Abstract

Hybrid characteristics of propagating surface plasmons (PSPs) and localized surface plasmons (LSPs) appear at a combined structure of a thin silver (Ag) layer and silver core/silica shell nanocubes (AgNC@SiO2s) in the Kretschmann configuration, because the resonant condition of PSPs on the thin Ag layer is significantly modified by LSPs of the AgNC@SiO2s. We investigate theoretically and experimentally that due to the hybrid property, the slope and position of the minimum reflectance band can be controlled on a graph of incident angle versus wavelength of reflected light, by changing structural parameters. The hybrid properties of PSPs and LSPs have a potential to simultaneously detect surface plasmon resonance signals and fluorescence images.

© 2014 Optical Society of America

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  20. H. Yun, I.-M. Lee, S.-Y. Lee, K.-Y. Kim, and B. Lee, “Intermediate plasmonic characteristics in a quasi-continuous metallic monolayer,” Sci Rep 4, 3696 (2014).
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    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  26. J. Jung, T. Søndergaard, and S. I. Bozhevolnyi, “Gap plasmon-polariton nanoresonators: scattering enhancement and launching of surface plasmon polaritons,” Phys. Rev. B 79(3), 035401 (2009).
    [Crossref]
  27. D. Cheng and Q.-H. Xu, “Separation distance dependent fluorescence enhancement of fluorescein isothiocyanate by silver nanoparticles,” Chem. Commun. (Camb.) 2007(3), 248–250 (2007).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
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    [Crossref]
  30. F. Liu, W. Xie, Q. Xu, Y. Liu, K. Cui, X. Feng, W. Zhang, and Y. Huang, “Plasmonic enhanced optical absorption in organic solar cells with metallic nanoparticles,” IEEE Photonics J. 5(4), 8400509 (2013).
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    [Crossref]
  35. B. Gao, G. Arya, and A. R. Tao, “Self-orienting nanocubes for the assembly of plasmonic nanojunctions,” Nat. Nanotechnol. 7(7), 433–437 (2012).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  36. A. Ghoshal, I. Divliansky, and P. G. Kik, “Experimental observation of mode-selective anticrossing in surface-plasmon-coupled metal nanoparticle arrays,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 94(17), 171108 (2009).
    [Crossref]
  37. P. Ding, E. Liang, G. Cai, W. Hu, C. Fan, and Q. Xue, “Dual-band perfect absorption and field enhancement by interaction between localized and propagating surface plasmons in optical metamaterials,” J. Opt. 13(7), 075005 (2011).
    [Crossref]
  38. A. R. Siekkinen, J. M. McLellan, J. Chen, and Y. Xia, “Rapid synthesis of small silver nanocubes by mediating polyol reduction with a trace amount of sodium sulfide or sodium hydrosulfide,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 432(4-6), 491–496 (2006).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  39. C. Graf, D. L. J. Vossen, A. Imhof, and A. van Blaaderen, “A general method to coat colloidal particles with silica,” Langmuir 19(17), 6693–6700 (2003).
    [Crossref]

2014 (1)

H. Yun, I.-M. Lee, S.-Y. Lee, K.-Y. Kim, and B. Lee, “Intermediate plasmonic characteristics in a quasi-continuous metallic monolayer,” Sci Rep 4, 3696 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2013 (1)

F. Liu, W. Xie, Q. Xu, Y. Liu, K. Cui, X. Feng, W. Zhang, and Y. Huang, “Plasmonic enhanced optical absorption in organic solar cells with metallic nanoparticles,” IEEE Photonics J. 5(4), 8400509 (2013).
[Crossref]

2012 (3)

B. Gao, G. Arya, and A. R. Tao, “Self-orienting nanocubes for the assembly of plasmonic nanojunctions,” Nat. Nanotechnol. 7(7), 433–437 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

B. Hötzer, I. L. Medintz, and N. Hildebrandt, “Fluorescence in nanobiotechnology: sophisticated fluorophores for novel applications,” Small 8(15), 2297–2326 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Moreau, C. Ciracì, J. J. Mock, R. T. Hill, Q. Wang, B. J. Wiley, A. Chilkoti, and D. R. Smith, “Controlled-reflectance surfaces with film-coupled colloidal nanoantennas,” Nature 492(7427), 86–89 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2011 (2)

J.-L. Wu, F.-C. Chen, Y.-S. Hsiao, F.-C. Chien, P. Chen, C.-H. Kuo, M. H. Huang, and C.-S. Hsu, “Surface plasmonic effects of metallic nanoparticles on the performance of polymer bulk heterojunction solar cells,” ACS Nano 5(2), 959–967 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

P. Ding, E. Liang, G. Cai, W. Hu, C. Fan, and Q. Xue, “Dual-band perfect absorption and field enhancement by interaction between localized and propagating surface plasmons in optical metamaterials,” J. Opt. 13(7), 075005 (2011).
[Crossref]

2010 (3)

E. Ringe, J. M. McMahon, K. Sohn, C. Cobley, Y. Xia, J. Huang, G. C. Schatz, L. D. Marks, and R. P. Van Duyne, “Unraveling the effects of size, composition, and substrate on the localized surface plasmon resonance frequencies of gold and silver nanocubes: a systematic single-particle approach,” J. Phys. Chem. C 114(29), 12511–12516 (2010).
[Crossref]

Q. Zhang, W. Li, C. Moran, J. Zeng, J. Chen, L.-P. Wen, and Y. Xia, “Seed-mediated synthesis of Ag nanocubes with controllable edge lengths in the range of 30-200 nm and comparison of their optical properties,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132(32), 11372–11378 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. G. Curto, G. Volpe, T. H. Taminiau, M. P. Kreuzer, R. Quidant, and N. F. van Hulst, “Unidirectional emission of a quantum dot coupled to a nanoantenna,” Science 329(5994), 930–933 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2009 (7)

R. F. Oulton, V. J. Sorger, T. Zentgraf, R.-M. Ma, C. Gladden, L. Dai, G. Bartal, and X. Zhang, “Plasmon lasers at deep subwavelength scale,” Nature 461(7264), 629–632 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

G. Peng, U. Tisch, O. Adams, M. Hakim, N. Shehada, Y. Y. Broza, S. Billan, R. Abdah-Bortnyak, A. Kuten, and H. Haick, “Diagnosing lung cancer in exhaled breath using gold nanoparticles,” Nat. Nanotechnol. 4(10), 669–673 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. Chu and K. B. Crozier, “Experimental study of the interaction between localized and propagating surface plasmons,” Opt. Lett. 34(3), 244–246 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

C. Hu, L. Liu, Z. Zhao, X. Chen, and X. Luo, “Mixed plasmons coupling for expanding the bandwidth of near-perfect absorption at visible frequencies,” Opt. Express 17(19), 16745–16749 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Jung, T. Søndergaard, and S. I. Bozhevolnyi, “Gap plasmon-polariton nanoresonators: scattering enhancement and launching of surface plasmon polaritons,” Phys. Rev. B 79(3), 035401 (2009).
[Crossref]

H. Shen, P. Bienstman, and B. Maes, “Plasmonic absorption enhancement in organic solar cells with thin active layers,” J. Appl. Phys. 106(7), 073109 (2009).
[Crossref]

A. Ghoshal, I. Divliansky, and P. G. Kik, “Experimental observation of mode-selective anticrossing in surface-plasmon-coupled metal nanoparticle arrays,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 94(17), 171108 (2009).
[Crossref]

2008 (1)

2007 (5)

D. Cheng and Q.-H. Xu, “Separation distance dependent fluorescence enhancement of fluorescein isothiocyanate by silver nanoparticles,” Chem. Commun. (Camb.) 2007(3), 248–250 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. Kim, I.-M. Lee, and B. Lee, “Extended scattering-matrix method for efficient full parallel implementation of rigorous coupled-wave analysis,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 24(8), 2313–2327 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. K. Kinnan and G. Chumanov, “Surface enhanced Raman scattering from silver nanoparticle arrays on silver mirror films: plasmon-induced electronic coupling as the enhancement mechanism,” J. Phys. Chem. C 111(49), 18010–18017 (2007).
[Crossref]

N. Papanikolaou, “Optical properties of metallic nanoparticle arrays on a thin metallic film,” Phys. Rev. B 75(23), 235426 (2007).
[Crossref]

F. Tam, G. P. Goodrich, B. R. Johnson, and N. J. Halas, “Plasmonic enhancement of molecular fluorescence,” Nano Lett. 7(2), 496–501 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2006 (2)

O. G. Tovmachenko, C. Graf, D. J. van den Heuvel, A. van Blaaderen, and H. C. Gerritsen, “Fluorescence enhancement by metal-core/silica-shell nanoparticles,” Adv. Mater. 18(1), 91–95 (2006).
[Crossref]

A. R. Siekkinen, J. M. McLellan, J. Chen, and Y. Xia, “Rapid synthesis of small silver nanocubes by mediating polyol reduction with a trace amount of sodium sulfide or sodium hydrosulfide,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 432(4-6), 491–496 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2005 (2)

S. I. Bozhevolnyi, V. S. Volkov, E. Devaux, and T. W. Ebbesen, “Channel plasmon-polariton guiding by subwavelength metal grooves,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 95(4), 046802 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Cesario, R. Quidant, G. Badenes, and S. Enoch, “Electromagnetic coupling between a metal nanoparticle grating and a metallic surface,” Opt. Lett. 30(24), 3404–3406 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2004 (3)

M. I. Stockman, “Nanofocusing of optical energy in tapered plasmonic waveguides,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 93(13), 137404 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Liu and Y. Lu, “Adenosine-dependent assembly of aptazyme-functionalized gold nanoparticles and its application as a colorimetric biosensor,” Anal. Chem. 76(6), 1627–1632 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

E. Hutter and J. H. Fendler, “Exploitation of localized surface plasmon resonance,” Adv. Mater. 16(19), 1685–1706 (2004).
[Crossref]

2003 (2)

C. Graf, D. L. J. Vossen, A. Imhof, and A. van Blaaderen, “A general method to coat colloidal particles with silica,” Langmuir 19(17), 6693–6700 (2003).
[Crossref]

K. L. Kelly, E. Coronado, L. L. Zhao, and G. C. Schatz, “The optical properties of metal nanoparticles: the influence of size, shape, and dielectric environment,” J. Phys. Chem. B 107(3), 668–677 (2003).
[Crossref]

1993 (1)

Z. Fang, B. R. Patterson, and M. E. J. Turner., “Modeling particle size distributions by the Weibull distribution function,” Mater. Charact. 31(3), 177–182 (1993).
[Crossref]

1965 (1)

1951 (1)

W. Weibull, “A statistical distribution function of wide applicability,” J. Appl. Mech. 18, 293–297 (1951).

1902 (1)

R. W. Wood, “On a remarkable case of uneven distribution of light in a diffraction grating spectrum,” Philos. Mag. 4(21), 396–402 (1902).
[Crossref]

Abdah-Bortnyak, R.

G. Peng, U. Tisch, O. Adams, M. Hakim, N. Shehada, Y. Y. Broza, S. Billan, R. Abdah-Bortnyak, A. Kuten, and H. Haick, “Diagnosing lung cancer in exhaled breath using gold nanoparticles,” Nat. Nanotechnol. 4(10), 669–673 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Adams, O.

G. Peng, U. Tisch, O. Adams, M. Hakim, N. Shehada, Y. Y. Broza, S. Billan, R. Abdah-Bortnyak, A. Kuten, and H. Haick, “Diagnosing lung cancer in exhaled breath using gold nanoparticles,” Nat. Nanotechnol. 4(10), 669–673 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Arya, G.

B. Gao, G. Arya, and A. R. Tao, “Self-orienting nanocubes for the assembly of plasmonic nanojunctions,” Nat. Nanotechnol. 7(7), 433–437 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Badenes, G.

Bartal, G.

R. F. Oulton, V. J. Sorger, T. Zentgraf, R.-M. Ma, C. Gladden, L. Dai, G. Bartal, and X. Zhang, “Plasmon lasers at deep subwavelength scale,” Nature 461(7264), 629–632 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Bienstman, P.

H. Shen, P. Bienstman, and B. Maes, “Plasmonic absorption enhancement in organic solar cells with thin active layers,” J. Appl. Phys. 106(7), 073109 (2009).
[Crossref]

Billan, S.

G. Peng, U. Tisch, O. Adams, M. Hakim, N. Shehada, Y. Y. Broza, S. Billan, R. Abdah-Bortnyak, A. Kuten, and H. Haick, “Diagnosing lung cancer in exhaled breath using gold nanoparticles,” Nat. Nanotechnol. 4(10), 669–673 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Bozhevolnyi, S. I.

J. Jung, T. Søndergaard, and S. I. Bozhevolnyi, “Gap plasmon-polariton nanoresonators: scattering enhancement and launching of surface plasmon polaritons,” Phys. Rev. B 79(3), 035401 (2009).
[Crossref]

S. I. Bozhevolnyi, V. S. Volkov, E. Devaux, and T. W. Ebbesen, “Channel plasmon-polariton guiding by subwavelength metal grooves,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 95(4), 046802 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Broza, Y. Y.

G. Peng, U. Tisch, O. Adams, M. Hakim, N. Shehada, Y. Y. Broza, S. Billan, R. Abdah-Bortnyak, A. Kuten, and H. Haick, “Diagnosing lung cancer in exhaled breath using gold nanoparticles,” Nat. Nanotechnol. 4(10), 669–673 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Cai, G.

P. Ding, E. Liang, G. Cai, W. Hu, C. Fan, and Q. Xue, “Dual-band perfect absorption and field enhancement by interaction between localized and propagating surface plasmons in optical metamaterials,” J. Opt. 13(7), 075005 (2011).
[Crossref]

Cesario, J.

Chen, F.-C.

J.-L. Wu, F.-C. Chen, Y.-S. Hsiao, F.-C. Chien, P. Chen, C.-H. Kuo, M. H. Huang, and C.-S. Hsu, “Surface plasmonic effects of metallic nanoparticles on the performance of polymer bulk heterojunction solar cells,” ACS Nano 5(2), 959–967 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Chen, J.

Q. Zhang, W. Li, C. Moran, J. Zeng, J. Chen, L.-P. Wen, and Y. Xia, “Seed-mediated synthesis of Ag nanocubes with controllable edge lengths in the range of 30-200 nm and comparison of their optical properties,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132(32), 11372–11378 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. R. Siekkinen, J. M. McLellan, J. Chen, and Y. Xia, “Rapid synthesis of small silver nanocubes by mediating polyol reduction with a trace amount of sodium sulfide or sodium hydrosulfide,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 432(4-6), 491–496 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Chen, P.

J.-L. Wu, F.-C. Chen, Y.-S. Hsiao, F.-C. Chien, P. Chen, C.-H. Kuo, M. H. Huang, and C.-S. Hsu, “Surface plasmonic effects of metallic nanoparticles on the performance of polymer bulk heterojunction solar cells,” ACS Nano 5(2), 959–967 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Chen, X.

Cheng, D.

D. Cheng and Q.-H. Xu, “Separation distance dependent fluorescence enhancement of fluorescein isothiocyanate by silver nanoparticles,” Chem. Commun. (Camb.) 2007(3), 248–250 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Chien, F.-C.

J.-L. Wu, F.-C. Chen, Y.-S. Hsiao, F.-C. Chien, P. Chen, C.-H. Kuo, M. H. Huang, and C.-S. Hsu, “Surface plasmonic effects of metallic nanoparticles on the performance of polymer bulk heterojunction solar cells,” ACS Nano 5(2), 959–967 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Chilkoti, A.

A. Moreau, C. Ciracì, J. J. Mock, R. T. Hill, Q. Wang, B. J. Wiley, A. Chilkoti, and D. R. Smith, “Controlled-reflectance surfaces with film-coupled colloidal nanoantennas,” Nature 492(7427), 86–89 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Chu, Y.

Chumanov, G.

M. K. Kinnan and G. Chumanov, “Surface enhanced Raman scattering from silver nanoparticle arrays on silver mirror films: plasmon-induced electronic coupling as the enhancement mechanism,” J. Phys. Chem. C 111(49), 18010–18017 (2007).
[Crossref]

Ciracì, C.

A. Moreau, C. Ciracì, J. J. Mock, R. T. Hill, Q. Wang, B. J. Wiley, A. Chilkoti, and D. R. Smith, “Controlled-reflectance surfaces with film-coupled colloidal nanoantennas,” Nature 492(7427), 86–89 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Cobley, C.

E. Ringe, J. M. McMahon, K. Sohn, C. Cobley, Y. Xia, J. Huang, G. C. Schatz, L. D. Marks, and R. P. Van Duyne, “Unraveling the effects of size, composition, and substrate on the localized surface plasmon resonance frequencies of gold and silver nanocubes: a systematic single-particle approach,” J. Phys. Chem. C 114(29), 12511–12516 (2010).
[Crossref]

Coronado, E.

K. L. Kelly, E. Coronado, L. L. Zhao, and G. C. Schatz, “The optical properties of metal nanoparticles: the influence of size, shape, and dielectric environment,” J. Phys. Chem. B 107(3), 668–677 (2003).
[Crossref]

Crozier, K. B.

Cui, K.

F. Liu, W. Xie, Q. Xu, Y. Liu, K. Cui, X. Feng, W. Zhang, and Y. Huang, “Plasmonic enhanced optical absorption in organic solar cells with metallic nanoparticles,” IEEE Photonics J. 5(4), 8400509 (2013).
[Crossref]

Curto, A. G.

A. G. Curto, G. Volpe, T. H. Taminiau, M. P. Kreuzer, R. Quidant, and N. F. van Hulst, “Unidirectional emission of a quantum dot coupled to a nanoantenna,” Science 329(5994), 930–933 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Dai, L.

R. F. Oulton, V. J. Sorger, T. Zentgraf, R.-M. Ma, C. Gladden, L. Dai, G. Bartal, and X. Zhang, “Plasmon lasers at deep subwavelength scale,” Nature 461(7264), 629–632 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Devaux, E.

S. I. Bozhevolnyi, V. S. Volkov, E. Devaux, and T. W. Ebbesen, “Channel plasmon-polariton guiding by subwavelength metal grooves,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 95(4), 046802 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Ding, P.

P. Ding, E. Liang, G. Cai, W. Hu, C. Fan, and Q. Xue, “Dual-band perfect absorption and field enhancement by interaction between localized and propagating surface plasmons in optical metamaterials,” J. Opt. 13(7), 075005 (2011).
[Crossref]

Divliansky, I.

A. Ghoshal, I. Divliansky, and P. G. Kik, “Experimental observation of mode-selective anticrossing in surface-plasmon-coupled metal nanoparticle arrays,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 94(17), 171108 (2009).
[Crossref]

Ebbesen, T. W.

S. I. Bozhevolnyi, V. S. Volkov, E. Devaux, and T. W. Ebbesen, “Channel plasmon-polariton guiding by subwavelength metal grooves,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 95(4), 046802 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Enoch, S.

Fan, C.

P. Ding, E. Liang, G. Cai, W. Hu, C. Fan, and Q. Xue, “Dual-band perfect absorption and field enhancement by interaction between localized and propagating surface plasmons in optical metamaterials,” J. Opt. 13(7), 075005 (2011).
[Crossref]

Fang, Z.

Z. Fang, B. R. Patterson, and M. E. J. Turner., “Modeling particle size distributions by the Weibull distribution function,” Mater. Charact. 31(3), 177–182 (1993).
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Schatz, G. C.

E. Ringe, J. M. McMahon, K. Sohn, C. Cobley, Y. Xia, J. Huang, G. C. Schatz, L. D. Marks, and R. P. Van Duyne, “Unraveling the effects of size, composition, and substrate on the localized surface plasmon resonance frequencies of gold and silver nanocubes: a systematic single-particle approach,” J. Phys. Chem. C 114(29), 12511–12516 (2010).
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E. Ringe, J. M. McMahon, K. Sohn, C. Cobley, Y. Xia, J. Huang, G. C. Schatz, L. D. Marks, and R. P. Van Duyne, “Unraveling the effects of size, composition, and substrate on the localized surface plasmon resonance frequencies of gold and silver nanocubes: a systematic single-particle approach,” J. Phys. Chem. C 114(29), 12511–12516 (2010).
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J. Jung, T. Søndergaard, and S. I. Bozhevolnyi, “Gap plasmon-polariton nanoresonators: scattering enhancement and launching of surface plasmon polaritons,” Phys. Rev. B 79(3), 035401 (2009).
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E. Ringe, J. M. McMahon, K. Sohn, C. Cobley, Y. Xia, J. Huang, G. C. Schatz, L. D. Marks, and R. P. Van Duyne, “Unraveling the effects of size, composition, and substrate on the localized surface plasmon resonance frequencies of gold and silver nanocubes: a systematic single-particle approach,” J. Phys. Chem. C 114(29), 12511–12516 (2010).
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Figures (6)

Fig. 1
Fig. 1

(a) Schematic illustration of the combined structure of AgNC@SiO2s on a thin Ag layer for dual detection of SPR signal and fluorescence image. (b) Schematic diagram of the structure and parameters for numerical simulations.

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Fig. 2
Fig. 2

Changes of the minimum reflectance band on θ-λR map depending on inter-particle distance (D) among AgNC@SiO2s. θ-λR maps for AgNCs (30 nm) with SiO2 shell (10nm) on Ag layer (50 nm) in (a) an infinite, (b) 2000 nm, (c) 800 nm, (d) 350 nm, (e) 200 nm, (f) 100 nm, and (g) 60 nm of inter-particle distance. Hy-field profiles at (h) 44° and (i) 69.5° of different incident angles and 580 nm of same wavelength of incident light. Black dotted circles marked on the maps of (b) and (f) indicate positions where Hy-field profiles of (h) and (i) were calculated, respectively.

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Fig. 3
Fig. 3

Effect of (a)-(c) Ag core size (d), (d)-(f) SiO2 shell thickness (t), and (g)-(i) Ag layer thickness (T) on the minimum reflectance band. The AgNC core sizes are (a) 20 nm, (b) 30 nm, and (c) 40 nm. The SiO2 shell thicknesses are (d) 10 nm, (e) 25 nm, (f) 35 nm. The Ag layer thicknesses are (g) 30 nm, (h) 50 nm, and (i) 70 nm.

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Fig. 4
Fig. 4

(a) TEM image and (b) size distribution of AgNC@SiO2s. FE-SEM images of AgNC@SiO2s coated on Ag layer with (c) 20-, (d) 1.25-fold dilutions, and (e) undiluted solutions. They are named NC1000, NC200, and NC117, respectively. The scale bars are (a) 50 nm and (c)-(e) 500 nm. (f) Image of total internal reflection set-up with the hemi-cylindrical prism, white light source, spectrometer, and microscope lens. The polarizer makes incident light be TM polarization, and the incident angle is changed from 40° to 70° by a motorized rotation stage. CCD camera, which is not shown here, is adapted to microscopy.

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Fig. 5
Fig. 5

Experimental θ-λR maps of (a) NC1000, (b) NC200, and (c) NC117.

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Fig. 6
Fig. 6

(a) Inter-particle distance distribution of NC117, (b) the Weibull distribution calculated with experimental μ and σ of NC117, and (c) schematic illustration of a structure and parameters for simulation including the Weibull distribution. Comparison of three kinds of data for (d)-(g) NC1000 and (h)-(k) NC117. (d) and (h) are simulation θ-λR maps including the Weibull distribution factor. The circular yellow dots indicate the minimum reflectance dips in the experimental data of Fig. 5. The corresponding fluorescence images are measured at (e) 44°, (f) 43°, (g) 42°, (i) 57°, (j) 55°, and (k) 51° of incident angle. The scale bars are 5 μm.

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