Abstract

Abstract: We directly measure the field-free molecular alignment of various room-temperature molecular gases based on alignment-induced spatial focusing and defocusing effects. By imaging the spatial profile of a time-delayed probe pulse with increased and decreased local intensity at the beam center, the parallel and perpendicular molecular alignments are clearly characterized. Meanwhile, the electronic Kerr effect, weak plasma contribution and field-free molecular alignment impact could be distinguished from the measured signals.

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  1. F. Rosca-Pruna and M. J. J. Vrakking, “Experimental observation of revival structures in picosecond laser-induced alignment of I2.,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 87(15), 153902 (2001).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  2. H. Stapelfeldt and T. Seideman, “Colloquium: Aligning molecules with strong laser pulses,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 75(2), 543–557 (2003).
    [Crossref]
  3. V. Renard, M. Renard, S. Guérin, Y. T. Pashayan, B. Lavorel, O. Faucher, and H. R. Jauslin, “Postpulse molecular alignment measured by a weak field polarization technique,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 90(15), 153601 (2003).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  4. A. Couairon and A. Mysyrowicz, “Femtosecond filamentation in transparent media,” Phys. Rep. 441(2-4), 47–189 (2007).
    [Crossref]
  5. Y.-H. Chen, S. Varma, A. York, and H. M. Milchberg, “Single-shot, space- and time-resolved measurement of rotational wavepacket revivals in H(2), D(2), N(2), O(2), and N(2)O,” Opt. Express 15(18), 11341–11357 (2007).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  6. R. A. Bartels, T. C. Weinacht, N. Wagner, M. Baertschy, C. H. Greene, M. M. Murnane, and H. C. Kapteyn, “Phase modulation of ultrashort light pulses using molecular rotational wave packets,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 88(1), 013903 (2001).
    [Crossref]
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    [Crossref]
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    [PubMed]
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  14. V. Renard, O. Faucher, and B. Lavorel, “Measurement of laser-induced alignment of molecules by cross defocusing,” Opt. Lett. 30(1), 70–72 (2005).
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    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  17. N. Xu, C. Wu, Y. Gao, H. Jiang, H. Yang, and Q. Gong, “Measurement of the field-free alignment of diatomic molecules,” J. Phys. Chem. A 112(4), 612–617 (2008).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  18. M. Centurion, Y. Pu, Z. Liu, D. Psaltis, and T. W. Hänsch, “Holographic recording of laser-induced plasma,” Opt. Lett. 29(7), 772–774 (2004).
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  19. J. Wu, H. Cai, H. Milchberg, and H. Zeng, “Molecular quantum wakes in the hydrodynamic plasma waveguide in air,” Phys. Rev. A 82(4), 043431 (2010).
    [Crossref]
  20. J. Wu, H. Cai, Y. Peng, Y. Tong, A. Couairon, and H. Zeng, “Control of femtosecond filamentation by field-free revivals of molecular alignment,” Laser Phys. 19(8), 1759–1768 (2009).
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2010 (1)

J. Wu, H. Cai, H. Milchberg, and H. Zeng, “Molecular quantum wakes in the hydrodynamic plasma waveguide in air,” Phys. Rev. A 82(4), 043431 (2010).
[Crossref]

2009 (4)

2008 (3)

N. Xu, C. Wu, Y. Gao, H. Jiang, H. Yang, and Q. Gong, “Measurement of the field-free alignment of diatomic molecules,” J. Phys. Chem. A 112(4), 612–617 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Wu, H. Cai, H. Zeng, and A. Couairon, “Femtosecond filamentation and pulse compression in the wake of molecular alignment,” Opt. Lett. 33(22), 2593–2595 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y.-H. Chen, S. Varma, and H. M. Milchberg, “Space- and time-resolved measurement of rotational wave packet revivals of linear gas molecules using single-shot supercontinuum spectral interferometry,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 25(7), 122–132 (2008).
[Crossref]

2007 (2)

2006 (1)

2005 (3)

V. Renard, O. Faucher, and B. Lavorel, “Measurement of laser-induced alignment of molecules by cross defocusing,” Opt. Lett. 30(1), 70–72 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. Kanai, S. Minemoto, and H. Sakai, “Quantum interference during high-order harmonic generation from aligned molecules,” Nature 435(7041), 470–474 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

C. Vozzi, F. Calegari, E. Benedetti, J.-P. Caumes, G. Sansone, S. Stagira, M. Nisoli, R. Torres, E. Heesel, N. Kajumba, J. P. Marangos, C. Altucci, and R. Velotta, “Controlling two-center interference in molecular high harmonic generation,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 95(15), 153902 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2004 (1)

2003 (3)

I. V. Litvinyuk, K. F. Lee, P. W. Dooley, D. M. Rayner, D. M. Villeneuve, and P. B. Corkum, “Alignment-dependent strong field ionization of molecules,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 90(23), 233003 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. Stapelfeldt and T. Seideman, “Colloquium: Aligning molecules with strong laser pulses,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 75(2), 543–557 (2003).
[Crossref]

V. Renard, M. Renard, S. Guérin, Y. T. Pashayan, B. Lavorel, O. Faucher, and H. R. Jauslin, “Postpulse molecular alignment measured by a weak field polarization technique,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 90(15), 153601 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2001 (2)

R. A. Bartels, T. C. Weinacht, N. Wagner, M. Baertschy, C. H. Greene, M. M. Murnane, and H. C. Kapteyn, “Phase modulation of ultrashort light pulses using molecular rotational wave packets,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 88(1), 013903 (2001).
[Crossref]

F. Rosca-Pruna and M. J. J. Vrakking, “Experimental observation of revival structures in picosecond laser-induced alignment of I2.,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 87(15), 153902 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Altucci, C.

C. Vozzi, F. Calegari, E. Benedetti, J.-P. Caumes, G. Sansone, S. Stagira, M. Nisoli, R. Torres, E. Heesel, N. Kajumba, J. P. Marangos, C. Altucci, and R. Velotta, “Controlling two-center interference in molecular high harmonic generation,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 95(15), 153902 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Baertschy, M.

R. A. Bartels, T. C. Weinacht, N. Wagner, M. Baertschy, C. H. Greene, M. M. Murnane, and H. C. Kapteyn, “Phase modulation of ultrashort light pulses using molecular rotational wave packets,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 88(1), 013903 (2001).
[Crossref]

Bartels, R. A.

R. A. Bartels, T. C. Weinacht, N. Wagner, M. Baertschy, C. H. Greene, M. M. Murnane, and H. C. Kapteyn, “Phase modulation of ultrashort light pulses using molecular rotational wave packets,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 88(1), 013903 (2001).
[Crossref]

Benedetti, E.

C. Vozzi, F. Calegari, E. Benedetti, J.-P. Caumes, G. Sansone, S. Stagira, M. Nisoli, R. Torres, E. Heesel, N. Kajumba, J. P. Marangos, C. Altucci, and R. Velotta, “Controlling two-center interference in molecular high harmonic generation,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 95(15), 153902 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Cai, H.

Calegari, F.

C. Vozzi, F. Calegari, E. Benedetti, J.-P. Caumes, G. Sansone, S. Stagira, M. Nisoli, R. Torres, E. Heesel, N. Kajumba, J. P. Marangos, C. Altucci, and R. Velotta, “Controlling two-center interference in molecular high harmonic generation,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 95(15), 153902 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Caumes, J.-P.

C. Vozzi, F. Calegari, E. Benedetti, J.-P. Caumes, G. Sansone, S. Stagira, M. Nisoli, R. Torres, E. Heesel, N. Kajumba, J. P. Marangos, C. Altucci, and R. Velotta, “Controlling two-center interference in molecular high harmonic generation,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 95(15), 153902 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Centurion, M.

Chen, Y.-H.

Y.-H. Chen, S. Varma, and H. M. Milchberg, “Space- and time-resolved measurement of rotational wave packet revivals of linear gas molecules using single-shot supercontinuum spectral interferometry,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 25(7), 122–132 (2008).
[Crossref]

Y.-H. Chen, S. Varma, A. York, and H. M. Milchberg, “Single-shot, space- and time-resolved measurement of rotational wavepacket revivals in H(2), D(2), N(2), O(2), and N(2)O,” Opt. Express 15(18), 11341–11357 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Corkum, P. B.

I. V. Litvinyuk, K. F. Lee, P. W. Dooley, D. M. Rayner, D. M. Villeneuve, and P. B. Corkum, “Alignment-dependent strong field ionization of molecules,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 90(23), 233003 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Couairon, A.

J. Wu, H. Cai, Y. Peng, Y. Tong, A. Couairon, and H. Zeng, “Control of femtosecond filamentation by field-free revivals of molecular alignment,” Laser Phys. 19(8), 1759–1768 (2009).
[Crossref]

H. Cai, J. Wu, A. Couairon, and H. Zeng, “Spectral modulation of femtosecond laser pulse induced by molecular alignment revivals,” Opt. Lett. 34(6), 827–829 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Wu, H. Cai, H. Zeng, and A. Couairon, “Femtosecond filamentation and pulse compression in the wake of molecular alignment,” Opt. Lett. 33(22), 2593–2595 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Couairon and A. Mysyrowicz, “Femtosecond filamentation in transparent media,” Phys. Rep. 441(2-4), 47–189 (2007).
[Crossref]

Dooley, P. W.

I. V. Litvinyuk, K. F. Lee, P. W. Dooley, D. M. Rayner, D. M. Villeneuve, and P. B. Corkum, “Alignment-dependent strong field ionization of molecules,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 90(23), 233003 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Faucher, O.

Gao, Y.

N. Xu, C. Wu, Y. Gao, H. Jiang, H. Yang, and Q. Gong, “Measurement of the field-free alignment of diatomic molecules,” J. Phys. Chem. A 112(4), 612–617 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Gong, Q.

N. Xu, C. Wu, Y. Gao, H. Jiang, H. Yang, and Q. Gong, “Measurement of the field-free alignment of diatomic molecules,” J. Phys. Chem. A 112(4), 612–617 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Greene, C. H.

R. A. Bartels, T. C. Weinacht, N. Wagner, M. Baertschy, C. H. Greene, M. M. Murnane, and H. C. Kapteyn, “Phase modulation of ultrashort light pulses using molecular rotational wave packets,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 88(1), 013903 (2001).
[Crossref]

Guérin, S.

V. Renard, M. Renard, S. Guérin, Y. T. Pashayan, B. Lavorel, O. Faucher, and H. R. Jauslin, “Postpulse molecular alignment measured by a weak field polarization technique,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 90(15), 153601 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Hänsch, T. W.

Heesel, E.

C. Vozzi, F. Calegari, E. Benedetti, J.-P. Caumes, G. Sansone, S. Stagira, M. Nisoli, R. Torres, E. Heesel, N. Kajumba, J. P. Marangos, C. Altucci, and R. Velotta, “Controlling two-center interference in molecular high harmonic generation,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 95(15), 153902 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Hertz, E.

Jauslin, H. R.

V. Renard, M. Renard, S. Guérin, Y. T. Pashayan, B. Lavorel, O. Faucher, and H. R. Jauslin, “Postpulse molecular alignment measured by a weak field polarization technique,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 90(15), 153601 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Jiang, H.

N. Xu, C. Wu, Y. Gao, H. Jiang, H. Yang, and Q. Gong, “Measurement of the field-free alignment of diatomic molecules,” J. Phys. Chem. A 112(4), 612–617 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Kajumba, N.

C. Vozzi, F. Calegari, E. Benedetti, J.-P. Caumes, G. Sansone, S. Stagira, M. Nisoli, R. Torres, E. Heesel, N. Kajumba, J. P. Marangos, C. Altucci, and R. Velotta, “Controlling two-center interference in molecular high harmonic generation,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 95(15), 153902 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Kanai, T.

T. Kanai, S. Minemoto, and H. Sakai, “Quantum interference during high-order harmonic generation from aligned molecules,” Nature 435(7041), 470–474 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Kapteyn, H. C.

R. A. Bartels, T. C. Weinacht, N. Wagner, M. Baertschy, C. H. Greene, M. M. Murnane, and H. C. Kapteyn, “Phase modulation of ultrashort light pulses using molecular rotational wave packets,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 88(1), 013903 (2001).
[Crossref]

Lavorel, B.

Lee, K. F.

I. V. Litvinyuk, K. F. Lee, P. W. Dooley, D. M. Rayner, D. M. Villeneuve, and P. B. Corkum, “Alignment-dependent strong field ionization of molecules,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 90(23), 233003 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Litvinyuk, I. V.

I. V. Litvinyuk, K. F. Lee, P. W. Dooley, D. M. Rayner, D. M. Villeneuve, and P. B. Corkum, “Alignment-dependent strong field ionization of molecules,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 90(23), 233003 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Liu, Z.

Loriot, V.

Marangos, J. P.

C. Vozzi, F. Calegari, E. Benedetti, J.-P. Caumes, G. Sansone, S. Stagira, M. Nisoli, R. Torres, E. Heesel, N. Kajumba, J. P. Marangos, C. Altucci, and R. Velotta, “Controlling two-center interference in molecular high harmonic generation,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 95(15), 153902 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Milchberg, H.

J. Wu, H. Cai, H. Milchberg, and H. Zeng, “Molecular quantum wakes in the hydrodynamic plasma waveguide in air,” Phys. Rev. A 82(4), 043431 (2010).
[Crossref]

Milchberg, H. M.

Y.-H. Chen, S. Varma, and H. M. Milchberg, “Space- and time-resolved measurement of rotational wave packet revivals of linear gas molecules using single-shot supercontinuum spectral interferometry,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 25(7), 122–132 (2008).
[Crossref]

Y.-H. Chen, S. Varma, A. York, and H. M. Milchberg, “Single-shot, space- and time-resolved measurement of rotational wavepacket revivals in H(2), D(2), N(2), O(2), and N(2)O,” Opt. Express 15(18), 11341–11357 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Minemoto, S.

T. Kanai, S. Minemoto, and H. Sakai, “Quantum interference during high-order harmonic generation from aligned molecules,” Nature 435(7041), 470–474 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Murnane, M. M.

R. A. Bartels, T. C. Weinacht, N. Wagner, M. Baertschy, C. H. Greene, M. M. Murnane, and H. C. Kapteyn, “Phase modulation of ultrashort light pulses using molecular rotational wave packets,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 88(1), 013903 (2001).
[Crossref]

Mysyrowicz, A.

A. Couairon and A. Mysyrowicz, “Femtosecond filamentation in transparent media,” Phys. Rep. 441(2-4), 47–189 (2007).
[Crossref]

Nisoli, M.

C. Vozzi, F. Calegari, E. Benedetti, J.-P. Caumes, G. Sansone, S. Stagira, M. Nisoli, R. Torres, E. Heesel, N. Kajumba, J. P. Marangos, C. Altucci, and R. Velotta, “Controlling two-center interference in molecular high harmonic generation,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 95(15), 153902 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Pashayan, Y. T.

V. Renard, M. Renard, S. Guérin, Y. T. Pashayan, B. Lavorel, O. Faucher, and H. R. Jauslin, “Postpulse molecular alignment measured by a weak field polarization technique,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 90(15), 153601 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Peng, Y.

J. Wu, H. Cai, Y. Peng, Y. Tong, A. Couairon, and H. Zeng, “Control of femtosecond filamentation by field-free revivals of molecular alignment,” Laser Phys. 19(8), 1759–1768 (2009).
[Crossref]

H. Cai, J. Wu, Y. Peng, and H. Zeng, “Comparison study of supercontinuum generation by molecular alignment of N2 and O2.,” Opt. Express 17(7), 5822–5828 (2009).
[PubMed]

Psaltis, D.

Pu, Y.

Rayner, D. M.

I. V. Litvinyuk, K. F. Lee, P. W. Dooley, D. M. Rayner, D. M. Villeneuve, and P. B. Corkum, “Alignment-dependent strong field ionization of molecules,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 90(23), 233003 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Renard, M.

V. Renard, M. Renard, S. Guérin, Y. T. Pashayan, B. Lavorel, O. Faucher, and H. R. Jauslin, “Postpulse molecular alignment measured by a weak field polarization technique,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 90(15), 153601 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Renard, V.

V. Renard, O. Faucher, and B. Lavorel, “Measurement of laser-induced alignment of molecules by cross defocusing,” Opt. Lett. 30(1), 70–72 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

V. Renard, M. Renard, S. Guérin, Y. T. Pashayan, B. Lavorel, O. Faucher, and H. R. Jauslin, “Postpulse molecular alignment measured by a weak field polarization technique,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 90(15), 153601 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Rosca-Pruna, F.

F. Rosca-Pruna and M. J. J. Vrakking, “Experimental observation of revival structures in picosecond laser-induced alignment of I2.,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 87(15), 153902 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Rouzée, A.

Sakai, H.

T. Kanai, S. Minemoto, and H. Sakai, “Quantum interference during high-order harmonic generation from aligned molecules,” Nature 435(7041), 470–474 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Sansone, G.

C. Vozzi, F. Calegari, E. Benedetti, J.-P. Caumes, G. Sansone, S. Stagira, M. Nisoli, R. Torres, E. Heesel, N. Kajumba, J. P. Marangos, C. Altucci, and R. Velotta, “Controlling two-center interference in molecular high harmonic generation,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 95(15), 153902 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Seideman, T.

H. Stapelfeldt and T. Seideman, “Colloquium: Aligning molecules with strong laser pulses,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 75(2), 543–557 (2003).
[Crossref]

Sinardet, B.

Stagira, S.

C. Vozzi, F. Calegari, E. Benedetti, J.-P. Caumes, G. Sansone, S. Stagira, M. Nisoli, R. Torres, E. Heesel, N. Kajumba, J. P. Marangos, C. Altucci, and R. Velotta, “Controlling two-center interference in molecular high harmonic generation,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 95(15), 153902 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Stapelfeldt, H.

H. Stapelfeldt and T. Seideman, “Colloquium: Aligning molecules with strong laser pulses,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 75(2), 543–557 (2003).
[Crossref]

Tong, Y.

J. Wu, H. Cai, Y. Peng, Y. Tong, A. Couairon, and H. Zeng, “Control of femtosecond filamentation by field-free revivals of molecular alignment,” Laser Phys. 19(8), 1759–1768 (2009).
[Crossref]

J. Wu, H. Cai, Y. Tong, and H. Zeng, “Measurement of field-free molecular alignment by cross-defocusing assisted polarization spectroscopy,” Opt. Express 17(18), 16300–16305 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Torres, R.

C. Vozzi, F. Calegari, E. Benedetti, J.-P. Caumes, G. Sansone, S. Stagira, M. Nisoli, R. Torres, E. Heesel, N. Kajumba, J. P. Marangos, C. Altucci, and R. Velotta, “Controlling two-center interference in molecular high harmonic generation,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 95(15), 153902 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Varma, S.

Y.-H. Chen, S. Varma, and H. M. Milchberg, “Space- and time-resolved measurement of rotational wave packet revivals of linear gas molecules using single-shot supercontinuum spectral interferometry,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 25(7), 122–132 (2008).
[Crossref]

Y.-H. Chen, S. Varma, A. York, and H. M. Milchberg, “Single-shot, space- and time-resolved measurement of rotational wavepacket revivals in H(2), D(2), N(2), O(2), and N(2)O,” Opt. Express 15(18), 11341–11357 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Velotta, R.

C. Vozzi, F. Calegari, E. Benedetti, J.-P. Caumes, G. Sansone, S. Stagira, M. Nisoli, R. Torres, E. Heesel, N. Kajumba, J. P. Marangos, C. Altucci, and R. Velotta, “Controlling two-center interference in molecular high harmonic generation,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 95(15), 153902 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Villeneuve, D. M.

I. V. Litvinyuk, K. F. Lee, P. W. Dooley, D. M. Rayner, D. M. Villeneuve, and P. B. Corkum, “Alignment-dependent strong field ionization of molecules,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 90(23), 233003 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Vozzi, C.

C. Vozzi, F. Calegari, E. Benedetti, J.-P. Caumes, G. Sansone, S. Stagira, M. Nisoli, R. Torres, E. Heesel, N. Kajumba, J. P. Marangos, C. Altucci, and R. Velotta, “Controlling two-center interference in molecular high harmonic generation,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 95(15), 153902 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Vrakking, M. J. J.

F. Rosca-Pruna and M. J. J. Vrakking, “Experimental observation of revival structures in picosecond laser-induced alignment of I2.,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 87(15), 153902 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Wagner, N.

R. A. Bartels, T. C. Weinacht, N. Wagner, M. Baertschy, C. H. Greene, M. M. Murnane, and H. C. Kapteyn, “Phase modulation of ultrashort light pulses using molecular rotational wave packets,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 88(1), 013903 (2001).
[Crossref]

Weinacht, T. C.

R. A. Bartels, T. C. Weinacht, N. Wagner, M. Baertschy, C. H. Greene, M. M. Murnane, and H. C. Kapteyn, “Phase modulation of ultrashort light pulses using molecular rotational wave packets,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 88(1), 013903 (2001).
[Crossref]

Wu, C.

N. Xu, C. Wu, Y. Gao, H. Jiang, H. Yang, and Q. Gong, “Measurement of the field-free alignment of diatomic molecules,” J. Phys. Chem. A 112(4), 612–617 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Wu, J.

Xu, N.

N. Xu, C. Wu, Y. Gao, H. Jiang, H. Yang, and Q. Gong, “Measurement of the field-free alignment of diatomic molecules,” J. Phys. Chem. A 112(4), 612–617 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Yang, H.

N. Xu, C. Wu, Y. Gao, H. Jiang, H. Yang, and Q. Gong, “Measurement of the field-free alignment of diatomic molecules,” J. Phys. Chem. A 112(4), 612–617 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

York, A.

Zeng, H.

J. Opt. Soc. Am. B (1)

Y.-H. Chen, S. Varma, and H. M. Milchberg, “Space- and time-resolved measurement of rotational wave packet revivals of linear gas molecules using single-shot supercontinuum spectral interferometry,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 25(7), 122–132 (2008).
[Crossref]

J. Phys. Chem. A (1)

N. Xu, C. Wu, Y. Gao, H. Jiang, H. Yang, and Q. Gong, “Measurement of the field-free alignment of diatomic molecules,” J. Phys. Chem. A 112(4), 612–617 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Laser Phys. (1)

J. Wu, H. Cai, Y. Peng, Y. Tong, A. Couairon, and H. Zeng, “Control of femtosecond filamentation by field-free revivals of molecular alignment,” Laser Phys. 19(8), 1759–1768 (2009).
[Crossref]

Nature (1)

T. Kanai, S. Minemoto, and H. Sakai, “Quantum interference during high-order harmonic generation from aligned molecules,” Nature 435(7041), 470–474 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Opt. Express (3)

Opt. Lett. (5)

Phys. Rep. (1)

A. Couairon and A. Mysyrowicz, “Femtosecond filamentation in transparent media,” Phys. Rep. 441(2-4), 47–189 (2007).
[Crossref]

Phys. Rev. A (1)

J. Wu, H. Cai, H. Milchberg, and H. Zeng, “Molecular quantum wakes in the hydrodynamic plasma waveguide in air,” Phys. Rev. A 82(4), 043431 (2010).
[Crossref]

Phys. Rev. Lett. (5)

I. V. Litvinyuk, K. F. Lee, P. W. Dooley, D. M. Rayner, D. M. Villeneuve, and P. B. Corkum, “Alignment-dependent strong field ionization of molecules,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 90(23), 233003 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

V. Renard, M. Renard, S. Guérin, Y. T. Pashayan, B. Lavorel, O. Faucher, and H. R. Jauslin, “Postpulse molecular alignment measured by a weak field polarization technique,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 90(15), 153601 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

F. Rosca-Pruna and M. J. J. Vrakking, “Experimental observation of revival structures in picosecond laser-induced alignment of I2.,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 87(15), 153902 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

R. A. Bartels, T. C. Weinacht, N. Wagner, M. Baertschy, C. H. Greene, M. M. Murnane, and H. C. Kapteyn, “Phase modulation of ultrashort light pulses using molecular rotational wave packets,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 88(1), 013903 (2001).
[Crossref]

C. Vozzi, F. Calegari, E. Benedetti, J.-P. Caumes, G. Sansone, S. Stagira, M. Nisoli, R. Torres, E. Heesel, N. Kajumba, J. P. Marangos, C. Altucci, and R. Velotta, “Controlling two-center interference in molecular high harmonic generation,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 95(15), 153902 (2005).
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H. Stapelfeldt and T. Seideman, “Colloquium: Aligning molecules with strong laser pulses,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 75(2), 543–557 (2003).
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Other (2)

G. P. Agrawal, Nonlinear Fiber Optics (Academic Press, San Diego, 2001).

NIST chemistry webbook, http://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry .

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Figures (4)

Fig. 1
Fig. 1

Schematic configuration of the experimental setup. The M-pulse (red, 800 nm) and the probe pulse (blue, 400 nm) are combined at a beam splitter (BS) which is highly reflective at 400 nm and transmitted at 800 nm. The gas cell is filled with various room-temperature molecular gases at 1 atm. A 4-f imaging system is used to image the output spatial profile to a recording CCD.

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Fig. 2
Fig. 2

Measured (solid curves) and simulated (dashed curves) molecular alignment signals of room temperature O2 at 1 atm. when the polarization of the probe pulse is (a) parallel and (b) perpendicular to that of the M-pulse (~4.6 × 1013 W/cm2), represented by O2// and O2⊥ respectively. The insets show the probe beam patterns captured by CCD.

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Fig. 3
Fig. 3

Measured molecular alignment signals of (a) N2 (b) air (c) CO2 when the polarization of the probe pulse is perpendicular (blue-solid curves) or parallel (red-dashed curves) to that of the M-pulse (~4.6 × 1013 W/cm2 for N2 and air, 1.4 × 1013 W/cm2 for CO2), respectively.

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Fig. 4
Fig. 4

Measured molecular alignment signals of (a) CO and (b) NO, and (c) Kerr effect of atomic Ar when the polarization of the probe pulse was perpendicular (blue-solid curves) and parallel (red-dashed curves) to that of the M-pulse (~4.6 × 1013 W/cm2 for CO and Ar, 1.3 × 1013 W/cm2 for NO).

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Equations (2)

Equations on this page are rendered with MathJax. Learn more.

〈 cos 2 θ 〉 J 0 M 0 = ∑ J M C J M * C J M 〈 J M | cos 2 θ | J M 〉 .
〈 〈 cos 2 θ 〉 〉 = ∑ J 0 P J O ∑ M 0 = − J 0 J o 〈 cos 2 θ 〉 J 0 M 0 ∑ J 0 P J O ,

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