Abstract

Frequency dynamics of transverse mode instabilities (TMIs) are investigated by testing three 285/100 rod fibers in a single-pass amplifier setup reaching up to ~200W of extracted output power without beam instabilities. The pump power is increased well above the TMI threshold to uncover output dynamics, and allowing a simple method for determining TMI threshold based on standard deviation. The TMI frequency component is seen to appear on top of system noise that may trigger the onset. A decay of TMI threshold with test number is identified, but the threshold is fully recovered between testing to the level of the pristine fiber by thermal annealing the fiber output end to 300°C for 2 h.

© 2013 Optical Society of America

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References

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    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  3. M. Laurila, M. M. Jørgensen, K. R. Hansen, T. T. Alkeskjold, J. Broeng, and J. Lægsgaard, “Distributed mode filtering rod fiber amplifier delivering 292W with improved mode stability,” Opt. Express 20(5), 5742–5753 (2012).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  4. C.-H. Liu, G. Chang, N. Litchinitser, D. Guertin, N. Jacobsen, K. Tankala, and A. Galvanauskas, “Chirally Coupled Core Fibers at 1550-nm and 1064-nm for Effectively Single-Mode Core Size Scaling,” in Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference and Photonic Applications Systems Technologies, OSA Technical Digest Series (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2007), paper CTuBB3.
  5. F. Jansen, F. Stutzki, H.-J. Otto, M. Baumgartl, C. Jauregui, J. Limpert, and A. Tünnermann, “The influence of index-depressions in core-pumped Yb-doped large pitch fibers,” Opt. Express 18(26), 26834–26842 (2010).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  6. D. C. Brown and H. J. Hoffman, “Thermal, stress, and thermo-optic effects in high average power double-clad silica fiber lasers,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 37(2), 207–217 (2001).
    [Crossref]
  7. M.-A. Lapointe, S. Chatigny, M. Piché, M. Cain-Skaff, and J.-N. Maran, “Thermal effects in high power cw fiber lasers,” Proc. SPIE 7195, 71951U, 71951U-11 (2009).
    [Crossref]
  8. J. Limpert, T. Schreiber, A. Liem, S. Nolte, H. Zellmer, T. Peschel, V. Guyenot, and A. Tünnermann, “Thermo-optical properties of air-clad photonic crystal fiber lasers in high power operation,” Opt. Express 11(22), 2982–2990 (2003).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  9. A. V. Smith and J. J. Smith, “Mode instability in high power fiber amplifiers,” Opt. Express 19(11), 10180–10192 (2011).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  10. T. Eidam, C. Wirth, C. Jauregui, F. Stutzki, F. Jansen, H.-J. Otto, O. Schmidt, T. Schreiber, J. Limpert, and A. Tünnermann, “Experimental observations of the threshold-like onset of mode instabilities in high power fiber amplifiers,” Opt. Express 19(14), 13218–13224 (2011).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  11. B. Ward, C. Robin, and I. Dajani, “Origin of thermal modal instabilities in large mode area fiber amplifiers,” Opt. Express 20(10), 11407–11422 (2012).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  12. H.-J. Otto, F. Stutzki, F. Jansen, T. Eidam, C. Jauregui, J. Limpert, and A. Tünnermann, “Temporal dynamics of mode instabilities in high-power fiber lasers and amplifiers,” Opt. Express 20(14), 15710–15722 (2012).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  13. F. Stutzki, H.-J. Otto, F. Jansen, C. Gaida, C. Jauregui, J. Limpert, and A. Tünnermann, “High-speed modal decomposition of mode instabilities in high-power fiber lasers,” Opt. Lett. 36(23), 4572–4574 (2011).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  14. C. Jauregui, T. Eidam, J. Limpert, and A. Tünnermann, “The impact of modal interference on the beam quality of high-power fiber amplifiers,” Opt. Express 19(4), 3258–3271 (2011).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  15. K. R. Hansen, T. T. Alkeskjold, J. Broeng, and J. Lægsgaard, “Thermally induced mode coupling in rare-earth doped fiber amplifiers,” Opt. Lett. 37(12), 2382–2384 (2012).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  16. K. R. Hansen, T. T. Alkeskjold, J. Broeng, and J. Lægsgaard, “Theoretical analysis of mode instability in high-power fiber amplifiers,” Opt. Express 21(2), 1944–1971 (2013).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  17. M. M. Johansen, K. R. Hansen, M. Laurila, T. T. Alkeskjold, and J. Lægsgaard, “Estimating modal instability threshold for photonic crystal rod fiber amplifiers,” Opt. Express 21(13), 15409–15417 (2013).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  18. L. Dong, “Stimulated thermal Rayleigh scattering in optical fibers,” Opt. Express 21(3), 2642–2656 (2013).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  19. NKT Photonics A/S, “Ytterbium Doped Double Clad Fibers With Large Mode Area,” < http://nktphotonics.com/side5319.html > (2 January 2013). http://nktphotonics.com/side5319.html .
  20. I. Manek-Hönninger, J. Boullet, T. Cardinal, F. Guillen, S. Ermeneux, M. Podgorski, R. Bello Doua, and F. Salin, “Photodarkening and photobleaching of an ytterbium-doped silica double-clad LMA fiber,” Opt. Express 15(4), 1606–1611 (2007).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  21. M. Leich, U. Röpke, S. Jetschke, S. Unger, V. Reichel, and J. Kirchhof, “Non-isothermal bleaching of photodarkened Yb-doped fibers,” Opt. Express 17(15), 12588–12593 (2009).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  22. M. Leich, S. Jetschke, S. Unger, and J. Kirchhof, “Temperature influence on the photodarkening kinetics in Yb-doped silica fibers,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 28(1), 65–68 (2011).
    [Crossref]

2013 (3)

2012 (4)

2011 (6)

2010 (2)

2009 (2)

M.-A. Lapointe, S. Chatigny, M. Piché, M. Cain-Skaff, and J.-N. Maran, “Thermal effects in high power cw fiber lasers,” Proc. SPIE 7195, 71951U, 71951U-11 (2009).
[Crossref]

M. Leich, U. Röpke, S. Jetschke, S. Unger, V. Reichel, and J. Kirchhof, “Non-isothermal bleaching of photodarkened Yb-doped fibers,” Opt. Express 17(15), 12588–12593 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2007 (1)

2003 (1)

2001 (1)

D. C. Brown and H. J. Hoffman, “Thermal, stress, and thermo-optic effects in high average power double-clad silica fiber lasers,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 37(2), 207–217 (2001).
[Crossref]

Alkeskjold, T. T.

Baumgartl, M.

Bello Doua, R.

Boullet, J.

Broeng, J.

Brown, D. C.

D. C. Brown and H. J. Hoffman, “Thermal, stress, and thermo-optic effects in high average power double-clad silica fiber lasers,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 37(2), 207–217 (2001).
[Crossref]

Cain-Skaff, M.

M.-A. Lapointe, S. Chatigny, M. Piché, M. Cain-Skaff, and J.-N. Maran, “Thermal effects in high power cw fiber lasers,” Proc. SPIE 7195, 71951U, 71951U-11 (2009).
[Crossref]

Cardinal, T.

Chatigny, S.

M.-A. Lapointe, S. Chatigny, M. Piché, M. Cain-Skaff, and J.-N. Maran, “Thermal effects in high power cw fiber lasers,” Proc. SPIE 7195, 71951U, 71951U-11 (2009).
[Crossref]

Clarkson, W. A.

Dajani, I.

Dong, L.

Eidam, T.

Ermeneux, S.

Gaida, C.

Guillen, F.

Guyenot, V.

Hansen, K. R.

Hoffman, H. J.

D. C. Brown and H. J. Hoffman, “Thermal, stress, and thermo-optic effects in high average power double-clad silica fiber lasers,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 37(2), 207–217 (2001).
[Crossref]

Jansen, F.

Jauregui, C.

Jetschke, S.

Johansen, M. M.

Jørgensen, M. M.

Kirchhof, J.

Lægsgaard, J.

Lapointe, M.-A.

M.-A. Lapointe, S. Chatigny, M. Piché, M. Cain-Skaff, and J.-N. Maran, “Thermal effects in high power cw fiber lasers,” Proc. SPIE 7195, 71951U, 71951U-11 (2009).
[Crossref]

Laurila, M.

Leich, M.

Liem, A.

Limpert, J.

Manek-Hönninger, I.

Maran, J.-N.

M.-A. Lapointe, S. Chatigny, M. Piché, M. Cain-Skaff, and J.-N. Maran, “Thermal effects in high power cw fiber lasers,” Proc. SPIE 7195, 71951U, 71951U-11 (2009).
[Crossref]

Nilsson, J.

Nolte, S.

Otto, H.-J.

Peschel, T.

Piché, M.

M.-A. Lapointe, S. Chatigny, M. Piché, M. Cain-Skaff, and J.-N. Maran, “Thermal effects in high power cw fiber lasers,” Proc. SPIE 7195, 71951U, 71951U-11 (2009).
[Crossref]

Podgorski, M.

Reichel, V.

Richardson, D. J.

Robin, C.

Röpke, U.

Salin, F.

Schmidt, O.

Schreiber, T.

Scolari, L.

Smith, A. V.

Smith, J. J.

Stutzki, F.

Tünnermann, A.

Unger, S.

Ward, B.

Wirth, C.

Zellmer, H.

IEEE J. Quantum Electron. (1)

D. C. Brown and H. J. Hoffman, “Thermal, stress, and thermo-optic effects in high average power double-clad silica fiber lasers,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 37(2), 207–217 (2001).
[Crossref]

J. Opt. Soc. Am. B (2)

Opt. Express (14)

F. Jansen, F. Stutzki, H.-J. Otto, M. Baumgartl, C. Jauregui, J. Limpert, and A. Tünnermann, “The influence of index-depressions in core-pumped Yb-doped large pitch fibers,” Opt. Express 18(26), 26834–26842 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Laurila, M. M. Jørgensen, K. R. Hansen, T. T. Alkeskjold, J. Broeng, and J. Lægsgaard, “Distributed mode filtering rod fiber amplifier delivering 292W with improved mode stability,” Opt. Express 20(5), 5742–5753 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

B. Ward, C. Robin, and I. Dajani, “Origin of thermal modal instabilities in large mode area fiber amplifiers,” Opt. Express 20(10), 11407–11422 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H.-J. Otto, F. Stutzki, F. Jansen, T. Eidam, C. Jauregui, J. Limpert, and A. Tünnermann, “Temporal dynamics of mode instabilities in high-power fiber lasers and amplifiers,” Opt. Express 20(14), 15710–15722 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

K. R. Hansen, T. T. Alkeskjold, J. Broeng, and J. Lægsgaard, “Theoretical analysis of mode instability in high-power fiber amplifiers,” Opt. Express 21(2), 1944–1971 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

L. Dong, “Stimulated thermal Rayleigh scattering in optical fibers,” Opt. Express 21(3), 2642–2656 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. M. Johansen, K. R. Hansen, M. Laurila, T. T. Alkeskjold, and J. Lægsgaard, “Estimating modal instability threshold for photonic crystal rod fiber amplifiers,” Opt. Express 21(13), 15409–15417 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

C. Jauregui, T. Eidam, J. Limpert, and A. Tünnermann, “The impact of modal interference on the beam quality of high-power fiber amplifiers,” Opt. Express 19(4), 3258–3271 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. T. Alkeskjold, M. Laurila, L. Scolari, and J. Broeng, “Single-mode ytterbium-doped large-mode-area photonic bandgap rod fiber amplifier,” Opt. Express 19(8), 7398–7409 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. V. Smith and J. J. Smith, “Mode instability in high power fiber amplifiers,” Opt. Express 19(11), 10180–10192 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. Eidam, C. Wirth, C. Jauregui, F. Stutzki, F. Jansen, H.-J. Otto, O. Schmidt, T. Schreiber, J. Limpert, and A. Tünnermann, “Experimental observations of the threshold-like onset of mode instabilities in high power fiber amplifiers,” Opt. Express 19(14), 13218–13224 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Limpert, T. Schreiber, A. Liem, S. Nolte, H. Zellmer, T. Peschel, V. Guyenot, and A. Tünnermann, “Thermo-optical properties of air-clad photonic crystal fiber lasers in high power operation,” Opt. Express 11(22), 2982–2990 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

I. Manek-Hönninger, J. Boullet, T. Cardinal, F. Guillen, S. Ermeneux, M. Podgorski, R. Bello Doua, and F. Salin, “Photodarkening and photobleaching of an ytterbium-doped silica double-clad LMA fiber,” Opt. Express 15(4), 1606–1611 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Leich, U. Röpke, S. Jetschke, S. Unger, V. Reichel, and J. Kirchhof, “Non-isothermal bleaching of photodarkened Yb-doped fibers,” Opt. Express 17(15), 12588–12593 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Opt. Lett. (2)

Proc. SPIE (1)

M.-A. Lapointe, S. Chatigny, M. Piché, M. Cain-Skaff, and J.-N. Maran, “Thermal effects in high power cw fiber lasers,” Proc. SPIE 7195, 71951U, 71951U-11 (2009).
[Crossref]

Other (2)

NKT Photonics A/S, “Ytterbium Doped Double Clad Fibers With Large Mode Area,” < http://nktphotonics.com/side5319.html > (2 January 2013). http://nktphotonics.com/side5319.html .

C.-H. Liu, G. Chang, N. Litchinitser, D. Guertin, N. Jacobsen, K. Tankala, and A. Galvanauskas, “Chirally Coupled Core Fibers at 1550-nm and 1064-nm for Effectively Single-Mode Core Size Scaling,” in Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference and Photonic Applications Systems Technologies, OSA Technical Digest Series (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2007), paper CTuBB3.

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Figures (8)

Fig. 1
Fig. 1 Schematic illustration of the setup and the 285/100 rod fiber cross section in the lower right corner.

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Fig. 2
Fig. 2 Data for FUT1-A2. Fourier transformed normalized spectrogram plotted in dB for the extracted output power as a function of frequency. The standard deviation is plotted on equal power scale to the right.

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Fig. 3
Fig. 3 Data for FUT1-A8. Fourier transformed normalized spectrogram plotted in dB for the extracted output power as a function of frequency. The standard deviation is plotted on equal power scale to the right.

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Fig. 4
Fig. 4 Spectrogram for FUT1-A2, FUT1-A8, and FUT1-A15 plotted together for comparison.

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Fig. 5
Fig. 5 Data for FUT1-C2. Fourier transformed normalized spectrogram plotted in dB for the extracted output power as a function of frequency. The standard deviation is plotted on equal power scale to the right.

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Fig. 6
Fig. 6 Spectrogram for FUT1-C2, FUT1-C8, and FUT1-C15 plotted together for comparison.

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Fig. 7
Fig. 7 Standard deviation as a function of extracted output power for TMI repeat 1 (top) and TMI repeat 2 (bottom). TMI threshold is defined at the level where the standard deviation reaches 0.01 indicated by the dashed line.

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Fig. 8
Fig. 8 Measured TMI threshold as function of test number in TMI repeat 1 and 2.

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Tables (1)

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Table 1 Experimental Procedure for Test Fibers FUT1, FUT2, and FUT3.

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