Direct measurement of field-free molecular alignment by spatial (de)focusing effects

Yahui Feng; Haifeng Pan; Jia Liu; Cheng Chen; Jian Wu; Heping Zeng

doi:10.1364/OE.19.002852

Direct measurement of field-free molecular alignment by spatial (de)focusing effects

Yahui Feng, Haifeng Pan, Jia Liu, Cheng Chen, Jian Wu, and Heping Zeng

Optics Express
Vol. 19,
Issue 4,
pp. 2852-2857
(2011)
•doi: 10.1364/OE.19.002852

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Yahui Feng, Haifeng Pan, Jia Liu, Cheng Chen, Jian Wu, and Heping Zeng, "Direct measurement of field-free molecular alignment by spatial (de)focusing effects," Opt. Express 19, 2852-2857 (2011)

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Abstract

Abstract: We directly measure the field-free molecular alignment of various room-temperature molecular gases based on alignment-induced spatial focusing and defocusing effects. By imaging the spatial profile of a time-delayed probe pulse with increased and decreased local intensity at the beam center, the parallel and perpendicular molecular alignments are clearly characterized. Meanwhile, the electronic Kerr effect, weak plasma contribution and field-free molecular alignment impact could be distinguished from the measured signals.

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F. Rosca-Pruna and M. J. J. Vrakking, “Experimental observation of revival structures in picosecond laser-induced alignment of I2.,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 87(15), 153902 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
H. Stapelfeldt and T. Seideman, “Colloquium: Aligning molecules with strong laser pulses,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 75(2), 543–557 (2003).
[Crossref]
V. Renard, M. Renard, S. Guérin, Y. T. Pashayan, B. Lavorel, O. Faucher, and H. R. Jauslin, “Postpulse molecular alignment measured by a weak field polarization technique,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 90(15), 153601 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
A. Couairon and A. Mysyrowicz, “Femtosecond filamentation in transparent media,” Phys. Rep. 441(2-4), 47–189 (2007).
[Crossref]
Y.-H. Chen, S. Varma, A. York, and H. M. Milchberg, “Single-shot, space- and time-resolved measurement of rotational wavepacket revivals in H(2), D(2), N(2), O(2), and N(2)O,” Opt. Express 15(18), 11341–11357 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
R. A. Bartels, T. C. Weinacht, N. Wagner, M. Baertschy, C. H. Greene, M. M. Murnane, and H. C. Kapteyn, “Phase modulation of ultrashort light pulses using molecular rotational wave packets,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 88(1), 013903 (2001).
[Crossref]
T. Kanai, S. Minemoto, and H. Sakai, “Quantum interference during high-order harmonic generation from aligned molecules,” Nature 435(7041), 470–474 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
C. Vozzi, F. Calegari, E. Benedetti, J.-P. Caumes, G. Sansone, S. Stagira, M. Nisoli, R. Torres, E. Heesel, N. Kajumba, J. P. Marangos, C. Altucci, and R. Velotta, “Controlling two-center interference in molecular high harmonic generation,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 95(15), 153902 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
J. Wu, H. Cai, H. Zeng, and A. Couairon, “Femtosecond filamentation and pulse compression in the wake of molecular alignment,” Opt. Lett. 33(22), 2593–2595 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
Y.-H. Chen, S. Varma, and H. M. Milchberg, “Space- and time-resolved measurement of rotational wave packet revivals of linear gas molecules using single-shot supercontinuum spectral interferometry,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 25(7), 122–132 (2008).
[Crossref]
H. Cai, J. Wu, A. Couairon, and H. Zeng, “Spectral modulation of femtosecond laser pulse induced by molecular alignment revivals,” Opt. Lett. 34(6), 827–829 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
H. Cai, J. Wu, Y. Peng, and H. Zeng, “Comparison study of supercontinuum generation by molecular alignment of N2 and O2.,” Opt. Express 17(7), 5822–5828 (2009).
[PubMed]
J. Wu, H. Cai, Y. Tong, and H. Zeng, “Measurement of field-free molecular alignment by cross-defocusing assisted polarization spectroscopy,” Opt. Express 17(18), 16300–16305 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
V. Renard, O. Faucher, and B. Lavorel, “Measurement of laser-induced alignment of molecules by cross defocusing,” Opt. Lett. 30(1), 70–72 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
V. Loriot, E. Hertz, A. Rouzée, B. Sinardet, B. Lavorel, and O. Faucher, “Strong-field molecular ionization: determination of ionization probabilities calibrated with field-free alignment,” Opt. Lett. 31(19), 2897–2899 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
I. V. Litvinyuk, K. F. Lee, P. W. Dooley, D. M. Rayner, D. M. Villeneuve, and P. B. Corkum, “Alignment-dependent strong field ionization of molecules,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 90(23), 233003 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
N. Xu, C. Wu, Y. Gao, H. Jiang, H. Yang, and Q. Gong, “Measurement of the field-free alignment of diatomic molecules,” J. Phys. Chem. A 112(4), 612–617 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
M. Centurion, Y. Pu, Z. Liu, D. Psaltis, and T. W. Hänsch, “Holographic recording of laser-induced plasma,” Opt. Lett. 29(7), 772–774 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
J. Wu, H. Cai, H. Milchberg, and H. Zeng, “Molecular quantum wakes in the hydrodynamic plasma waveguide in air,” Phys. Rev. A 82(4), 043431 (2010).
[Crossref]
J. Wu, H. Cai, Y. Peng, Y. Tong, A. Couairon, and H. Zeng, “Control of femtosecond filamentation by field-free revivals of molecular alignment,” Laser Phys. 19(8), 1759–1768 (2009).
[Crossref]
G. P. Agrawal, Nonlinear Fiber Optics (Academic Press, San Diego, 2001).
NIST chemistry webbook, http://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry .

2010 (1)

J. Wu, H. Cai, H. Milchberg, and H. Zeng, “Molecular quantum wakes in the hydrodynamic plasma waveguide in air,” Phys. Rev. A 82(4), 043431 (2010).
[Crossref]

2009 (4)

J. Wu, H. Cai, Y. Peng, Y. Tong, A. Couairon, and H. Zeng, “Control of femtosecond filamentation by field-free revivals of molecular alignment,” Laser Phys. 19(8), 1759–1768 (2009).
[Crossref]

H. Cai, J. Wu, A. Couairon, and H. Zeng, “Spectral modulation of femtosecond laser pulse induced by molecular alignment revivals,” Opt. Lett. 34(6), 827–829 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. Cai, J. Wu, Y. Peng, and H. Zeng, “Comparison study of supercontinuum generation by molecular alignment of N2 and O2.,” Opt. Express 17(7), 5822–5828 (2009).
[PubMed]

J. Wu, H. Cai, Y. Tong, and H. Zeng, “Measurement of field-free molecular alignment by cross-defocusing assisted polarization spectroscopy,” Opt. Express 17(18), 16300–16305 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2008 (3)

N. Xu, C. Wu, Y. Gao, H. Jiang, H. Yang, and Q. Gong, “Measurement of the field-free alignment of diatomic molecules,” J. Phys. Chem. A 112(4), 612–617 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Wu, H. Cai, H. Zeng, and A. Couairon, “Femtosecond filamentation and pulse compression in the wake of molecular alignment,” Opt. Lett. 33(22), 2593–2595 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y.-H. Chen, S. Varma, and H. M. Milchberg, “Space- and time-resolved measurement of rotational wave packet revivals of linear gas molecules using single-shot supercontinuum spectral interferometry,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 25(7), 122–132 (2008).
[Crossref]

2007 (2)

A. Couairon and A. Mysyrowicz, “Femtosecond filamentation in transparent media,” Phys. Rep. 441(2-4), 47–189 (2007).
[Crossref]

Y.-H. Chen, S. Varma, A. York, and H. M. Milchberg, “Single-shot, space- and time-resolved measurement of rotational wavepacket revivals in H(2), D(2), N(2), O(2), and N(2)O,” Opt. Express 15(18), 11341–11357 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2006 (1)

V. Loriot, E. Hertz, A. Rouzée, B. Sinardet, B. Lavorel, and O. Faucher, “Strong-field molecular ionization: determination of ionization probabilities calibrated with field-free alignment,” Opt. Lett. 31(19), 2897–2899 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2005 (3)

V. Renard, O. Faucher, and B. Lavorel, “Measurement of laser-induced alignment of molecules by cross defocusing,” Opt. Lett. 30(1), 70–72 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. Kanai, S. Minemoto, and H. Sakai, “Quantum interference during high-order harmonic generation from aligned molecules,” Nature 435(7041), 470–474 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

C. Vozzi, F. Calegari, E. Benedetti, J.-P. Caumes, G. Sansone, S. Stagira, M. Nisoli, R. Torres, E. Heesel, N. Kajumba, J. P. Marangos, C. Altucci, and R. Velotta, “Controlling two-center interference in molecular high harmonic generation,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 95(15), 153902 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2004 (1)

M. Centurion, Y. Pu, Z. Liu, D. Psaltis, and T. W. Hänsch, “Holographic recording of laser-induced plasma,” Opt. Lett. 29(7), 772–774 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2003 (3)

I. V. Litvinyuk, K. F. Lee, P. W. Dooley, D. M. Rayner, D. M. Villeneuve, and P. B. Corkum, “Alignment-dependent strong field ionization of molecules,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 90(23), 233003 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. Stapelfeldt and T. Seideman, “Colloquium: Aligning molecules with strong laser pulses,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 75(2), 543–557 (2003).
[Crossref]

V. Renard, M. Renard, S. Guérin, Y. T. Pashayan, B. Lavorel, O. Faucher, and H. R. Jauslin, “Postpulse molecular alignment measured by a weak field polarization technique,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 90(15), 153601 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2001 (2)

R. A. Bartels, T. C. Weinacht, N. Wagner, M. Baertschy, C. H. Greene, M. M. Murnane, and H. C. Kapteyn, “Phase modulation of ultrashort light pulses using molecular rotational wave packets,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 88(1), 013903 (2001).
[Crossref]

F. Rosca-Pruna and M. J. J. Vrakking, “Experimental observation of revival structures in picosecond laser-induced alignment of I2.,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 87(15), 153902 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Altucci, C.

Baertschy, M.

Bartels, R. A.

Benedetti, E.

Cai, H.

J. Wu, H. Cai, H. Milchberg, and H. Zeng, “Molecular quantum wakes in the hydrodynamic plasma waveguide in air,” Phys. Rev. A 82(4), 043431 (2010).
[Crossref]

J. Wu, H. Cai, Y. Peng, Y. Tong, A. Couairon, and H. Zeng, “Control of femtosecond filamentation by field-free revivals of molecular alignment,” Laser Phys. 19(8), 1759–1768 (2009).
[Crossref]

H. Cai, J. Wu, A. Couairon, and H. Zeng, “Spectral modulation of femtosecond laser pulse induced by molecular alignment revivals,” Opt. Lett. 34(6), 827–829 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. Cai, J. Wu, Y. Peng, and H. Zeng, “Comparison study of supercontinuum generation by molecular alignment of N2 and O2.,” Opt. Express 17(7), 5822–5828 (2009).
[PubMed]

J. Wu, H. Cai, H. Zeng, and A. Couairon, “Femtosecond filamentation and pulse compression in the wake of molecular alignment,” Opt. Lett. 33(22), 2593–2595 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Calegari, F.

Caumes, J.-P.

Centurion, M.

M. Centurion, Y. Pu, Z. Liu, D. Psaltis, and T. W. Hänsch, “Holographic recording of laser-induced plasma,” Opt. Lett. 29(7), 772–774 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Chen, Y.-H.

Corkum, P. B.

Couairon, A.

J. Wu, H. Cai, Y. Peng, Y. Tong, A. Couairon, and H. Zeng, “Control of femtosecond filamentation by field-free revivals of molecular alignment,” Laser Phys. 19(8), 1759–1768 (2009).
[Crossref]

H. Cai, J. Wu, A. Couairon, and H. Zeng, “Spectral modulation of femtosecond laser pulse induced by molecular alignment revivals,” Opt. Lett. 34(6), 827–829 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Wu, H. Cai, H. Zeng, and A. Couairon, “Femtosecond filamentation and pulse compression in the wake of molecular alignment,” Opt. Lett. 33(22), 2593–2595 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Couairon and A. Mysyrowicz, “Femtosecond filamentation in transparent media,” Phys. Rep. 441(2-4), 47–189 (2007).
[Crossref]

Dooley, P. W.

Faucher, O.

V. Renard, O. Faucher, and B. Lavorel, “Measurement of laser-induced alignment of molecules by cross defocusing,” Opt. Lett. 30(1), 70–72 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Gao, Y.

N. Xu, C. Wu, Y. Gao, H. Jiang, H. Yang, and Q. Gong, “Measurement of the field-free alignment of diatomic molecules,” J. Phys. Chem. A 112(4), 612–617 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Gong, Q.

N. Xu, C. Wu, Y. Gao, H. Jiang, H. Yang, and Q. Gong, “Measurement of the field-free alignment of diatomic molecules,” J. Phys. Chem. A 112(4), 612–617 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Greene, C. H.

Guérin, S.

Hänsch, T. W.

M. Centurion, Y. Pu, Z. Liu, D. Psaltis, and T. W. Hänsch, “Holographic recording of laser-induced plasma,” Opt. Lett. 29(7), 772–774 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Heesel, E.

Hertz, E.

Jauslin, H. R.

Jiang, H.

N. Xu, C. Wu, Y. Gao, H. Jiang, H. Yang, and Q. Gong, “Measurement of the field-free alignment of diatomic molecules,” J. Phys. Chem. A 112(4), 612–617 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Kajumba, N.

Kanai, T.

T. Kanai, S. Minemoto, and H. Sakai, “Quantum interference during high-order harmonic generation from aligned molecules,” Nature 435(7041), 470–474 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Kapteyn, H. C.

Lavorel, B.

V. Renard, O. Faucher, and B. Lavorel, “Measurement of laser-induced alignment of molecules by cross defocusing,” Opt. Lett. 30(1), 70–72 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Lee, K. F.

Litvinyuk, I. V.

Liu, Z.

M. Centurion, Y. Pu, Z. Liu, D. Psaltis, and T. W. Hänsch, “Holographic recording of laser-induced plasma,” Opt. Lett. 29(7), 772–774 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Loriot, V.

Marangos, J. P.

Milchberg, H.

J. Wu, H. Cai, H. Milchberg, and H. Zeng, “Molecular quantum wakes in the hydrodynamic plasma waveguide in air,” Phys. Rev. A 82(4), 043431 (2010).
[Crossref]

Milchberg, H. M.

Minemoto, S.

T. Kanai, S. Minemoto, and H. Sakai, “Quantum interference during high-order harmonic generation from aligned molecules,” Nature 435(7041), 470–474 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Murnane, M. M.

Mysyrowicz, A.

A. Couairon and A. Mysyrowicz, “Femtosecond filamentation in transparent media,” Phys. Rep. 441(2-4), 47–189 (2007).
[Crossref]

Nisoli, M.

Pashayan, Y. T.

Peng, Y.

J. Wu, H. Cai, Y. Peng, Y. Tong, A. Couairon, and H. Zeng, “Control of femtosecond filamentation by field-free revivals of molecular alignment,” Laser Phys. 19(8), 1759–1768 (2009).
[Crossref]

H. Cai, J. Wu, Y. Peng, and H. Zeng, “Comparison study of supercontinuum generation by molecular alignment of N2 and O2.,” Opt. Express 17(7), 5822–5828 (2009).
[PubMed]

Psaltis, D.

M. Centurion, Y. Pu, Z. Liu, D. Psaltis, and T. W. Hänsch, “Holographic recording of laser-induced plasma,” Opt. Lett. 29(7), 772–774 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Pu, Y.

M. Centurion, Y. Pu, Z. Liu, D. Psaltis, and T. W. Hänsch, “Holographic recording of laser-induced plasma,” Opt. Lett. 29(7), 772–774 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Rayner, D. M.

Renard, M.

Renard, V.

V. Renard, O. Faucher, and B. Lavorel, “Measurement of laser-induced alignment of molecules by cross defocusing,” Opt. Lett. 30(1), 70–72 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Rosca-Pruna, F.

F. Rosca-Pruna and M. J. J. Vrakking, “Experimental observation of revival structures in picosecond laser-induced alignment of I2.,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 87(15), 153902 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Rouzée, A.

Sakai, H.

T. Kanai, S. Minemoto, and H. Sakai, “Quantum interference during high-order harmonic generation from aligned molecules,” Nature 435(7041), 470–474 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Sansone, G.

Seideman, T.

H. Stapelfeldt and T. Seideman, “Colloquium: Aligning molecules with strong laser pulses,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 75(2), 543–557 (2003).
[Crossref]

Sinardet, B.

Stagira, S.

Stapelfeldt, H.

H. Stapelfeldt and T. Seideman, “Colloquium: Aligning molecules with strong laser pulses,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 75(2), 543–557 (2003).
[Crossref]

Tong, Y.

J. Wu, H. Cai, Y. Peng, Y. Tong, A. Couairon, and H. Zeng, “Control of femtosecond filamentation by field-free revivals of molecular alignment,” Laser Phys. 19(8), 1759–1768 (2009).
[Crossref]

Torres, R.

Varma, S.

Velotta, R.

Villeneuve, D. M.

Vozzi, C.

Vrakking, M. J. J.

F. Rosca-Pruna and M. J. J. Vrakking, “Experimental observation of revival structures in picosecond laser-induced alignment of I2.,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 87(15), 153902 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Wagner, N.

Weinacht, T. C.

Wu, C.

N. Xu, C. Wu, Y. Gao, H. Jiang, H. Yang, and Q. Gong, “Measurement of the field-free alignment of diatomic molecules,” J. Phys. Chem. A 112(4), 612–617 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Wu, J.

J. Wu, H. Cai, H. Milchberg, and H. Zeng, “Molecular quantum wakes in the hydrodynamic plasma waveguide in air,” Phys. Rev. A 82(4), 043431 (2010).
[Crossref]

J. Wu, H. Cai, Y. Peng, Y. Tong, A. Couairon, and H. Zeng, “Control of femtosecond filamentation by field-free revivals of molecular alignment,” Laser Phys. 19(8), 1759–1768 (2009).
[Crossref]

H. Cai, J. Wu, A. Couairon, and H. Zeng, “Spectral modulation of femtosecond laser pulse induced by molecular alignment revivals,” Opt. Lett. 34(6), 827–829 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. Cai, J. Wu, Y. Peng, and H. Zeng, “Comparison study of supercontinuum generation by molecular alignment of N2 and O2.,” Opt. Express 17(7), 5822–5828 (2009).
[PubMed]

J. Wu, H. Cai, H. Zeng, and A. Couairon, “Femtosecond filamentation and pulse compression in the wake of molecular alignment,” Opt. Lett. 33(22), 2593–2595 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Xu, N.

N. Xu, C. Wu, Y. Gao, H. Jiang, H. Yang, and Q. Gong, “Measurement of the field-free alignment of diatomic molecules,” J. Phys. Chem. A 112(4), 612–617 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Yang, H.

N. Xu, C. Wu, Y. Gao, H. Jiang, H. Yang, and Q. Gong, “Measurement of the field-free alignment of diatomic molecules,” J. Phys. Chem. A 112(4), 612–617 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

York, A.

Zeng, H.

J. Wu, H. Cai, H. Milchberg, and H. Zeng, “Molecular quantum wakes in the hydrodynamic plasma waveguide in air,” Phys. Rev. A 82(4), 043431 (2010).
[Crossref]

J. Wu, H. Cai, Y. Peng, Y. Tong, A. Couairon, and H. Zeng, “Control of femtosecond filamentation by field-free revivals of molecular alignment,” Laser Phys. 19(8), 1759–1768 (2009).
[Crossref]

H. Cai, J. Wu, A. Couairon, and H. Zeng, “Spectral modulation of femtosecond laser pulse induced by molecular alignment revivals,” Opt. Lett. 34(6), 827–829 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. Cai, J. Wu, Y. Peng, and H. Zeng, “Comparison study of supercontinuum generation by molecular alignment of N2 and O2.,” Opt. Express 17(7), 5822–5828 (2009).
[PubMed]

J. Wu, H. Cai, H. Zeng, and A. Couairon, “Femtosecond filamentation and pulse compression in the wake of molecular alignment,” Opt. Lett. 33(22), 2593–2595 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Opt. Soc. Am. B (1)

J. Phys. Chem. A (1)

N. Xu, C. Wu, Y. Gao, H. Jiang, H. Yang, and Q. Gong, “Measurement of the field-free alignment of diatomic molecules,” J. Phys. Chem. A 112(4), 612–617 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Laser Phys. (1)

J. Wu, H. Cai, Y. Peng, Y. Tong, A. Couairon, and H. Zeng, “Control of femtosecond filamentation by field-free revivals of molecular alignment,” Laser Phys. 19(8), 1759–1768 (2009).
[Crossref]

Nature (1)

T. Kanai, S. Minemoto, and H. Sakai, “Quantum interference during high-order harmonic generation from aligned molecules,” Nature 435(7041), 470–474 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Opt. Express (3)

H. Cai, J. Wu, Y. Peng, and H. Zeng, “Comparison study of supercontinuum generation by molecular alignment of N2 and O2.,” Opt. Express 17(7), 5822–5828 (2009).
[PubMed]

Opt. Lett. (5)

V. Renard, O. Faucher, and B. Lavorel, “Measurement of laser-induced alignment of molecules by cross defocusing,” Opt. Lett. 30(1), 70–72 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Centurion, Y. Pu, Z. Liu, D. Psaltis, and T. W. Hänsch, “Holographic recording of laser-induced plasma,” Opt. Lett. 29(7), 772–774 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. Cai, J. Wu, A. Couairon, and H. Zeng, “Spectral modulation of femtosecond laser pulse induced by molecular alignment revivals,” Opt. Lett. 34(6), 827–829 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Wu, H. Cai, H. Zeng, and A. Couairon, “Femtosecond filamentation and pulse compression in the wake of molecular alignment,” Opt. Lett. 33(22), 2593–2595 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Phys. Rep. (1)

A. Couairon and A. Mysyrowicz, “Femtosecond filamentation in transparent media,” Phys. Rep. 441(2-4), 47–189 (2007).
[Crossref]

Phys. Rev. A (1)

J. Wu, H. Cai, H. Milchberg, and H. Zeng, “Molecular quantum wakes in the hydrodynamic plasma waveguide in air,” Phys. Rev. A 82(4), 043431 (2010).
[Crossref]

Phys. Rev. Lett. (5)

F. Rosca-Pruna and M. J. J. Vrakking, “Experimental observation of revival structures in picosecond laser-induced alignment of I2.,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 87(15), 153902 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Rev. Mod. Phys. (1)

H. Stapelfeldt and T. Seideman, “Colloquium: Aligning molecules with strong laser pulses,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 75(2), 543–557 (2003).
[Crossref]

Other (2)

G. P. Agrawal, Nonlinear Fiber Optics (Academic Press, San Diego, 2001).

NIST chemistry webbook, http://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry .

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Fig. 1

Schematic configuration of the experimental setup. The M-pulse (red, 800 nm) and the probe pulse (blue, 400 nm) are combined at a beam splitter (BS) which is highly reflective at 400 nm and transmitted at 800 nm. The gas cell is filled with various room-temperature molecular gases at 1 atm. A 4-f imaging system is used to image the output spatial profile to a recording CCD.

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Fig. 2

Measured (solid curves) and simulated (dashed curves) molecular alignment signals of room temperature O₂ at 1 atm. when the polarization of the probe pulse is (a) parallel and (b) perpendicular to that of the M-pulse (~4.6 × 10¹³ W/cm²), represented by O₂// and O₂⊥ respectively. The insets show the probe beam patterns captured by CCD.

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Fig. 3

Measured molecular alignment signals of (a) N₂ (b) air (c) CO₂ when the polarization of the probe pulse is perpendicular (blue-solid curves) or parallel (red-dashed curves) to that of the M-pulse (~4.6 × 10¹³ W/cm² for N₂ and air, 1.4 × 10¹³ W/cm² for CO₂), respectively.

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Fig. 4

Measured molecular alignment signals of (a) CO and (b) NO, and (c) Kerr effect of atomic Ar when the polarization of the probe pulse was perpendicular (blue-solid curves) and parallel (red-dashed curves) to that of the M-pulse (~4.6 × 10¹³ W/cm² for CO and Ar, 1.3 × 10¹³ W/cm² for NO).

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Equations (2)

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{〈 \cos^{2} θ 〉}_{J_{0} M_{0}} = \sum_{J M} C_{J M}^{*} C_{J M}^{} 〈 J M | \cos^{2} θ | J M 〉 .

〈 〈 \cos^{2} θ 〉 〉 = \frac{\sum_{J_{0}} P_{J_{O}} \sum_{M_{0} = - J_{0}}^{J_{o}} {〈 \cos^{2} θ 〉}_{J_{0} M_{0}}}{\sum_{J_{0}} P_{J_{O}}},