Abstract

Integrated Microwave photonics (IMWP) signal processing using Photonic Integrated Circuits (PICs) has attracted a great deal of attention in recent years as an enabling technology for a number of functionalities not attainable by purely microwave solutions. In this context, integrated waveguide Bragg grating (WBG) devices constitute a particularly attractive approach thanks to their compactness and flexibility in producing arbitrarily defined amplitude and phase responses, by directly acting on coupling coefficient and perturbations of the grating profile. In this article, we review recent advances in the field of integrated WBGs applied to MWP, analyzing the advantages leveraged by an integrated realization. We provide a perspective on the exciting possibilities offered by the silicon photonics platform in the field of MWP, potentially enabling integration of highly-complex active and passive functionalities with high yield on a single chip, with a particular focus on the use of WBGs as basic building blocks for linear filtering operations. We demonstrate the versatility of WBG-based devices by proposing and experimentally demonstrating a novel, continuously-tunable, integrated true-time-delay (TTD) line based on a very simple dual phase-shifted WBG (DPS-WBG).

© 2013 OSA

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Y. X. Luo, “Study of fiber Bragg grating sensor in dam safety monitoring,” Applied Mechanics and Materials 312, 736–740 (2013).
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H. Shahoei, J. Yao, and et al., “A continuously tunable multi-tap complex-coefficient microwave photonic filter based on a tilted fiber Bragg grating,” Opt. Express 21, 7521–7527 (2013).
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R. Ashrafi, M. Li, N. Belhadj, M. Dastmalchi, S. LaRochelle, and J. Azaña, “Experimental demonstration of superluminal space-to-time mapping in long period gratings,” Opt. Lett. 38, 1419–1421 (2013).
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R. Ashrafi, M. Li, and J. Azaña, “Tsymbol/s optical coding based on long-period gratings,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 25, 910–913 (2013).
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R. Ashrafi, M. Li, and J. Azaña, “Coupling-strength-independent long-period grating designs for THz-bandwidth optical differentiators,” Photonics Journal, IEEE 5, 7100311–7100311 (2013).
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R. Ashrafi, M. Li, S. LaRochelle, and J. Azaña, “Superluminal space-to-time mapping in grating-assisted co-directional couplers,” Opt. Express 21, 6249–6256 (2013).
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J. Capmany, J. Mora, I. Gasulla, J. Sancho, J. Lloret, and S. Sales, “Microwave photonic signal processing,” J. Lightw. Technol. 31, 571–586 (2013).
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X. Wang, J. Flueckiger, S. Schmidt, S. Grist, S. T. Fard, J. Kirk, M. Doerfler, K. C. Cheung, D. M. Ratner, and L. Chrostowski, “A silicon photonic biosensor using phase-shifted Bragg gratings in slot waveguide,” J. Biophotonics (2013).
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W. Shi, X. Wang, C. Lin, H. Yun, Y. Liu, T. Baehr-Jones, M. Hochberg, N. A. F. Jaeger, and L. Chrostowski, “Silicon photonic grating-assisted, contra-directional couplers,” Opt. Express 21, 3633–3650 (2013).
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W. Shi, H. Yun, C. Lin, M. Greenberg, X. Wang, Y. Wang, S. T. Fard, J. Flueckiger, N. A. F. Jaeger, and L. Chrostowski, “Ultra-compact, flat-top demultiplexer using anti-reflection contra-directional couplers for CWDM networks on silicon,” Opt. Express 21, 6733–6738 (2013).
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2012 (8)

I. Gasulla and J. Capmany, “Analog filtered links: A unifying approach for microwave photonic systems,” in “14th International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks (ICTON),” (2012), pp. 1–4.
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M. Burla, C. G. Roeloffzen, L. Zhuang, D. Marpaung, M. R. Khan, P. Maat, K. Dijkstra, A. Leinse, M. Hoekman, and R. Heideman, “System integration and radiation pattern measurements of a phased array antenna employing an integrated photonic beamformer for radio astronomy applications,” Appl. Opt.,  51, 789–802 (2012).
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E. H. Bernhardi, M. R. H. Khan, C. G. H. Roeloffzen, H. A. G. M. van Wolferen, K. Wörhoff, R. M. de Ridder, and M. Pollnau, “Photonic generation of stable microwave signals from a dual-wavelength Al2O3:Yb3+distributed-feedback waveguide laser,” Opt. Lett. 37, 181–183 (2012).
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M. R. H. Khan, E. Bernhardi, D. A. I. Marpaung, M. Burla, R. De Ridder, K. Worhoff, M. Pollnau, and C. G. H. Roeloffzen, “Dual-frequency distributed feedback laser with optical frequency locked loop for stable microwave signal generation,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 24, 1431–1433 (2012).
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X. Wang, W. Shi, H. Yun, S. Grist, N. A. F. Jaeger, and L. Chrostowski, “Narrow-band waveguide Bragg gratings on SOI wafers with CMOS-compatible fabrication process,” Opt. Express 20, 15547–15558 (2012).
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I. Giuntoni, D. Stolarek, D. I. Kroushkov, J. Bruns, L. Zimmermann, B. Tillack, and K. Petermann, “Continuously tunable delay line based on SOI tapered Bragg gratings,” Opt. Express 20, 11241–11246 (2012).
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W. Li, M. Li, and J. Yao, “A narrow-passband and frequency-tunable microwave photonic filter based on phase-modulation to intensity-modulation conversion using a phase-shifted fiber Bragg grating,” IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. 60, 1287–1296 (2012).
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R. Ashrafi and J. Azaña, “Terahertz bandwidth all-optical Hilbert transformers based on long-period gratings,” Opt. Lett. 37, 2604–2606 (2012).
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L. Zhuang, D. Marpaung, M. Burla, W. Beeker, A. Leinse, and C. Roeloffzen, “Low-loss, high-index-contrast Si3N4/SiO2optical waveguides for optical delay lines in microwave photonics signal processing,” Opt. Express,  19, 23162–23170 (2011).
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W. Shi, X. Wang, W. Zhang, L. Chrostowski, and N. A. F. Jaeger, “Contradirectional couplers in silicon-on-insulator rib waveguides,” Opt. Lett. 36, 3999–4001 (2011).
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D. Tan, K. Ikeda, S. Zamek, A. Mizrahi, M. Nezhad, A. Krishnamoorthy, K. Raj, J. Cunningham, X. Zheng, I. Shubin, Y. Luo, and Y. Fainman, “Wide bandwidth, low loss 1 by 4 wavelength division multiplexer on silicon for optical interconnects,” Opt. Express 19, 2401–2409 (2011).
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M. Burla, D. Marpaung, L. Zhuang, C. Roeloffzen, M. R. Khan, A. Leinse, M. Hoekman, and R. Heideman, “On-chip CMOS compatible reconfigurable optical delay line with separate carrier tuning for microwave photonic signal processing,” Opt. Express 19, 21475–21484 (2011).
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S. T. Abraha, C. M. Okonkwo, E. Tangdiongga, and A. M. J. Koonen, “Power-efficient impulse radio ultrawide-band pulse generator based on the linear sum of modified doublet pulses,” Opt. Lett. 36, 2363–2365 (2011).
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D. Marpaung, L. Chevalier, M. Burla, and C. Roeloffzen, “Impulse radio ultrawideband pulse shaper based on a programmable photonic chip frequency discriminator,” Opt. Express 19, 24838–24848 (2011).
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N. Na, H. Frish, I-Wei Hsieh, O. Harel, R. George, A. Barkai, and H. Rong, “Efficient broadband silicon-on-insulator grating coupler with low backreflection,” Opt. Lett. 36, 2101–2103 (2011)
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S. Khan and S. Fathpour, “Electronically tunable silicon photonic delay lines,” in “2010 23rd Annual Meeting of the IEEE Photonics Society,” (2010), pp. 234–235.
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J. Azaña, “Ultrafast analog all-optical signal processors based on fiber-grating devices,” Photonics Journal, IEEE 2, 359–386 (2010).
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M. Li and J. Yao, “Experimental demonstration of a wideband photonic temporal Hilbert transformer based on a single fiber Bragg grating,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 22, 1559–1561 (2010).
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M. H. Khan, H. Shen, Y. Xuan, L. Zhao, S. Xiao, D. E. Leaird, A. M. Weiner, and M. Qi, “Ultrabroad-bandwidth arbitrary radiofrequency waveform generation with a silicon photonic chip-based spectral shaper,” Nat Photon 4, 117–122 (2010).
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J. Hu, Z. Chen, X. Yang, J. Ng, and C. Yu, “100-km long distance fiber Bragg grating sensor system based on erbium-doped fiber and raman amplification,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 22, 1422–1424 (2010).
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M. Ferrera, Y. Park, L. Razzari, B. E. Little, S. T. Chu, R. Morandotti, D. J. Moss, and J. Azaña, “On-chip CMOS-compatible all-optical integrator,” Nat. Commun. 1(2010).
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M. Kulishov and J. Azaña, “Design of high-order all-optical temporal differentiators based on multiple-phase-shifted fiber Bragg gratings,” Opt. Express 15, 6152–6166 (2007).
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Chen, X. F.

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X. Wang, J. Flueckiger, S. Schmidt, S. Grist, S. T. Fard, J. Kirk, M. Doerfler, K. C. Cheung, D. M. Ratner, and L. Chrostowski, “A silicon photonic biosensor using phase-shifted Bragg gratings in slot waveguide,” J. Biophotonics (2013).
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Figures (20)

Fig. 1
Fig. 1

Photo of the a SOI chip including a set of WBGs (a). Zoom of the WBGs mask layout (b). Single WBG (c, d). SEM image of the strip waveguide with sidewall corrugations (e)

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Fig. 2
Fig. 2

Spiral waveguide with WBGs operated as a switched tunable delay line, with polarization beam splitter (a), and with PSMZI and quarter-wave polarization rotator (from [85])

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Fig. 3
Fig. 3

Uniform Bragg grating on a tapered-width rib waveguide (a) and drop-filter configuration (b) (from [79])

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Fig. 4
Fig. 4

Schematic (a), waveguide structure (b) and SEM images (c) of the temporal differentiator devices based on π-phase shifted WBG (in figure: d=30 nm). Coupling coefficient κ versus recess depth d: this value also determines the operational bandwidth of the devices (d). Measured normalized intensity reflectivities for the first (e) and second order (f) differentiators compared to the theoretical responses. Time domain pulses before and after processing, for first (g) and second order differentiation (h) (from [98]).

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Fig. 5
Fig. 5

Optial single-sideband filter architecture (a). Optical responses intensity (b) and phase (c) profiles of the PHT and of the broadband reflector. Picture of the heater tuning unit (c). Optical spectrum after SSB filtering (e) (from [98]).

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Fig. 6
Fig. 6

Schematic of the dual-wavelength cavity based on Bragg grating (a), aligned with the calculated longitudinal field distribution of the respective laser wavelengths (b). Measured electrical spectrum (c) and RF frequency stability (d) (edited from [105]).

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Fig. 7
Fig. 7

Measured reflection intensity and phase spectrum of the DPS-WBG

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Fig. 8
Fig. 8

Schematic of the PS-WBG used as TTD tunable delay

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Fig. 9
Fig. 9

Schematic of the waveguide layout (a), showing the Y-junction used to access the reflection port (b). SEM image of the rib waveguide with sidewall corrugations (c). Photo of the fiber coupling with the reflection (d) and input ports (e). (Images (a) and (b) edited from [66])

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Fig. 10
Fig. 10

Tunable TTD operation

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Fig. 11
Fig. 11

Amplitude and phase responses of the DPS-WBG for different length mismatch between the phase shift sections

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Fig. 12
Fig. 12

Relative variation of amplitude and phase response (and in turn of the maximum RF delay) of the DPS-WBG for different grating strengths

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Fig. 13
Fig. 13

Setup for continuously-tunable TTD demonstration

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Fig. 14
Fig. 14

Optical single-sideband spectrum. Resolution bandwidth of the optical spectrum analyzer set at the instrument minimum (0.01 nm) and high sensitivity settings.

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Fig. 15
Fig. 15

RF phase response showing the seamless delay tunability

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Fig. 16
Fig. 16

Simulated directivity pattern of an 8-element uniform and equally-spaced (1.75 cm) phased array antenna optically-fed using the proposed DPS-WBG as basic delay unit. Note the squint-free behaviour over the complete band of operation.

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Fig. 17
Fig. 17

Temperature control setup

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Fig. 18
Fig. 18

Variation with temperature of the central frequency of the phase shift of the PSWBG

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Fig. 19
Fig. 19

(a) schematic layout of the proposed CDC. (b) SEM image of the tapers (c) SEM image of the device corrugations (edited from [117]).

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Fig. 20
Fig. 20

Envisioned schematic of a general purpose reconfigurable MWP signal processor based on CDCs. EOM: electro-optic modulator; PD: photodetector.

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Tables (1)

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Table 1 Reported results of integrated WBGs for MWP applications (* indicates theoretical work)

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Equations (1)

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τ g ( ω c + ω RF ) = d φ ( ω ) d ω | ω = ω c + ω RF

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