Abstract

Integrated Microwave photonics (IMWP) signal processing using Photonic Integrated Circuits (PICs) has attracted a great deal of attention in recent years as an enabling technology for a number of functionalities not attainable by purely microwave solutions. In this context, integrated waveguide Bragg grating (WBG) devices constitute a particularly attractive approach thanks to their compactness and flexibility in producing arbitrarily defined amplitude and phase responses, by directly acting on coupling coefficient and perturbations of the grating profile. In this article, we review recent advances in the field of integrated WBGs applied to MWP, analyzing the advantages leveraged by an integrated realization. We provide a perspective on the exciting possibilities offered by the silicon photonics platform in the field of MWP, potentially enabling integration of highly-complex active and passive functionalities with high yield on a single chip, with a particular focus on the use of WBGs as basic building blocks for linear filtering operations. We demonstrate the versatility of WBG-based devices by proposing and experimentally demonstrating a novel, continuously-tunable, integrated true-time-delay (TTD) line based on a very simple dual phase-shifted WBG (DPS-WBG).

© 2013 Optical Society of America

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Y. X. Luo, “Study of fiber Bragg grating sensor in dam safety monitoring,” Applied Mechanics and Materials 312, 736–740 (2013).
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R. Ashrafi, M. Li, and J. Azaña, “Coupling-strength-independent long-period grating designs for THz-bandwidth optical differentiators,” Photonics Journal, IEEE 5, 7100311–7100311 (2013).
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T.-Y. Liow, J. Song, X. Tu, A.-J. Lim, Q. Fang, N. Duan, M. Yu, and G.-Q. Lo, “Silicon optical interconnect device technologies for 40 Gb/s and beyond,” IEEE J. Sel. Topics Quantum Electron. 19, 8200312–8200312 (2013).
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M. Hochberg, N. Harris, R. Ding, Y. Zhang, A. Novack, Z. Xuan, and T. Baehr-Jones, “Silicon photonics: the next fabless semiconductor industry,” IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine 5, 48–58 (2013).
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L. He, Y. Liu, C. Galland, A. E. J. Lim, G. Q. Lo, T. Baehr-Jones, and M. Hochberg, “A High-Efficiency Nonuniform Grating Coupler Realized With 248-nm Optical Lithography,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.,  25, 1358–1361 (2013).
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M. Spasojevic and L. R. Chen, “Discretely tunable optical delay lines using serial and step-chirped sidewall Bragg gratings in SOI,” Electron. Lett. 49(2013).
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M. Spasojevic and L. R. Chen, “Tunable optical delay line in SOI implemented with step chirped Bragg gratings and serial grating arrays,” in “Photonics North,” (2013).

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M. Burla, D. Marpaung, L. Zhuang, A. Leinse, M. Hoekman, R. Heideman, and C. Roeloffzen, “Integrated Photonic Ku-Band Beamformer Chip with Continuous Amplitude and Delay Control,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.,  25, 1145–1148 (2013).
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M. Verbist, D. V. Thourhout, and W. Bogaerts, “Weak gratings in silicon-on-insulator for spectral filters based on volume holography,” Opt. Lett. 38, 386–388 (2013).
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C. Sima, J. C. Gates, H. L. Rogers, P. L. Mennea, C. Holmes, M. N. Zervas, and P. G. R. Smith, “Phase controlled integrated interferometric single-sideband filter based on planar Bragg gratings implementing photonic Hilbert transform,” Opt. Lett. 38, 727–729 (2013).
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R. Ashrafi, M. Li, S. LaRochelle, and J. Azaña, “Superluminal space-to-time mapping in grating-assisted co-directional couplers,” Opt. Express 21, 6249–6256 (2013).
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W. Shi, H. Yun, C. Lin, M. Greenberg, X. Wang, Y. Wang, S. T. Fard, J. Flueckiger, N. A. F. Jaeger, and L. Chrostowski, “Ultra-compact, flat-top demultiplexer using anti-reflection contra-directional couplers for CWDM networks on silicon,” Opt. Express 21, 6733–6738 (2013).
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H. Shahoei, J. Yao, and et al., “A continuously tunable multi-tap complex-coefficient microwave photonic filter based on a tilted fiber Bragg grating,” Opt. Express 21, 7521–7527 (2013).
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C. Sima, J. C. Gates, C. Holmes, P. L. Mennea, M. N. Zervas, and P. G. R. Smith, “Terahertz bandwidth photonic Hilbert transformers based on synthesized planar Bragg grating fabrication,” Opt. Lett.,  38, 3448–3451 (2013).
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E. H. Bernhardi, M. R. H. Khan, C. G. H. Roeloffzen, H. A. G. M. van Wolferen, K. Wörhoff, R. M. de Ridder, and M. Pollnau, “Photonic generation of stable microwave signals from a dual-wavelength Al2O3:Yb3+distributed-feedback waveguide laser,” Opt. Lett. 37, 181–183 (2012).
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M. Burla, C. G. Roeloffzen, L. Zhuang, D. Marpaung, M. R. Khan, P. Maat, K. Dijkstra, A. Leinse, M. Hoekman, and R. Heideman, “System integration and radiation pattern measurements of a phased array antenna employing an integrated photonic beamformer for radio astronomy applications,” Appl. Opt.,  51, 789–802 (2012).
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I. Giuntoni, D. Stolarek, D. I. Kroushkov, J. Bruns, L. Zimmermann, B. Tillack, and K. Petermann, “Continuously tunable delay line based on SOI tapered Bragg gratings,” Opt. Express 20, 11241–11246 (2012).
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X. Wang, W. Shi, H. Yun, S. Grist, N. A. F. Jaeger, and L. Chrostowski, “Narrow-band waveguide Bragg gratings on SOI wafers with CMOS-compatible fabrication process,” Opt. Express 20, 15547–15558 (2012).
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M. R. H. Khan, E. Bernhardi, D. A. I. Marpaung, M. Burla, R. De Ridder, K. Worhoff, M. Pollnau, and C. G. H. Roeloffzen, “Dual-frequency distributed feedback laser with optical frequency locked loop for stable microwave signal generation,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 24, 1431–1433 (2012).
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W. Li, M. Li, and J. Yao, “A narrow-passband and frequency-tunable microwave photonic filter based on phase-modulation to intensity-modulation conversion using a phase-shifted fiber Bragg grating,” IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. 60, 1287–1296 (2012).
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K. Rutkowska, D. Duchesne, M. Strain, R. Morandotti, M. Sorel, and J. Azaña, “Ultrafast all-optical temporal differentiators based on CMOS-compatible integrated-waveguide Bragg gratings,” Opt. Express 19, 19514–19522 (2011).
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W. Shi, X. Wang, W. Zhang, L. Chrostowski, and N. A. F. Jaeger, “Contradirectional couplers in silicon-on-insulator rib waveguides,” Opt. Lett. 36, 3999–4001 (2011).
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M. Burla, D. Marpaung, L. Zhuang, C. Roeloffzen, M. R. Khan, A. Leinse, M. Hoekman, and R. Heideman, “On-chip CMOS compatible reconfigurable optical delay line with separate carrier tuning for microwave photonic signal processing,” Opt. Express 19, 21475–21484 (2011).
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L. Zhuang, D. Marpaung, M. Burla, W. Beeker, A. Leinse, and C. Roeloffzen, “Low-loss, high-index-contrast Si3N4/SiO2optical waveguides for optical delay lines in microwave photonics signal processing,” Opt. Express,  19, 23162–23170 (2011).
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J. F. Bauters, M. J. R. Heck, D. D. John, J. S. Barton, C. M. Bruinink, A. Leinse, R. G. Heideman, D. J. Blumenthal, and J. E. Bowers, “Planar waveguides with less than 0.1 dB/m propagation loss fabricated with wafer bonding,” Opt. Express 19, 24090–24101 (2011).
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D. Marpaung, L. Chevalier, M. Burla, and C. Roeloffzen, “Impulse radio ultrawideband pulse shaper based on a programmable photonic chip frequency discriminator,” Opt. Express 19, 24838–24848 (2011).
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M. Li and J. Yao, “All-fiber temporal photonic fractional Hilbert transformer based on a directly designed fiber Bragg grating,” Opt. Lett. 35, 223–225 (2010).
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J. Hu, Z. Chen, X. Yang, J. Ng, and C. Yu, “100-km long distance fiber Bragg grating sensor system based on erbium-doped fiber and raman amplification,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 22, 1422–1424 (2010).
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M. Delgado-Pinar, D. Zalvidea, A. Diez, P. Perez-Millan, and M. Andres, “Q-switching of an all-fiber laser by acousto-optic modulation of a fiber Bragg grating,” Opt. Express 14, 1106–1112 (2006).
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Figures (20)

Fig. 1
Fig. 1 Photo of the a SOI chip including a set of WBGs (a). Zoom of the WBGs mask layout (b). Single WBG (c, d). SEM image of the strip waveguide with sidewall corrugations (e)

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Fig. 2
Fig. 2 Spiral waveguide with WBGs operated as a switched tunable delay line, with polarization beam splitter (a), and with PSMZI and quarter-wave polarization rotator (from [85])

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Fig. 3
Fig. 3 Uniform Bragg grating on a tapered-width rib waveguide (a) and drop-filter configuration (b) (from [79])

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Fig. 4
Fig. 4 Schematic (a), waveguide structure (b) and SEM images (c) of the temporal differentiator devices based on π-phase shifted WBG (in figure: d=30 nm). Coupling coefficient κ versus recess depth d: this value also determines the operational bandwidth of the devices (d). Measured normalized intensity reflectivities for the first (e) and second order (f) differentiators compared to the theoretical responses. Time domain pulses before and after processing, for first (g) and second order differentiation (h) (from [98]).

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Fig. 5
Fig. 5 Optial single-sideband filter architecture (a). Optical responses intensity (b) and phase (c) profiles of the PHT and of the broadband reflector. Picture of the heater tuning unit (c). Optical spectrum after SSB filtering (e) (from [98]).

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Fig. 6
Fig. 6 Schematic of the dual-wavelength cavity based on Bragg grating (a), aligned with the calculated longitudinal field distribution of the respective laser wavelengths (b). Measured electrical spectrum (c) and RF frequency stability (d) (edited from [105]).

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Fig. 7
Fig. 7 Measured reflection intensity and phase spectrum of the DPS-WBG

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Fig. 8
Fig. 8 Schematic of the PS-WBG used as TTD tunable delay

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Fig. 9
Fig. 9 Schematic of the waveguide layout (a), showing the Y-junction used to access the reflection port (b). SEM image of the rib waveguide with sidewall corrugations (c). Photo of the fiber coupling with the reflection (d) and input ports (e). (Images (a) and (b) edited from [66])

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Fig. 10
Fig. 10 Tunable TTD operation

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Fig. 11
Fig. 11 Amplitude and phase responses of the DPS-WBG for different length mismatch between the phase shift sections

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Fig. 12
Fig. 12 Relative variation of amplitude and phase response (and in turn of the maximum RF delay) of the DPS-WBG for different grating strengths

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Fig. 13
Fig. 13 Setup for continuously-tunable TTD demonstration

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Fig. 14
Fig. 14 Optical single-sideband spectrum. Resolution bandwidth of the optical spectrum analyzer set at the instrument minimum (0.01 nm) and high sensitivity settings.

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Fig. 15
Fig. 15 RF phase response showing the seamless delay tunability

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Fig. 16
Fig. 16 Simulated directivity pattern of an 8-element uniform and equally-spaced (1.75 cm) phased array antenna optically-fed using the proposed DPS-WBG as basic delay unit. Note the squint-free behaviour over the complete band of operation.

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Fig. 17
Fig. 17 Temperature control setup

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Fig. 18
Fig. 18 Variation with temperature of the central frequency of the phase shift of the PSWBG

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Fig. 19
Fig. 19 (a) schematic layout of the proposed CDC. (b) SEM image of the tapers (c) SEM image of the device corrugations (edited from [117]).

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Fig. 20
Fig. 20 Envisioned schematic of a general purpose reconfigurable MWP signal processor based on CDCs. EOM: electro-optic modulator; PD: photodetector.

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Tables (1)

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Table 1 Reported results of integrated WBGs for MWP applications (* indicates theoretical work)

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Equations (1)

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τ g ( ω c + ω RF ) = d φ ( ω ) d ω | ω = ω c + ω RF

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