Performance benchmarking of core optical networking paradigms

Andreas Drakos; Theofanis G. Orphanoudakis; Alexandros Stavdas

doi:10.1364/OE.20.017421

Performance benchmarking of core optical networking paradigms

Andreas Drakos, Theofanis G. Orphanoudakis, and Alexandros Stavdas

Optics Express
Vol. 20,
Issue 16,
pp. 17421-17439
(2012)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.20.017421

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Andreas Drakos, Theofanis G. Orphanoudakis, and Alexandros Stavdas, "Performance benchmarking of core optical networking paradigms," Opt. Express 20, 17421-17439 (2012)

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Abstract

The sustainability of Future Internet critically depends on networking paradigms able to provide optimum and balanced performance over an extended set of efficiency and Quality of Service (QoS) metrics. In this work we benchmark the most established networking modes through appropriate performance metrics for three network topologies. The results demonstrate that the static reservation of WDM channels, as used in IP/WDM schemes, is severely limiting scalability, since it cannot efficiently adapt to the dynamic traffic fluctuations that are frequently observed in today’s networks. Optical Burst Switching (OBS) schemes do provide dynamic resource reservation but their performance is compromised due to high burst loss. It is shown that the CANON (Clustered Architecture for Nodes in an Optical Network) architecture exploiting statistical multiplexing over a large scale core optical network and efficient grooming at appropriate granularity levels could be a viable alternative to existing static as well as dynamic wavelength reservation schemes. Through extensive simulation results we quantify performance gains and we show that CANON demonstrates the highest efficiency achieving both targets for statistical multiplexing gains and QoS guarantees.

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J.-X. Cai, Y. Cai, C. R. Davidson, D. G. Foursa, A. J. Lucero, O. V. Sinkin, W. W. Patterson, A. N. Pilipetskii, G. Mohs, and N. S. Bergano, “Transmission of 96 × 100-Gb/s bandwidth-constrained PDM-RZ-QPSK channels with 300% spectral efficiency over 10610 km and 400% spectral efficiency over 4370 km,” J. Lightwave Technol. 29(4), 491–498 (2011) .
[Crossref]
J.-X. Cai, Y. Cai, C. Davidson, A. Lucero, H. Zhang, D. Foursa, O. Sinkin, W. Patterson, A. Pilipetskii, G. Mohs, and N. Bergano, “20 Tbit/s capacity transmission over 6,860 km,” In Proceedings of Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC), OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2011), paper PDPB4.
I. Chlamtac, A. Ganz, and G. Karmi, “Lightpath communications: an approach to high bandwidth optical WAN’s,” IEEE Trans. Commun. 40(7), 1171–1182 (1992).
[Crossref]
C. Chu and L. B. Li, “Dynamic routing and wavelength assignment in the presence of wavelength conversion for all-optical networks,” IEEE/ACM Trans. Netw. 13(3), 704–715 (2005).
[Crossref]
G. Hill, “A wavelength routing approach to optical communication networks,” Br. Telecommun. Technol. J. 6, 24–31 (1988).
A. Stavdas, T. Orphanoudakis, and A. Drakos, “QoS performance benchmarking of networking paradigms in core networks,” European Conference and Exhibition on Optical Communication (ECOC) (Turin, Italy, 2010).
F. Xue, S. J. Ben Yoo, H. Yokoyama, and Y. Horiuchi, “Performance comparison of optical burst and circuit switched networks,” in Proceedings of Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC), Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2005), paper OWC1.
X. Liu and C. Qiao, Xiang. Yu, and W. Gong, “A fair packet-level performance comparison of OBS and OCS,” in Proceedings of Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC), Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2006), paper JThB48.
C. Qiao, W. Wei, and X. Liu, “Extending generalized multiprotocol label switching (GMPLS) for polymorphous, agile, and transparent optical networks (PATON),” IEEE Commun. Mag. 44(12), 104–114 (2006).
[Crossref]
C. Qiao, M. A. Gonzalez-Ortega, A. Suarez-Gonzalez, X. Liu, and J. C. Lopez-Ardao, “On the benefit of fast switching in optical networks,” in Proceedings of Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC), OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2010), paper OWR2.
C. Qiao and M. Yoo, “Optical burst switching (OBS) - A new paradigm for an optical internet,” J. High Speed Netw. 8, 69–84 (1999).
J. S. Turner, “Terabit burst switching,” J. High Speed Netw. 8, 3–16 (1999).
S. Yao, B. Mukherjee, and S. Dixit, “Advances in photonic packet switching: an overview,” IEEE Commun. Mag. 38(2), 84–94 (2000).
[Crossref]
A. Zalesky, “To burst or circuit switch?” IEEE/ACM Trans. Netw. 17(1), 305–318 (2009).
[Crossref]
A. Zapata-Beghelli and P. Bayvel, “Dynamic versus static wavelength-routed optical networks,” J. Lightwave Technol. 26(20), 3403–3415 (2008).
[Crossref]
M. Düser and P. Bayvel, “Analysis of a dynamically wavelength-routed optical burst switched network architecture,” J. Lightwave Technol. 20(4), 574–585 (2002).
[Crossref]
R. Parthiban, R. S. Tucker, C. Leckie, A. Zalesky, and A. V. Tran, “Does optical burst switching have a role in the core network?” in Proceedings of Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC), Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2005), paper OWC2.
P. Pavon-Marino and F. Neri, “On the myths of Optical Burst Switching,” IEEE Trans. Commun. 59(9), 2574–2584 (2011).
[Crossref]
G. Weichenberg, V. W. S. Chan, and M. Médard, “Design and analysis of optically flow switched networks,” J. Opt. Commun. Netw. 1(3), B81–B97 (2009).
[Crossref]
Z. Zhang, L. Liu, and Y. Yang, “Slotted Optical Burst Switching (SOBS) networks,” Comput. Commun. 30(18), 3471–3479 (2007).
[Crossref]
T. Orphanoudakis, A. Drakos, C. T. Politi, A. Stavdas, G. Zervas, and D. Simeonidou, “A hybrid reservation mode for optical fast circuit switching,” in Proceedings of 15th Eur. Conf. on Netw. and Optical Commun. (NOC), (Faro, Portugal, 2010).
A. Stavdas, H. C. Leligou, K. Kanonakis, C. Linardakis, and J. Angelopoulos, “A novel scheme for performing statistical multiplexing in the optical layer,” J. Opt. Netw. 4(5), 237–247 (2005).
[Crossref]
J. D. Angelopoulos, K. Kanonakis, G. Koukouvakis, H. C. Leligou, C. Matrakidis, T. Orphanoudakis, and A. Stavdas, “An optical network architecture with distributed switching inside node clusters features improved loss, efficiency and cost,” J. Lightwave Technol. 25(5), 1138–1146 (2007).
[Crossref]
A. Stavdas, T. G. Orphanoudakis, H. C. Leligou, K. Kanonakis, C. Matrakidis, A. Drakos, J. D. Angelopoulos, and A. Lord, “Dynamic CANON: A scalable multi-domain core network,” IEEE Commun. Mag. 46(6), 138–144 (2008).
[Crossref]
L. Dittmann, C. Develder, D. Chiaroni, F. Neri, F. Callegati, W. Koerber, A. Stavdas, M. Renaud, A. Rafel, J. Sole-Pareta, W. Cerroni, N. Leligou, L. Dembeck, B. Mortensen, M. Pickavet, N. Le Sauze, M. Mahony, B. Berde, and G. Eilenberger, “The European IST project DAVID: A viable approach toward optical packet switching,” IEEE J. Sel. Areas Comm. 21(7), 1026–1040 (2003).
[Crossref]
ITU-T G.709, “Interfaces for the Optical Transport Network” (2003).
A. Stavdas, C. T. Politi, T. Orphanoudakis, and A. Drakos, “Optical packet routers: how they can efficiently and cost-effectively scale to petabits per second,” J. Opt. Netw. 7(10), 876–894 (2008).
[Crossref]
A. Stavdas, T. Orphanoudakis, C. T. Politi, A. Drakos, and A. Lord, “Design, performance evaluation and energy efficiency of optical core networks based on the CANON architecture,” Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC), 22–26 March 2009.
S. D. Maesschalck, D. Colle, I. Lievens, M. Pickavet, P. Demeester, C. Mauz, M. Jaeger, R. Inkret, B. Mikac, and J. Derkacz, “Pan-European optical transport networks: An availability-based comparison,” Photonic Netw. Commun. 5(3), 203–225 (2003).
[Crossref]
P. Pagnan and M. Schiano, “A λ switched photonic network for the new transport backbone of Telecom Italia,” International Conference on Photonics in Switching, PS '09, (2009).
A. Drakos, T. G. Orphanoudakis, C. T. Politi, A. Stavdas, and A. Lord, “Evaluation of optical core networks based on the CANON architecture,” Photonic Netw. Commun. 20(1), 75–82 (2010).
[Crossref]
L. Kleinrock, Queueing Systems: Volume I – Theory (Wiley Interscience, 1975).
N. Barakat and T. E. Darcie, “Control-plane congestion in Optical-Burst-Switched Networks,” J. Opt. Netw. 1(3), B98–B110 (2009).
[Crossref]
J. P. C. Rodrigues and M. Freire, ICOIN 2004, LNCS 3090 (Springer-Verlag, 2004), pp. 750–759.

2011 (2)

J.-X. Cai, Y. Cai, C. R. Davidson, D. G. Foursa, A. J. Lucero, O. V. Sinkin, W. W. Patterson, A. N. Pilipetskii, G. Mohs, and N. S. Bergano, “Transmission of 96 × 100-Gb/s bandwidth-constrained PDM-RZ-QPSK channels with 300% spectral efficiency over 10610 km and 400% spectral efficiency over 4370 km,” J. Lightwave Technol. 29(4), 491–498 (2011) .
[Crossref]

P. Pavon-Marino and F. Neri, “On the myths of Optical Burst Switching,” IEEE Trans. Commun. 59(9), 2574–2584 (2011).
[Crossref]

2010 (1)

A. Drakos, T. G. Orphanoudakis, C. T. Politi, A. Stavdas, and A. Lord, “Evaluation of optical core networks based on the CANON architecture,” Photonic Netw. Commun. 20(1), 75–82 (2010).
[Crossref]

2009 (3)

N. Barakat and T. E. Darcie, “Control-plane congestion in Optical-Burst-Switched Networks,” J. Opt. Netw. 1(3), B98–B110 (2009).
[Crossref]

G. Weichenberg, V. W. S. Chan, and M. Médard, “Design and analysis of optically flow switched networks,” J. Opt. Commun. Netw. 1(3), B81–B97 (2009).
[Crossref]

A. Zalesky, “To burst or circuit switch?” IEEE/ACM Trans. Netw. 17(1), 305–318 (2009).
[Crossref]

2008 (3)

A. Zapata-Beghelli and P. Bayvel, “Dynamic versus static wavelength-routed optical networks,” J. Lightwave Technol. 26(20), 3403–3415 (2008).
[Crossref]

A. Stavdas, T. G. Orphanoudakis, H. C. Leligou, K. Kanonakis, C. Matrakidis, A. Drakos, J. D. Angelopoulos, and A. Lord, “Dynamic CANON: A scalable multi-domain core network,” IEEE Commun. Mag. 46(6), 138–144 (2008).
[Crossref]

A. Stavdas, C. T. Politi, T. Orphanoudakis, and A. Drakos, “Optical packet routers: how they can efficiently and cost-effectively scale to petabits per second,” J. Opt. Netw. 7(10), 876–894 (2008).
[Crossref]

2007 (2)

J. D. Angelopoulos, K. Kanonakis, G. Koukouvakis, H. C. Leligou, C. Matrakidis, T. Orphanoudakis, and A. Stavdas, “An optical network architecture with distributed switching inside node clusters features improved loss, efficiency and cost,” J. Lightwave Technol. 25(5), 1138–1146 (2007).
[Crossref]

Z. Zhang, L. Liu, and Y. Yang, “Slotted Optical Burst Switching (SOBS) networks,” Comput. Commun. 30(18), 3471–3479 (2007).
[Crossref]

2006 (1)

C. Qiao, W. Wei, and X. Liu, “Extending generalized multiprotocol label switching (GMPLS) for polymorphous, agile, and transparent optical networks (PATON),” IEEE Commun. Mag. 44(12), 104–114 (2006).
[Crossref]

2005 (2)

C. Chu and L. B. Li, “Dynamic routing and wavelength assignment in the presence of wavelength conversion for all-optical networks,” IEEE/ACM Trans. Netw. 13(3), 704–715 (2005).
[Crossref]

A. Stavdas, H. C. Leligou, K. Kanonakis, C. Linardakis, and J. Angelopoulos, “A novel scheme for performing statistical multiplexing in the optical layer,” J. Opt. Netw. 4(5), 237–247 (2005).
[Crossref]

2003 (2)

L. Dittmann, C. Develder, D. Chiaroni, F. Neri, F. Callegati, W. Koerber, A. Stavdas, M. Renaud, A. Rafel, J. Sole-Pareta, W. Cerroni, N. Leligou, L. Dembeck, B. Mortensen, M. Pickavet, N. Le Sauze, M. Mahony, B. Berde, and G. Eilenberger, “The European IST project DAVID: A viable approach toward optical packet switching,” IEEE J. Sel. Areas Comm. 21(7), 1026–1040 (2003).
[Crossref]

S. D. Maesschalck, D. Colle, I. Lievens, M. Pickavet, P. Demeester, C. Mauz, M. Jaeger, R. Inkret, B. Mikac, and J. Derkacz, “Pan-European optical transport networks: An availability-based comparison,” Photonic Netw. Commun. 5(3), 203–225 (2003).
[Crossref]

2002 (1)

M. Düser and P. Bayvel, “Analysis of a dynamically wavelength-routed optical burst switched network architecture,” J. Lightwave Technol. 20(4), 574–585 (2002).
[Crossref]

2000 (1)

S. Yao, B. Mukherjee, and S. Dixit, “Advances in photonic packet switching: an overview,” IEEE Commun. Mag. 38(2), 84–94 (2000).
[Crossref]

1999 (2)

C. Qiao and M. Yoo, “Optical burst switching (OBS) - A new paradigm for an optical internet,” J. High Speed Netw. 8, 69–84 (1999).

J. S. Turner, “Terabit burst switching,” J. High Speed Netw. 8, 3–16 (1999).

1992 (1)

I. Chlamtac, A. Ganz, and G. Karmi, “Lightpath communications: an approach to high bandwidth optical WAN’s,” IEEE Trans. Commun. 40(7), 1171–1182 (1992).
[Crossref]

1988 (1)

G. Hill, “A wavelength routing approach to optical communication networks,” Br. Telecommun. Technol. J. 6, 24–31 (1988).

Angelopoulos, J.

Angelopoulos, J. D.

Barakat, N.

N. Barakat and T. E. Darcie, “Control-plane congestion in Optical-Burst-Switched Networks,” J. Opt. Netw. 1(3), B98–B110 (2009).
[Crossref]

Bayvel, P.

A. Zapata-Beghelli and P. Bayvel, “Dynamic versus static wavelength-routed optical networks,” J. Lightwave Technol. 26(20), 3403–3415 (2008).
[Crossref]

M. Düser and P. Bayvel, “Analysis of a dynamically wavelength-routed optical burst switched network architecture,” J. Lightwave Technol. 20(4), 574–585 (2002).
[Crossref]

Berde, B.

Bergano, N. S.

Cai, J.-X.

Cai, Y.

Callegati, F.

Cerroni, W.

Chan, V. W. S.

G. Weichenberg, V. W. S. Chan, and M. Médard, “Design and analysis of optically flow switched networks,” J. Opt. Commun. Netw. 1(3), B81–B97 (2009).
[Crossref]

Chiaroni, D.

Chlamtac, I.

I. Chlamtac, A. Ganz, and G. Karmi, “Lightpath communications: an approach to high bandwidth optical WAN’s,” IEEE Trans. Commun. 40(7), 1171–1182 (1992).
[Crossref]

Chu, C.

C. Chu and L. B. Li, “Dynamic routing and wavelength assignment in the presence of wavelength conversion for all-optical networks,” IEEE/ACM Trans. Netw. 13(3), 704–715 (2005).
[Crossref]

Colle, D.

Darcie, T. E.

N. Barakat and T. E. Darcie, “Control-plane congestion in Optical-Burst-Switched Networks,” J. Opt. Netw. 1(3), B98–B110 (2009).
[Crossref]

Davidson, C. R.

Dembeck, L.

Demeester, P.

Derkacz, J.

Develder, C.

Dittmann, L.

Dixit, S.

S. Yao, B. Mukherjee, and S. Dixit, “Advances in photonic packet switching: an overview,” IEEE Commun. Mag. 38(2), 84–94 (2000).
[Crossref]

Drakos, A.

Düser, M.

M. Düser and P. Bayvel, “Analysis of a dynamically wavelength-routed optical burst switched network architecture,” J. Lightwave Technol. 20(4), 574–585 (2002).
[Crossref]

Eilenberger, G.

Foursa, D. G.

Ganz, A.

I. Chlamtac, A. Ganz, and G. Karmi, “Lightpath communications: an approach to high bandwidth optical WAN’s,” IEEE Trans. Commun. 40(7), 1171–1182 (1992).
[Crossref]

Hill, G.

G. Hill, “A wavelength routing approach to optical communication networks,” Br. Telecommun. Technol. J. 6, 24–31 (1988).

Inkret, R.

Jaeger, M.

Kanonakis, K.

Karmi, G.

I. Chlamtac, A. Ganz, and G. Karmi, “Lightpath communications: an approach to high bandwidth optical WAN’s,” IEEE Trans. Commun. 40(7), 1171–1182 (1992).
[Crossref]

Koerber, W.

Koukouvakis, G.

Le Sauze, N.

Leligou, H. C.

Leligou, N.

Li, L. B.

C. Chu and L. B. Li, “Dynamic routing and wavelength assignment in the presence of wavelength conversion for all-optical networks,” IEEE/ACM Trans. Netw. 13(3), 704–715 (2005).
[Crossref]

Lievens, I.

Linardakis, C.

Liu, L.

Z. Zhang, L. Liu, and Y. Yang, “Slotted Optical Burst Switching (SOBS) networks,” Comput. Commun. 30(18), 3471–3479 (2007).
[Crossref]

Liu, X.

Lord, A.

Lucero, A. J.

Maesschalck, S. D.

Mahony, M.

Matrakidis, C.

Mauz, C.

Médard, M.

G. Weichenberg, V. W. S. Chan, and M. Médard, “Design and analysis of optically flow switched networks,” J. Opt. Commun. Netw. 1(3), B81–B97 (2009).
[Crossref]

Mikac, B.

Mohs, G.

Mortensen, B.

Mukherjee, B.

S. Yao, B. Mukherjee, and S. Dixit, “Advances in photonic packet switching: an overview,” IEEE Commun. Mag. 38(2), 84–94 (2000).
[Crossref]

Neri, F.

P. Pavon-Marino and F. Neri, “On the myths of Optical Burst Switching,” IEEE Trans. Commun. 59(9), 2574–2584 (2011).
[Crossref]

Orphanoudakis, T.

Orphanoudakis, T. G.

Patterson, W. W.

Pavon-Marino, P.

P. Pavon-Marino and F. Neri, “On the myths of Optical Burst Switching,” IEEE Trans. Commun. 59(9), 2574–2584 (2011).
[Crossref]

Pickavet, M.

Pilipetskii, A. N.

Politi, C. T.

Qiao, C.

C. Qiao and M. Yoo, “Optical burst switching (OBS) - A new paradigm for an optical internet,” J. High Speed Netw. 8, 69–84 (1999).

Rafel, A.

Renaud, M.

Sinkin, O. V.

Sole-Pareta, J.

Stavdas, A.

Turner, J. S.

J. S. Turner, “Terabit burst switching,” J. High Speed Netw. 8, 3–16 (1999).

Wei, W.

Weichenberg, G.

G. Weichenberg, V. W. S. Chan, and M. Médard, “Design and analysis of optically flow switched networks,” J. Opt. Commun. Netw. 1(3), B81–B97 (2009).
[Crossref]

Yang, Y.

Z. Zhang, L. Liu, and Y. Yang, “Slotted Optical Burst Switching (SOBS) networks,” Comput. Commun. 30(18), 3471–3479 (2007).
[Crossref]

Yao, S.

S. Yao, B. Mukherjee, and S. Dixit, “Advances in photonic packet switching: an overview,” IEEE Commun. Mag. 38(2), 84–94 (2000).
[Crossref]

Yoo, M.

C. Qiao and M. Yoo, “Optical burst switching (OBS) - A new paradigm for an optical internet,” J. High Speed Netw. 8, 69–84 (1999).

Zalesky, A.

A. Zalesky, “To burst or circuit switch?” IEEE/ACM Trans. Netw. 17(1), 305–318 (2009).
[Crossref]

Zapata-Beghelli, A.

A. Zapata-Beghelli and P. Bayvel, “Dynamic versus static wavelength-routed optical networks,” J. Lightwave Technol. 26(20), 3403–3415 (2008).
[Crossref]

Zhang, Z.

Z. Zhang, L. Liu, and Y. Yang, “Slotted Optical Burst Switching (SOBS) networks,” Comput. Commun. 30(18), 3471–3479 (2007).
[Crossref]

Br. Telecommun. Technol. J. (1)

G. Hill, “A wavelength routing approach to optical communication networks,” Br. Telecommun. Technol. J. 6, 24–31 (1988).

Comput. Commun. (1)

Z. Zhang, L. Liu, and Y. Yang, “Slotted Optical Burst Switching (SOBS) networks,” Comput. Commun. 30(18), 3471–3479 (2007).
[Crossref]

IEEE Commun. Mag. (3)

S. Yao, B. Mukherjee, and S. Dixit, “Advances in photonic packet switching: an overview,” IEEE Commun. Mag. 38(2), 84–94 (2000).
[Crossref]

IEEE J. Sel. Areas Comm. (1)

IEEE Trans. Commun. (2)

P. Pavon-Marino and F. Neri, “On the myths of Optical Burst Switching,” IEEE Trans. Commun. 59(9), 2574–2584 (2011).
[Crossref]

I. Chlamtac, A. Ganz, and G. Karmi, “Lightpath communications: an approach to high bandwidth optical WAN’s,” IEEE Trans. Commun. 40(7), 1171–1182 (1992).
[Crossref]

IEEE/ACM Trans. Netw. (2)

C. Chu and L. B. Li, “Dynamic routing and wavelength assignment in the presence of wavelength conversion for all-optical networks,” IEEE/ACM Trans. Netw. 13(3), 704–715 (2005).
[Crossref]

A. Zalesky, “To burst or circuit switch?” IEEE/ACM Trans. Netw. 17(1), 305–318 (2009).
[Crossref]

J. High Speed Netw. (2)

C. Qiao and M. Yoo, “Optical burst switching (OBS) - A new paradigm for an optical internet,” J. High Speed Netw. 8, 69–84 (1999).

J. S. Turner, “Terabit burst switching,” J. High Speed Netw. 8, 3–16 (1999).

J. Lightwave Technol. (4)

A. Zapata-Beghelli and P. Bayvel, “Dynamic versus static wavelength-routed optical networks,” J. Lightwave Technol. 26(20), 3403–3415 (2008).
[Crossref]

M. Düser and P. Bayvel, “Analysis of a dynamically wavelength-routed optical burst switched network architecture,” J. Lightwave Technol. 20(4), 574–585 (2002).
[Crossref]

J. Opt. Commun. Netw. (1)

G. Weichenberg, V. W. S. Chan, and M. Médard, “Design and analysis of optically flow switched networks,” J. Opt. Commun. Netw. 1(3), B81–B97 (2009).
[Crossref]

J. Opt. Netw. (3)

N. Barakat and T. E. Darcie, “Control-plane congestion in Optical-Burst-Switched Networks,” J. Opt. Netw. 1(3), B98–B110 (2009).
[Crossref]

Photonic Netw. Commun. (2)

Other (12)

P. Pagnan and M. Schiano, “A λ switched photonic network for the new transport backbone of Telecom Italia,” International Conference on Photonics in Switching, PS '09, (2009).

A. Stavdas, T. Orphanoudakis, C. T. Politi, A. Drakos, and A. Lord, “Design, performance evaluation and energy efficiency of optical core networks based on the CANON architecture,” Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC), 22–26 March 2009.

L. Kleinrock, Queueing Systems: Volume I – Theory (Wiley Interscience, 1975).

J. P. C. Rodrigues and M. Freire, ICOIN 2004, LNCS 3090 (Springer-Verlag, 2004), pp. 750–759.

ITU-T G.709, “Interfaces for the Optical Transport Network” (2003).

T. Orphanoudakis, A. Drakos, C. T. Politi, A. Stavdas, G. Zervas, and D. Simeonidou, “A hybrid reservation mode for optical fast circuit switching,” in Proceedings of 15th Eur. Conf. on Netw. and Optical Commun. (NOC), (Faro, Portugal, 2010).

J.-X. Cai, Y. Cai, C. Davidson, A. Lucero, H. Zhang, D. Foursa, O. Sinkin, W. Patterson, A. Pilipetskii, G. Mohs, and N. Bergano, “20 Tbit/s capacity transmission over 6,860 km,” In Proceedings of Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC), OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2011), paper PDPB4.

A. Stavdas, T. Orphanoudakis, and A. Drakos, “QoS performance benchmarking of networking paradigms in core networks,” European Conference and Exhibition on Optical Communication (ECOC) (Turin, Italy, 2010).

F. Xue, S. J. Ben Yoo, H. Yokoyama, and Y. Horiuchi, “Performance comparison of optical burst and circuit switched networks,” in Proceedings of Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC), Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2005), paper OWC1.

X. Liu and C. Qiao, Xiang. Yu, and W. Gong, “A fair packet-level performance comparison of OBS and OCS,” in Proceedings of Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC), Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2006), paper JThB48.

R. Parthiban, R. S. Tucker, C. Leckie, A. Zalesky, and A. V. Tran, “Does optical burst switching have a role in the core network?” in Proceedings of Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC), Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2005), paper OWC2.

C. Qiao, M. A. Gonzalez-Ortega, A. Suarez-Gonzalez, X. Liu, and J. C. Lopez-Ardao, “On the benefit of fast switching in optical networks,” in Proceedings of Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC), OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2010), paper OWR2.

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Fig. 1

Wavelength reservation and data transmission (a) OFCS (b) OBS.

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Fig. 2

Clustered Architecture for Nodes in an Optical Network (CANON).

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Fig. 3

CANON layering and transmission granularities.

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Fig. 4

Pan-European network in a mesh and clustered (CANON) configuration (a), Ideal equidistant 16 node network following a 4x4 Torus (mesh) and clustered (CANON) topology (b), Telecom Italia mesh and clustered network (c).

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Fig. 5

Total capacity C (number of Tx/Rx) for the 16-node networks.

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Fig. 6

S-OBS performance in terms of SLP (a), Average end-to-end delay (b) and resource utilization expressed as R/C (c) and S/R (d).

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Fig. 7

S-OBS and OFCS total average message load per node.

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Fig. 8

OFCS performance in terms of: SLP (a), Average end-to-end delay (b) and resource utilization expressed as R/C (c) and S/R (d).

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Fig. 9

CANON performance in terms of SLP (a) Average end-to-end delay (b) and resource utilization expressed as R/C (c) and S/R (d).

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Fig. 10

S-OBS, OFCS and CANON performance for the Torus network and OFCS and CANON performance for the TI network in terms of SLP (a, d) average end-to-end delay (b, e) and resource utilization expressed as U = T/C (c, f).

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Fig. 11

CANON inter cluster traffic profiles: 3 source-destination cluster pairs at 80% load.

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Tables (5)

Table 1 Traffic performance (SLP, Delay) and utilization factors for OCS (independent of traffic load)

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Table 2 Throughput/ Total Network Capacity (T/C) for S-OBS

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Table 3 Throughput/ Total Network Capacity (T/C) for OFCS

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Table 4 Throughput/ Total Network Capacity (T/C) for CANON

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Table 5 Total number of components (CAPEX)

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	Delay (msec)	T/C	R/C	S/R
Pan-European	2.9	0.1	1	0.27
Torus	3.8	0.15	1	0.27
TI	5.2	0.13	1	0.26

T/C	F = 5ms, U_MIN = 50%	F = 5ms, U_MIN = 12,5%	F = 1,25ms, U_MIN = 50%
C = MIN	0.18	0.07	0.31
C = 45%	0.18	0.07	0.22
C = 75%	0.14	0.09	0.14

T/C	T_s = 5ms, T_h = 50%	T_s = 5ms, T_h = 12,5%	T_s = 1,25ms, T_h = 50%
C = MIN	0.27	0.27	0.27
C = 45%	0.22	0.22	0.22
C = 75%	0.14	0.14	0.14

T/C	CANON – SOBS	CANON – OFCS	CANON - OCS
C = MIN	0.22	0.21	0.22
C = 75%	0.14	0.14	0.14

	mesh OCS	S-OBS/OFCS (Cmin)	CANON (Cmin)
Rx	52256	15676	5444
Tx	26128	7838	4016
TTx	26128	7838	1428
AWG	26128	7838	1428
Couplers	332	332	86
SOA	58780	17634	3208
EDFA	332	332	50