Multispectral mixing scheme for LED clusters with extended operational temperature window

Ming-Chin Chien; Chung-Hao Tien

doi:10.1364/OE.20.00A245

Abstract

LEDs have changed the concept of illumination not only in an expectation of the highest electroluminance efficiency but also in tremendous chances for smart lighting applications. With a cluster mixing, many studies were addressed to strategically manipulate the chromaticity point, system efficiency and color rendering performance according to different operational purposes. In this paper, we add an additional thermal function to extend the operational thermal window of a pentachromatic R/G/B/A/CW light engine over a chromaticity from 2800K to 8000K. The proposed model is experimentally validated to offer a full operable range in ambient temperature (T_a = 10° to 100°C) associated with high color quality scale (above 85 points) as well as high luminous efficiency (above 100 lm/watt).

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References

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Publication

G. He and L. Zheng, “Color temperature tunable white-light light-emitting diode clusters with high color rendering index,” Appl. Opt. 49(24), 4670–4676 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
G. He and L. Zheng, “White-light LED clusters with high color rendering,” Opt. Lett. 35(17), 2955–2957 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
M. C. Chien and C. H. Tien, “Cluster LEDs mixing optimization by lens design techniques,” Opt. Express 19(S4Suppl 4), A804–A817 (2011), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-19-S4-A804 .
[Crossref] [PubMed]
E. F. Schubert, Light Emitting Diodes, 2nd ed. (Cambridge University Press, 2006).
A. Keppens, W. R. Ryckaert, G. Deconinck, and P. Hanselaer, “Modeling high-power light-emitting diode spectra and their variation with junction temperature,” J. Appl. Phys. 108(4), 043104 (2010).
[Crossref]
S. Chhajed, Y. Xi, Y. L. Li, T. Gessmann, and E. F. Schubert, “Influence of junction temperature on chromaticity and color rendering properties of trichromatic white light source based on light emitting diodes,” J. Appl. Phys. 97(5), 054506 (2005).
[Crossref]
Y. Ohno, “Spectral design considerations for white LED color rendering,” Opt. Eng. 44(11), 111302 (2005).
[Crossref]
K. Man and I. Ashdown, “Accurate colorimetric feedback for RGB LED clusters,” Proc. SPIE 6337, 633702, 633702-8 (2006).
[Crossref]
F. Reifegerste and J. Lienig, “Modeling of the temperature and current dependence of LED spectra,” J. Light Vis. Environ. 32(3), 288–294 (2008).
[Crossref]
W. Davis and Y. Ohno, “Color quality scale,” Opt. Eng. 49(3), 033602 (2010).
[Crossref]
A. Žukauskas, R. Vaicekauskas, and M. S. Shur, “Colour-rendition properties of solid-state lamps,” J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 43(35), 354006 (2010).
[Crossref]
Y. Ohno, “Color rendering and luminous efficacy of white LED spectra,” Proc. SPIE 5530, 88–98 (2004).
[Crossref]
Y. Xi and E. F. Schubert, “Junction-temperature measurement in GaN ultraviolet light-emitting diodes using diode forward voltage method,” J. Appl. Phys. 85, 2163–2165 (2004).
Y. Gu and N. Narendran, “A non-contact method for determining junction temperature of phosphor-converted white LEDs,” Proc. SPIE 5187, 107–114 (2004).
[Crossref]
R. L. Haupt and S. E. Haupt, Practical Genetic Algorithms, 2nd ed. (John Wiley, 2004).
I. Moreno, M. Avendaño-Alejo, and R. I. Tzonchev, “Designing light-emitting diode arrays for uniform near-field irradiance,” Appl. Opt. 45(10), 2265–2272 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
T. Mukai, M. Yamada, and S. Nakamura, “Characteristics of InGaN-based UV/blue/green/amber/red light-emitting diodes,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 38(Part 1, No. 7A), 3976–3981 (1999).
[Crossref]
Philips Lumileds Lighting Campany, Netherlands, LUXEON Rebel PC Amber Datasheet DS62 (2010).

2011 (1)

M. C. Chien and C. H. Tien, “Cluster LEDs mixing optimization by lens design techniques,” Opt. Express 19(S4Suppl 4), A804–A817 (2011), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-19-S4-A804 .
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2010 (5)

A. Keppens, W. R. Ryckaert, G. Deconinck, and P. Hanselaer, “Modeling high-power light-emitting diode spectra and their variation with junction temperature,” J. Appl. Phys. 108(4), 043104 (2010).
[Crossref]

G. He and L. Zheng, “Color temperature tunable white-light light-emitting diode clusters with high color rendering index,” Appl. Opt. 49(24), 4670–4676 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

G. He and L. Zheng, “White-light LED clusters with high color rendering,” Opt. Lett. 35(17), 2955–2957 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

W. Davis and Y. Ohno, “Color quality scale,” Opt. Eng. 49(3), 033602 (2010).
[Crossref]

A. Žukauskas, R. Vaicekauskas, and M. S. Shur, “Colour-rendition properties of solid-state lamps,” J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 43(35), 354006 (2010).
[Crossref]

2008 (1)

F. Reifegerste and J. Lienig, “Modeling of the temperature and current dependence of LED spectra,” J. Light Vis. Environ. 32(3), 288–294 (2008).
[Crossref]

2006 (2)

K. Man and I. Ashdown, “Accurate colorimetric feedback for RGB LED clusters,” Proc. SPIE 6337, 633702, 633702-8 (2006).
[Crossref]

I. Moreno, M. Avendaño-Alejo, and R. I. Tzonchev, “Designing light-emitting diode arrays for uniform near-field irradiance,” Appl. Opt. 45(10), 2265–2272 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2005 (2)

S. Chhajed, Y. Xi, Y. L. Li, T. Gessmann, and E. F. Schubert, “Influence of junction temperature on chromaticity and color rendering properties of trichromatic white light source based on light emitting diodes,” J. Appl. Phys. 97(5), 054506 (2005).
[Crossref]

Y. Ohno, “Spectral design considerations for white LED color rendering,” Opt. Eng. 44(11), 111302 (2005).
[Crossref]

2004 (3)

Y. Ohno, “Color rendering and luminous efficacy of white LED spectra,” Proc. SPIE 5530, 88–98 (2004).
[Crossref]

Y. Xi and E. F. Schubert, “Junction-temperature measurement in GaN ultraviolet light-emitting diodes using diode forward voltage method,” J. Appl. Phys. 85, 2163–2165 (2004).

Y. Gu and N. Narendran, “A non-contact method for determining junction temperature of phosphor-converted white LEDs,” Proc. SPIE 5187, 107–114 (2004).
[Crossref]

1999 (1)

T. Mukai, M. Yamada, and S. Nakamura, “Characteristics of InGaN-based UV/blue/green/amber/red light-emitting diodes,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 38(Part 1, No. 7A), 3976–3981 (1999).
[Crossref]

Ashdown, I.

K. Man and I. Ashdown, “Accurate colorimetric feedback for RGB LED clusters,” Proc. SPIE 6337, 633702, 633702-8 (2006).
[Crossref]

Avendaño-Alejo, M.

I. Moreno, M. Avendaño-Alejo, and R. I. Tzonchev, “Designing light-emitting diode arrays for uniform near-field irradiance,” Appl. Opt. 45(10), 2265–2272 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Chhajed, S.

S. Chhajed, Y. Xi, Y. L. Li, T. Gessmann, and E. F. Schubert, “Influence of junction temperature on chromaticity and color rendering properties of trichromatic white light source based on light emitting diodes,” J. Appl. Phys. 97(5), 054506 (2005).
[Crossref]

Chien, M. C.

M. C. Chien and C. H. Tien, “Cluster LEDs mixing optimization by lens design techniques,” Opt. Express 19(S4Suppl 4), A804–A817 (2011), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-19-S4-A804 .
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Davis, W.

W. Davis and Y. Ohno, “Color quality scale,” Opt. Eng. 49(3), 033602 (2010).
[Crossref]

Deconinck, G.

A. Keppens, W. R. Ryckaert, G. Deconinck, and P. Hanselaer, “Modeling high-power light-emitting diode spectra and their variation with junction temperature,” J. Appl. Phys. 108(4), 043104 (2010).
[Crossref]

Gessmann, T.

S. Chhajed, Y. Xi, Y. L. Li, T. Gessmann, and E. F. Schubert, “Influence of junction temperature on chromaticity and color rendering properties of trichromatic white light source based on light emitting diodes,” J. Appl. Phys. 97(5), 054506 (2005).
[Crossref]

Gu, Y.

Y. Gu and N. Narendran, “A non-contact method for determining junction temperature of phosphor-converted white LEDs,” Proc. SPIE 5187, 107–114 (2004).
[Crossref]

Hanselaer, P.

A. Keppens, W. R. Ryckaert, G. Deconinck, and P. Hanselaer, “Modeling high-power light-emitting diode spectra and their variation with junction temperature,” J. Appl. Phys. 108(4), 043104 (2010).
[Crossref]

He, G.

G. He and L. Zheng, “Color temperature tunable white-light light-emitting diode clusters with high color rendering index,” Appl. Opt. 49(24), 4670–4676 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

G. He and L. Zheng, “White-light LED clusters with high color rendering,” Opt. Lett. 35(17), 2955–2957 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Keppens, A.

A. Keppens, W. R. Ryckaert, G. Deconinck, and P. Hanselaer, “Modeling high-power light-emitting diode spectra and their variation with junction temperature,” J. Appl. Phys. 108(4), 043104 (2010).
[Crossref]

Li, Y. L.

S. Chhajed, Y. Xi, Y. L. Li, T. Gessmann, and E. F. Schubert, “Influence of junction temperature on chromaticity and color rendering properties of trichromatic white light source based on light emitting diodes,” J. Appl. Phys. 97(5), 054506 (2005).
[Crossref]

Lienig, J.

F. Reifegerste and J. Lienig, “Modeling of the temperature and current dependence of LED spectra,” J. Light Vis. Environ. 32(3), 288–294 (2008).
[Crossref]

Man, K.

K. Man and I. Ashdown, “Accurate colorimetric feedback for RGB LED clusters,” Proc. SPIE 6337, 633702, 633702-8 (2006).
[Crossref]

Moreno, I.

I. Moreno, M. Avendaño-Alejo, and R. I. Tzonchev, “Designing light-emitting diode arrays for uniform near-field irradiance,” Appl. Opt. 45(10), 2265–2272 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Mukai, T.

T. Mukai, M. Yamada, and S. Nakamura, “Characteristics of InGaN-based UV/blue/green/amber/red light-emitting diodes,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 38(Part 1, No. 7A), 3976–3981 (1999).
[Crossref]

Nakamura, S.

T. Mukai, M. Yamada, and S. Nakamura, “Characteristics of InGaN-based UV/blue/green/amber/red light-emitting diodes,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 38(Part 1, No. 7A), 3976–3981 (1999).
[Crossref]

Narendran, N.

Y. Gu and N. Narendran, “A non-contact method for determining junction temperature of phosphor-converted white LEDs,” Proc. SPIE 5187, 107–114 (2004).
[Crossref]

Ohno, Y.

W. Davis and Y. Ohno, “Color quality scale,” Opt. Eng. 49(3), 033602 (2010).
[Crossref]

Y. Ohno, “Spectral design considerations for white LED color rendering,” Opt. Eng. 44(11), 111302 (2005).
[Crossref]

Y. Ohno, “Color rendering and luminous efficacy of white LED spectra,” Proc. SPIE 5530, 88–98 (2004).
[Crossref]

Reifegerste, F.

F. Reifegerste and J. Lienig, “Modeling of the temperature and current dependence of LED spectra,” J. Light Vis. Environ. 32(3), 288–294 (2008).
[Crossref]

Ryckaert, W. R.

A. Keppens, W. R. Ryckaert, G. Deconinck, and P. Hanselaer, “Modeling high-power light-emitting diode spectra and their variation with junction temperature,” J. Appl. Phys. 108(4), 043104 (2010).
[Crossref]

Schubert, E. F.

S. Chhajed, Y. Xi, Y. L. Li, T. Gessmann, and E. F. Schubert, “Influence of junction temperature on chromaticity and color rendering properties of trichromatic white light source based on light emitting diodes,” J. Appl. Phys. 97(5), 054506 (2005).
[Crossref]

Y. Xi and E. F. Schubert, “Junction-temperature measurement in GaN ultraviolet light-emitting diodes using diode forward voltage method,” J. Appl. Phys. 85, 2163–2165 (2004).

Shur, M. S.

A. Žukauskas, R. Vaicekauskas, and M. S. Shur, “Colour-rendition properties of solid-state lamps,” J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 43(35), 354006 (2010).
[Crossref]

Tien, C. H.

M. C. Chien and C. H. Tien, “Cluster LEDs mixing optimization by lens design techniques,” Opt. Express 19(S4Suppl 4), A804–A817 (2011), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-19-S4-A804 .
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Tzonchev, R. I.

I. Moreno, M. Avendaño-Alejo, and R. I. Tzonchev, “Designing light-emitting diode arrays for uniform near-field irradiance,” Appl. Opt. 45(10), 2265–2272 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Vaicekauskas, R.

A. Žukauskas, R. Vaicekauskas, and M. S. Shur, “Colour-rendition properties of solid-state lamps,” J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 43(35), 354006 (2010).
[Crossref]

Xi, Y.

S. Chhajed, Y. Xi, Y. L. Li, T. Gessmann, and E. F. Schubert, “Influence of junction temperature on chromaticity and color rendering properties of trichromatic white light source based on light emitting diodes,” J. Appl. Phys. 97(5), 054506 (2005).
[Crossref]

Y. Xi and E. F. Schubert, “Junction-temperature measurement in GaN ultraviolet light-emitting diodes using diode forward voltage method,” J. Appl. Phys. 85, 2163–2165 (2004).

Yamada, M.

T. Mukai, M. Yamada, and S. Nakamura, “Characteristics of InGaN-based UV/blue/green/amber/red light-emitting diodes,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 38(Part 1, No. 7A), 3976–3981 (1999).
[Crossref]

Zheng, L.

G. He and L. Zheng, “White-light LED clusters with high color rendering,” Opt. Lett. 35(17), 2955–2957 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

G. He and L. Zheng, “Color temperature tunable white-light light-emitting diode clusters with high color rendering index,” Appl. Opt. 49(24), 4670–4676 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Žukauskas, A.

A. Žukauskas, R. Vaicekauskas, and M. S. Shur, “Colour-rendition properties of solid-state lamps,” J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 43(35), 354006 (2010).
[Crossref]

Appl. Opt. (2)

G. He and L. Zheng, “Color temperature tunable white-light light-emitting diode clusters with high color rendering index,” Appl. Opt. 49(24), 4670–4676 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

I. Moreno, M. Avendaño-Alejo, and R. I. Tzonchev, “Designing light-emitting diode arrays for uniform near-field irradiance,” Appl. Opt. 45(10), 2265–2272 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Appl. Phys. (3)

Y. Xi and E. F. Schubert, “Junction-temperature measurement in GaN ultraviolet light-emitting diodes using diode forward voltage method,” J. Appl. Phys. 85, 2163–2165 (2004).

A. Keppens, W. R. Ryckaert, G. Deconinck, and P. Hanselaer, “Modeling high-power light-emitting diode spectra and their variation with junction temperature,” J. Appl. Phys. 108(4), 043104 (2010).
[Crossref]

S. Chhajed, Y. Xi, Y. L. Li, T. Gessmann, and E. F. Schubert, “Influence of junction temperature on chromaticity and color rendering properties of trichromatic white light source based on light emitting diodes,” J. Appl. Phys. 97(5), 054506 (2005).
[Crossref]

J. Light Vis. Environ. (1)

F. Reifegerste and J. Lienig, “Modeling of the temperature and current dependence of LED spectra,” J. Light Vis. Environ. 32(3), 288–294 (2008).
[Crossref]

J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. (1)

A. Žukauskas, R. Vaicekauskas, and M. S. Shur, “Colour-rendition properties of solid-state lamps,” J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 43(35), 354006 (2010).
[Crossref]

Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. (1)

T. Mukai, M. Yamada, and S. Nakamura, “Characteristics of InGaN-based UV/blue/green/amber/red light-emitting diodes,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 38(Part 1, No. 7A), 3976–3981 (1999).
[Crossref]

Opt. Eng. (2)

W. Davis and Y. Ohno, “Color quality scale,” Opt. Eng. 49(3), 033602 (2010).
[Crossref]

Y. Ohno, “Spectral design considerations for white LED color rendering,” Opt. Eng. 44(11), 111302 (2005).
[Crossref]

Opt. Express (1)

M. C. Chien and C. H. Tien, “Cluster LEDs mixing optimization by lens design techniques,” Opt. Express 19(S4Suppl 4), A804–A817 (2011), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-19-S4-A804 .
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Opt. Lett. (1)

G. He and L. Zheng, “White-light LED clusters with high color rendering,” Opt. Lett. 35(17), 2955–2957 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Proc. SPIE (3)

K. Man and I. Ashdown, “Accurate colorimetric feedback for RGB LED clusters,” Proc. SPIE 6337, 633702, 633702-8 (2006).
[Crossref]

Y. Ohno, “Color rendering and luminous efficacy of white LED spectra,” Proc. SPIE 5530, 88–98 (2004).
[Crossref]

Y. Gu and N. Narendran, “A non-contact method for determining junction temperature of phosphor-converted white LEDs,” Proc. SPIE 5187, 107–114 (2004).
[Crossref]

Other (3)

R. L. Haupt and S. E. Haupt, Practical Genetic Algorithms, 2nd ed. (John Wiley, 2004).

Philips Lumileds Lighting Campany, Netherlands, LUXEON Rebel PC Amber Datasheet DS62 (2010).

E. F. Schubert, Light Emitting Diodes, 2nd ed. (Cambridge University Press, 2006).

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Fig. 1

The illustration of double Gaussian model for green and phosphor LED spectra at T_j = 25°C and I_DC = 350mA respectively. For the phosphor-converted LEDs, the blue and fluorescence components should be individually considered, thus decomposed into two double Gaussian functions G_B + G_B’ and G_F + G_F’, respectively. The numerical model Eqs. (3)–(7) ensure a good approximation at arbitrary junction temperature T_j and drive current I_DC.

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Fig. 2

The power spectra of red (λ_R: 625nm, Δλ_R: 20nm), green (λ_G: 523nm, Δλ_G: 33nm), blue (λ_B: 465nm, Δλ_B: 25nm), amber (λ_A: 587nm, Δλ_A: 18nm) and cool-white LEDs at T_a of 10°C with I_DC of 350mA. The upper right figure shows a real-field test designed for CT = 5000K and the lower right one shows the utilized LEDs attached on the temperature controllable fixture respectively.

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Fig. 3

The temperature dependence of spectra designed for CT = 3200K, 4600K, 6200K, and 7400K at T_a = 50°C. The chromaticity point shifts toward higher color temperature with the raise of T_a owing to the dramatic deterioration in LEs of the red and amber LEDs.

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Fig. 4

The temperature dependence of LE for pentachromatic LEDs. When T_a is varied from 10 °C to 100 °C, LEs of amber and red AlInGaP LEDs decrease to 23% and 46% of that at 10 °C while LEs of InGaP LEDs are insensitive to temperature variation.

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Fig. 5

The LE contour of the pentachromatic LEDs cluster is performed under the predefined requirements (CQS > 85 points, lighting level = 100 lm and Δxy < 0.01). When the LE = 100 lm/W is selected as the minimum efficiency boundary, a full operation range for ambient temperature can be obtained for CT > 5200K.

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Tables (1)

Table 1 The Comparison of CQS, LE, Output Spectral Power P, Correlated Color Temperature CCT, Color Temperature CT and the Input Power Ratio P_in under T_a = 10°C, 50°C and 100°C

View Table

Equations (11)

Equations on this page are rendered with MathJax. Learn more.

T_{j} ≅ \frac{T_{2} - T_{1}}{V_{f} (T_{2}) - V_{f} (T_{1})} [V_{f} - V_{f} (T_{1})] + T_{1}

R_{t} = \frac{T_{j} - T_{a}}{P_{e} - Φ}

\tilde{S} = G + G'

g_{m n} = p_{m} \exp {- {[λ_{n} - {(λ_{0})}_{m}]}^{2} / Δ λ_{m}^{2}}

\arg \min [| s_{m} - {\tilde{s}}_{m} |^{2}, {p_{m}, {(λ_{0})}_{m}, Δ λ_{m}, p'_{m}, {(λ_{0}')}_{m}, Δ λ'_{m}}]

\ln (p) = M_{p} c_{p}, λ_{0} = M_{λ} c_{λ}, and \ln (Δ λ) = M_{Δ λ} c_{Δ λ}

\begin{array}{l} \tilde{S} (λ) = G + G' \\ = \exp [m_{p} c_{p} - (^{λ - m_{λ} c_{λ}) 2} / \exp (^{m_{Δ λ} c_{Δ λ}) 2}] \\ + \exp [m_{p} c_{p}' - (^{λ - m_{λ} c_{λ}') 2} / \exp (^{m_{Δ λ} c_{Δ λ}') 2}] \end{array}

{\tilde{S}}_{W} (λ) = {\begin{cases} G_{B} + G_{B}', f o r λ < λ_{B F} \\ G_{F} + G_{F}', f o r λ > λ_{B F} \end{cases}

\tilde{ε} = A {\tilde{S}}^{T} l

\tilde{ε} = C^{T} i_{D C}

f = w \times C Q S + (1 - w) \times L E, s u b j e c t t o w \in [0, 1]

	Case	1	2	3	4
10°C	CCT(K)	2900	4400	6100	7300
	CQS	86	89	87	86
Simulation	LE(lm/watt)	123	131	130	127
(w/o compensation)	P(lm)	127	114	110	109

	CT (K)	3200	4600	6200	7400
	CQS	89	91	90	88
Simulation	LE (lm/W)	127	131	130	127
(with compensation)	P(lm)	100	100	100	100
	P_in (%)	28:24:0:26:22 R:A:G:B:CW	14:17:3:24:42	7:12:8:21:52	5:10:12:20:53

	CCT (K)	3168	4538	6145	7327
Measurement	CQS	88	90	89	88
	LE (lm/W)	124	128	128	125
	P (lm)	96	97	96	96
50°C	CT (K)	3200	4600	6200	7400
	CQS	90	89	89	87
Simulation	LE (lm/W)	109	123	124	123
	P(lm)	100	100	100	100
	P_in (%)	33:23:0:23:21	17:17:2:21:43	5:12:7:18:58	5:9:11:16:59

	CCT (K)	3226	4631	6170	7365
Measurement	CQS	88	88	87	86
	LE (lm/W)	105	118	120	120
	P (lm)	95	94	96	95

100°C	CCT(K)	3750	5000	6600	7700
	CQS	77	86	87	87
Simulation	LE(lm/watt)	82	103	111	110
(w/o compensation)	P(lm)	74	84	88	89

	CT (K)	3200	4600	6200	7400
	CQS	87	87	87	87
Simulation	LE (lm/W)	62	92	109	107
(with compensation)	P(lm)	100	100	100	100
	P_in (%)	44:24:0:18:14	11:28:1:19:41	1:15:3:11:70	1:12:9:12:66

	CCT (K)	3252	4687	6253	7439
Measurement	CQS	86	85	86	86
	LE (lm/W)	59	87	105	104
	P (lm)	95	95	95	97

Abstract

References

2011 (1)

2010 (5)

2008 (1)

2006 (2)

2005 (2)

2004 (3)

1999 (1)

Ashdown, I.

Avendaño-Alejo, M.

Chhajed, S.

Chien, M. C.

Davis, W.

Deconinck, G.

Gessmann, T.

Gu, Y.

Hanselaer, P.

He, G.

Keppens, A.

Li, Y. L.

Lienig, J.

Man, K.

Moreno, I.

Mukai, T.

Nakamura, S.

Narendran, N.

Ohno, Y.

Reifegerste, F.

Ryckaert, W. R.

Schubert, E. F.

Shur, M. S.

Tien, C. H.

Tzonchev, R. I.

Vaicekauskas, R.

Xi, Y.

Yamada, M.

Zheng, L.

Žukauskas, A.

Appl. Opt. (2)

J. Appl. Phys. (3)

J. Light Vis. Environ. (1)

J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. (1)

Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. (1)

Opt. Eng. (2)

Opt. Express (1)

Opt. Lett. (1)

Proc. SPIE (3)

Other (3)

Cited By

Figures (5)

Tables (1)

Equations (11)

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