the effective index of the waveguide, the dispersion of the device will also be greatly affected. A more detailed description of the effects of modal coupling is given in [43].

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Fig. 2
Fig. 2 (a) and (c) The optical power spectra (taken with 0.1 nm resolution) of the two used combs with 230 GHz and 690 GHz line spacing respectively as seen from their drop ports with the dashed boxes showing the lines used in the communications experiments. The line powers coupled into fiber were between −8.2 dBm and 7.6 dBm for the first ring and between −8.4 dBm and 9.6 dBm for the second ring. (b) and (d) The corresponding RF spectra in red with the noise floor in blue showing that the combs were operating in a low-noise state.

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Fig. 3
Fig. 3 (a) Schematic of the experimental setup used for the comb generation and the data modulation. The PMF delay and polarization beam combiner (PBC) were used to emulate a dual polarization transmitter. (b) Results for back-to-back noise loading measurements of both systems, the QPSK transmitter had an implementation penalty of 1.0 ± 0.2 dB while the 16QAM transmitter had an implementation penalty of 1.9 ± 0.4 dB. The implementation penalties for the comb lines do not significantly differ from those for a free-running laser source.

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Fig. 4
Fig. 4 (a) Schematic of the components used for the recirculating loop. (b) Optical spectra for the 16QAM experiment before the first span (taken at the noted point in the setup) both with and without spectral flattening and noise filtering. By removing the out-of-band noise between the channels, the signal powers inside the loop can be kept constant across several roundtrips. (c) Schematic of the components in the receiver.

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Fig. 5
Fig. 5 (a) and (b) Result of the PM-QPSK and the PM-16QAM transmission experiments showing BER as a function of distance in the recirculating loop. The insets display received and decoded signal constellations with bit error rates below 10−3.

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Fig. 6
Fig. 6 (a) Sketch of a microresonator displaying the measurable power locations (Pin and Pout), the internal locations where the power levels need to be calculated as well as the loss elements. (b) Recorded spectra from the through and the drop ports of the two used microresonators. The displayed conversion efficiencies were calculated by measuring the powers in all the lines except for the pump line and comparing it to the throughput power in the off-resonant pumping case. The powers were measured using a grating-based optical spectrum analyzer with 0.1 nm resolution. In both devices, the total conversion efficiency (adding the through and the drop port) exceeded 10%.

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Equations (4)

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η comb = ∑ P comblines P pump .
P out,off = P pump α wg α c2 = P in α c1 α wg α c2 .
P out,on = P out,pump + ∑ P out,comblines = P out,pump + α wg α c2 ∑ P comblines ,
η comb = P out,on − P out,pump P in α c1 α wg α c2 = P out,on − P out,pump P out,off .

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