Attosecond dispersion control by extreme ultraviolet multilayer mirrors

Michael Hofstetter; Martin Schultze; Markus Fieß; Benjamin Dennhardt; Alexander Guggenmos; Justin Gagnon; Vladislav S. Yakovlev; Eleftherios Goulielmakis; Reinhard Kienberger; Eric M. Gullikson; Ferenc Krausz; Ulf Kleineberg

doi:10.1364/OE.19.001767

Attosecond dispersion control by extreme ultraviolet multilayer mirrors

Michael Hofstetter, Martin Schultze, Markus Fieß, Benjamin Dennhardt, Alexander Guggenmos, Justin Gagnon, Vladislav S. Yakovlev, Eleftherios Goulielmakis, Reinhard Kienberger, Eric M. Gullikson, Ferenc Krausz, and Ulf Kleineberg

Optics Express
Vol. 19,
Issue 3,
pp. 1767-1776
(2011)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.19.001767

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Michael Hofstetter, Martin Schultze, Markus Fieß, Benjamin Dennhardt, Alexander Guggenmos, Justin Gagnon, Vladislav S. Yakovlev, Eleftherios Goulielmakis, Reinhard Kienberger, Eric M. Gullikson, Ferenc Krausz, and Ulf Kleineberg, "Attosecond dispersion control by extreme ultraviolet multilayer mirrors," Opt. Express 19, 1767-1776 (2011)

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Related Topics
Table of Contents Category
- Ultrafast Optics
Optics & Photonics Topics
?

The topics in this list come from the OSA Optics and Photonics Topics applied to this article.
Previously assigned OCIS codes
- Multilayer design (310.4165)
- Ultrafast optics (320.0320)
- Chirping (320.1590)
- Pulse shaping (320.5540)
- X-rays, soft x-rays, extreme ultraviolet (EUV) (340.7480)

About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: November 23, 2010
- Revised Manuscript: December 31, 2010
- Manuscript Accepted: January 3, 2011
- Published: January 14, 2011

Accessible

Open Access

Abstract

We report the first experimental demonstration of a-periodic multilayer mirrors controlling the frequency sweep (chirp) of isolated attosecond XUV pulses. The concept was proven with about 200-attosecond pulses in the photon energy range of 100-130 eV measured via photoelectron streaking in neon. The demonstrated attosecond dispersion control is engineerable in a wide range of XUV photon energies and bandwidths. The resultant tailor-made attosecond pulses with highly enhanced photon flux are expected to significantly advance attosecond metrology and spectroscopy and broaden their range of applications.

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References

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M. Drescher, M. Hentschel, R. Kienberger, G. Tempea, C. Spielmann, G. A. Reider, P. B. Corkum, and F. Krausz, “X-ray pulses approaching the attosecond frontier,” Science 291(5510), 1923–1927 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
A. L. Cavalieri, N. Müller, T. Uphues, V. S. Yakovlev, A. Baltuška, B. Horvath, B. Schmidt, L. Blümel, R. Holzwarth, S. Hendel, M. Drescher, U. Kleineberg, P. M. Echenique, R. Kienberger, F. Krausz, and U. Heinzmann, “Attosecond spectroscopy in condensed matter,” Nature 449(7165), 1029–1032 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
M. Uiberacker, Th. Uphues, M. Schultze, A. J. Verhoef, V. Yakovlev, M. F. Kling, J. Rauschenberger, N. M. Kabachnik, H. Schröder, M. Lezius, K. L. Kompa, H.-G. Muller, M. J. J. Vrakking, S. Hendel, U. Kleineberg, U. Heinzmann, M. Drescher, and F. Krausz, “Attosecond real-time observation of electron tunnelling in atoms,” Nature 446(7136), 627–632 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
M. Schultze, M. Fieß, N. Karpowicz, J. Gagnon, M. Korbman, M. Hofstetter, S. Neppl, A. L. Cavalieri, Y. Komninos, Th. Mercouris, C. A. Nicolaides, R. Pazourek, S. Nagele, J. Feist, J. Burgdörfer, A. M. Azzeer, R. Ernstorfer, R. Kienberger, U. Kleineberg, E. Goulielmakis, F. Krausz, and V. S. Yakovlev, “Delay in photoemission,” Science 328(5986), 1658–1662 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
E. Goulielmakis, Z. H. Loh, A. Wirth, R. Santra, N. Rohringer, V. S. Yakovlev, S. Zherebtsov, T. Pfeifer, A. M. Azzeer, M. F. Kling, S. R. Leone, and F. Krausz, “Real-time observation of valence electron motion,” Nature 466(7307), 739–743 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
A. Wonisch, U. Neuhäusler, N. M. Kabachnik, T. Uphues, M. Uiberacker, V. Yakovlev, F. Krausz, M. Drescher, U. Kleineberg, and U. Heinzmann, “Design, fabrication, and analysis of chirped multilayer mirrors for reflection of extreme-ultraviolet attosecond pulses,” Appl. Opt. 45(17), 4147–4156 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
A.-S. Morlens, P. Balcou, P. Zeitoun, C. Valentin, V. Laude, and S. Kazamias, “Compression of attosecond harmonic pulses by extreme-ultraviolet chirped mirrors,” Opt. Lett. 30(12), 1554–1556 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
M. Suman, G. Monaco, M.-G. Pelizzo, D. L. Windt, and P. Nicolosi, “Realization and characterization of an XUV multilayer coating for attosecond pulses,” Opt. Express 17(10), 7922–7932 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
M. Hentschel, R. Kienberger, Ch. Spielmann, G. A. Reider, N. Milosevic, T. Brabec, P. Corkum, U. Heinzmann, M. Drescher, and F. Krausz, “Attosecond metrology,” Nature 414(6863), 509–513 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
I. P. Christov, M. M. Murnane, and H. C. Kapteyn, “High-Harmonic Generation of Attosecond Pulses in the “Single-Cycle” Regime,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 78(7), 1251–1254 (1997).
[Crossref]
R. Kienberger, E. Goulielmakis, M. Uiberacker, A. Baltuška, V. Yakovlev, F. Bammer, A. Scrinzi, Th. Westerwalbesloh, U. Kleineberg, U. Heinzmann, M. Drescher, and F. Krausz, “Atomic transient recorder,” Nature 427(6977), 817–821 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
F. Krausz and M. Ivanov, “Attosecond physics,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 81(1), 163–234 (2009).
[Crossref]
E. Goulielmakis, M. Uiberacker, R. Kienberger, A. Baltuška, V. Yakovlev, A. Scrinzi, Th. Westerwalbesloh, U. Kleineberg, U. Heinzmann, M. Drescher, and F. Krausz, “Direct measurement of light waves,” Science 305(5688), 1267–1269 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
V. Pervak, A. V. Tikhonravov, M. K. Trubetskov, S. Naumov, F. Krausz, and A. Apolonski, “1.5-octave chirped mirror for pulse compression down to sub-3 fs,” Appl. Phys. B 87(1), 5–12 (2007).
[Crossref]
E. Gustafsson, T. Ruchon, M. Swoboda, T. Remetter, E. Pourtal, R. López-Martens, Ph. Balcou, and A. L’Huillier, “Broadband attosecond pulse shaping,” Opt. Lett. 32(11), 1353–1355 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
R. López-Martens, K. Varjú, P. Johnsson, J. Mauritsson, Y. Mairesse, P. Salières, M. B. Gaarde, K. J. Schafer, A. Persson, S. Svanberg, C.-G. Wahlström, and A. L’huillier, “Amplitude and phase control of attosecond light pulses,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 94(3), 033001 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
G. Sansone, E. Benedetti, F. Calegari, C. Vozzi, L. Avaldi, R. Flammini, L. Poletto, P. Villoresi, C. Altucci, R. Velotta, S. Stagira, S. De Silvestri, and M. Nisoli, “Isolated single-cycle attosecond pulses,” Science 314(5798), 443–446 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
E. Goulielmakis, M. Schultze, M. Hofstetter, V. S. Yakovlev, J. Gagnon, M. Uiberacker, A. L. Aquila, E. M. Gullikson, D. T. Attwood, R. Kienberger, F. Krausz, and U. Kleineberg, “Single-cycle nonlinear optics,” Science 320(5883), 1614–1617 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
M. Drescher, M. Hentschel, R. Kienberger, M. Uiberacker, V. Yakovlev, A. Scrinzi, Th. Westerwalbesloh, U. Kleineberg, U. Heinzmann, and F. Krausz, “Time-resolved atomic inner-shell spectroscopy,” Nature 419(6909), 803–807 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
Y. Ménesguen, S. de Rossi, E. Meltchakov, and F. Delmotte, “Aperiodic multilayer mirrors for efficient broadband reflection in the extreme ultraviolet,” Appl. Phys., A Mater. Sci. Process. 98(2), 305–309 (2010).
[Crossref]
M. Hofstetter, M. Schultze, M. Fieß, A. Guggenmos, J. Gagnon, E. Magerl, E. Botschafter, R. Ernstorfer, R. Kienberger, E. M. Gullikson, F. Krausz, and U. Kleineberg, “First attosecond pulse control by multilayer mirrors above 100 eV photon energy,“ in Ultrafast Phenomena XVII, 11.17, M. Chergui, D. Jonas, E. Riedle, B. Schönlein, A. Taylor (Oxford University Press, New York, 2010).
A. V. Tikhonravov, M. K. Trubetskov, and G. W. DeBell, “Optical coating design approaches based on the needle optimization technique,” Appl. Opt. 46(5), 704–710 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
B. L. Henke, E. M. Gullikson, and J. C. Davis, “X-ray interactions: photoabsorption, scattering, transmission, and reflection at E=50-30000 eV, Z=1-92,” At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 54(2), 181–342 (1993).
[Crossref]
E. M. Gullikson, J. H. Underwood, P. Batson, and V. Nikitin, “A soft x-ray/EUV reflectometer based on a laser produced plasma source,” J. XRay Sci. Technol. 3(4), 283–299 (1992).
[PubMed]
A. Aquila, F. Salmassi, and E. Gullikson, “Metrologies for the phase characterization of attosecond extreme ultraviolet optics,” Opt. Lett. 33(5), 455–457 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
M. Kitzler, N. Milosevic, A. Scrinzi, F. Krausz, and T. Brabec, “Quantum theory of attosecond XUV pulse measurement by laser dressed photoionization,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 88(17), 173904 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
R. Kienberger, M. Hentschel, M. Uiberacker, Ch. Spielmann, M. Kitzler, A. Scrinzi, M. Wieland, Th. Westerwalbesloh, U. Kleineberg, U. Heinzmann, M. Drescher, and F. Krausz, “Steering attosecond electron wave packets with light,” Science 297(5584), 1144–1148 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
M. Schultze, E. Goulielmakis, M. Uiberacker, M. Hofstetter, J. Kim, D. Kim, F. Krausz, and U. Kleineberg, “Powerful 170-attosecond XUV pulses generated with few-cycle laser pulses and broadband multilayer optics,” N. J. Phys. 9(7), 243 (2007).
[Crossref]
M. Fieß, M. Schultze, E. Goulielmakis, B. Dennhardt, J. Gagnon, M. Hofstetter, R. Kienberger, and F. Krausz, “Versatile apparatus for attosecond metrology and spectroscopy,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 81, 1 (2010).
[Crossref]
R. Trebino, K. W. DeLong, D. N. Fittinghoff, J. N. Sweetser, M. A. Krumbügel, B. A. Richman, and D. J. Kane, “Measuring ultrashort laser pulses in the time-frequency domain using frequency-resolved optical gating,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 68(9), 3277 (1997).
[Crossref]
A download link of the program can be found at http://www.attoworld.de/Home/ourResearch/Downloads/index.html
Y. Mairesse, A. de Bohan, L. J. Frasinski, H. Merdji, L. C. Dinu, P. Monchicourt, P. Breger, M. Kovačev, R. Taïeb, B. Carré, H. G. Muller, P. Agostini, and P. Salières, “Attosecond synchronization of high-harmonic soft x-rays,” Science 302(5650), 1540–1543 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
J. Gagnon, E. Goulielmakis, and V. S. Yakovlev, “The accurate FROG characterization of attosecond pulses from streaking measurements,” Appl. Phys. B 92(1), 25–32 (2008).
[Crossref]
J. Gagnon and V. S. Yakovlev, “The robustness of attosecond streaking measurements,” Opt. Express 17(20), 17678–17693 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
L. Y. Peng, F. Tan, Q. Gong, E. A. Pronin, and A. F. Starace, “Few-cycle attosecond pulse chirp effects on asymmetries in ionized electron momentum distributions,” Phys. Rev. A 80(1), 013407 (2009).
[Crossref]
V. S. Yakovlev, J. Gagnon, N. Karpowicz, and F. Krausz, “Attosecond streaking enables the measurement of quantum phase,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 105(7), 073001 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
Y. Li, J. Lewellen, Z. Huang, V. Sajaev, and S. V. Milton, “Time-resolved measurement of a self-amplified free-electron laser,” NIM A 507(1-2), 413–416 (2003).
[Crossref]

2010 (5)

M. Schultze, M. Fieß, N. Karpowicz, J. Gagnon, M. Korbman, M. Hofstetter, S. Neppl, A. L. Cavalieri, Y. Komninos, Th. Mercouris, C. A. Nicolaides, R. Pazourek, S. Nagele, J. Feist, J. Burgdörfer, A. M. Azzeer, R. Ernstorfer, R. Kienberger, U. Kleineberg, E. Goulielmakis, F. Krausz, and V. S. Yakovlev, “Delay in photoemission,” Science 328(5986), 1658–1662 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

E. Goulielmakis, Z. H. Loh, A. Wirth, R. Santra, N. Rohringer, V. S. Yakovlev, S. Zherebtsov, T. Pfeifer, A. M. Azzeer, M. F. Kling, S. R. Leone, and F. Krausz, “Real-time observation of valence electron motion,” Nature 466(7307), 739–743 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. Ménesguen, S. de Rossi, E. Meltchakov, and F. Delmotte, “Aperiodic multilayer mirrors for efficient broadband reflection in the extreme ultraviolet,” Appl. Phys., A Mater. Sci. Process. 98(2), 305–309 (2010).
[Crossref]

M. Fieß, M. Schultze, E. Goulielmakis, B. Dennhardt, J. Gagnon, M. Hofstetter, R. Kienberger, and F. Krausz, “Versatile apparatus for attosecond metrology and spectroscopy,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 81, 1 (2010).
[Crossref]

V. S. Yakovlev, J. Gagnon, N. Karpowicz, and F. Krausz, “Attosecond streaking enables the measurement of quantum phase,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 105(7), 073001 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2009 (4)

J. Gagnon and V. S. Yakovlev, “The robustness of attosecond streaking measurements,” Opt. Express 17(20), 17678–17693 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

L. Y. Peng, F. Tan, Q. Gong, E. A. Pronin, and A. F. Starace, “Few-cycle attosecond pulse chirp effects on asymmetries in ionized electron momentum distributions,” Phys. Rev. A 80(1), 013407 (2009).
[Crossref]

M. Suman, G. Monaco, M.-G. Pelizzo, D. L. Windt, and P. Nicolosi, “Realization and characterization of an XUV multilayer coating for attosecond pulses,” Opt. Express 17(10), 7922–7932 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

F. Krausz and M. Ivanov, “Attosecond physics,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 81(1), 163–234 (2009).
[Crossref]

2008 (3)

E. Goulielmakis, M. Schultze, M. Hofstetter, V. S. Yakovlev, J. Gagnon, M. Uiberacker, A. L. Aquila, E. M. Gullikson, D. T. Attwood, R. Kienberger, F. Krausz, and U. Kleineberg, “Single-cycle nonlinear optics,” Science 320(5883), 1614–1617 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Gagnon, E. Goulielmakis, and V. S. Yakovlev, “The accurate FROG characterization of attosecond pulses from streaking measurements,” Appl. Phys. B 92(1), 25–32 (2008).
[Crossref]

A. Aquila, F. Salmassi, and E. Gullikson, “Metrologies for the phase characterization of attosecond extreme ultraviolet optics,” Opt. Lett. 33(5), 455–457 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2007 (6)

M. Schultze, E. Goulielmakis, M. Uiberacker, M. Hofstetter, J. Kim, D. Kim, F. Krausz, and U. Kleineberg, “Powerful 170-attosecond XUV pulses generated with few-cycle laser pulses and broadband multilayer optics,” N. J. Phys. 9(7), 243 (2007).
[Crossref]

A. V. Tikhonravov, M. K. Trubetskov, and G. W. DeBell, “Optical coating design approaches based on the needle optimization technique,” Appl. Opt. 46(5), 704–710 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

V. Pervak, A. V. Tikhonravov, M. K. Trubetskov, S. Naumov, F. Krausz, and A. Apolonski, “1.5-octave chirped mirror for pulse compression down to sub-3 fs,” Appl. Phys. B 87(1), 5–12 (2007).
[Crossref]

E. Gustafsson, T. Ruchon, M. Swoboda, T. Remetter, E. Pourtal, R. López-Martens, Ph. Balcou, and A. L’Huillier, “Broadband attosecond pulse shaping,” Opt. Lett. 32(11), 1353–1355 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. L. Cavalieri, N. Müller, T. Uphues, V. S. Yakovlev, A. Baltuška, B. Horvath, B. Schmidt, L. Blümel, R. Holzwarth, S. Hendel, M. Drescher, U. Kleineberg, P. M. Echenique, R. Kienberger, F. Krausz, and U. Heinzmann, “Attosecond spectroscopy in condensed matter,” Nature 449(7165), 1029–1032 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Uiberacker, Th. Uphues, M. Schultze, A. J. Verhoef, V. Yakovlev, M. F. Kling, J. Rauschenberger, N. M. Kabachnik, H. Schröder, M. Lezius, K. L. Kompa, H.-G. Muller, M. J. J. Vrakking, S. Hendel, U. Kleineberg, U. Heinzmann, M. Drescher, and F. Krausz, “Attosecond real-time observation of electron tunnelling in atoms,” Nature 446(7136), 627–632 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2006 (2)

A. Wonisch, U. Neuhäusler, N. M. Kabachnik, T. Uphues, M. Uiberacker, V. Yakovlev, F. Krausz, M. Drescher, U. Kleineberg, and U. Heinzmann, “Design, fabrication, and analysis of chirped multilayer mirrors for reflection of extreme-ultraviolet attosecond pulses,” Appl. Opt. 45(17), 4147–4156 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

G. Sansone, E. Benedetti, F. Calegari, C. Vozzi, L. Avaldi, R. Flammini, L. Poletto, P. Villoresi, C. Altucci, R. Velotta, S. Stagira, S. De Silvestri, and M. Nisoli, “Isolated single-cycle attosecond pulses,” Science 314(5798), 443–446 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2005 (2)

A.-S. Morlens, P. Balcou, P. Zeitoun, C. Valentin, V. Laude, and S. Kazamias, “Compression of attosecond harmonic pulses by extreme-ultraviolet chirped mirrors,” Opt. Lett. 30(12), 1554–1556 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

R. López-Martens, K. Varjú, P. Johnsson, J. Mauritsson, Y. Mairesse, P. Salières, M. B. Gaarde, K. J. Schafer, A. Persson, S. Svanberg, C.-G. Wahlström, and A. L’huillier, “Amplitude and phase control of attosecond light pulses,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 94(3), 033001 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2004 (2)

E. Goulielmakis, M. Uiberacker, R. Kienberger, A. Baltuška, V. Yakovlev, A. Scrinzi, Th. Westerwalbesloh, U. Kleineberg, U. Heinzmann, M. Drescher, and F. Krausz, “Direct measurement of light waves,” Science 305(5688), 1267–1269 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

R. Kienberger, E. Goulielmakis, M. Uiberacker, A. Baltuška, V. Yakovlev, F. Bammer, A. Scrinzi, Th. Westerwalbesloh, U. Kleineberg, U. Heinzmann, M. Drescher, and F. Krausz, “Atomic transient recorder,” Nature 427(6977), 817–821 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2003 (2)

Y. Mairesse, A. de Bohan, L. J. Frasinski, H. Merdji, L. C. Dinu, P. Monchicourt, P. Breger, M. Kovačev, R. Taïeb, B. Carré, H. G. Muller, P. Agostini, and P. Salières, “Attosecond synchronization of high-harmonic soft x-rays,” Science 302(5650), 1540–1543 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. Li, J. Lewellen, Z. Huang, V. Sajaev, and S. V. Milton, “Time-resolved measurement of a self-amplified free-electron laser,” NIM A 507(1-2), 413–416 (2003).
[Crossref]

2002 (3)

M. Kitzler, N. Milosevic, A. Scrinzi, F. Krausz, and T. Brabec, “Quantum theory of attosecond XUV pulse measurement by laser dressed photoionization,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 88(17), 173904 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

R. Kienberger, M. Hentschel, M. Uiberacker, Ch. Spielmann, M. Kitzler, A. Scrinzi, M. Wieland, Th. Westerwalbesloh, U. Kleineberg, U. Heinzmann, M. Drescher, and F. Krausz, “Steering attosecond electron wave packets with light,” Science 297(5584), 1144–1148 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Drescher, M. Hentschel, R. Kienberger, M. Uiberacker, V. Yakovlev, A. Scrinzi, Th. Westerwalbesloh, U. Kleineberg, U. Heinzmann, and F. Krausz, “Time-resolved atomic inner-shell spectroscopy,” Nature 419(6909), 803–807 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2001 (2)

M. Drescher, M. Hentschel, R. Kienberger, G. Tempea, C. Spielmann, G. A. Reider, P. B. Corkum, and F. Krausz, “X-ray pulses approaching the attosecond frontier,” Science 291(5510), 1923–1927 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Hentschel, R. Kienberger, Ch. Spielmann, G. A. Reider, N. Milosevic, T. Brabec, P. Corkum, U. Heinzmann, M. Drescher, and F. Krausz, “Attosecond metrology,” Nature 414(6863), 509–513 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1997 (2)

I. P. Christov, M. M. Murnane, and H. C. Kapteyn, “High-Harmonic Generation of Attosecond Pulses in the “Single-Cycle” Regime,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 78(7), 1251–1254 (1997).
[Crossref]

R. Trebino, K. W. DeLong, D. N. Fittinghoff, J. N. Sweetser, M. A. Krumbügel, B. A. Richman, and D. J. Kane, “Measuring ultrashort laser pulses in the time-frequency domain using frequency-resolved optical gating,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 68(9), 3277 (1997).
[Crossref]

1993 (1)

B. L. Henke, E. M. Gullikson, and J. C. Davis, “X-ray interactions: photoabsorption, scattering, transmission, and reflection at E=50-30000 eV, Z=1-92,” At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 54(2), 181–342 (1993).
[Crossref]

1992 (1)

E. M. Gullikson, J. H. Underwood, P. Batson, and V. Nikitin, “A soft x-ray/EUV reflectometer based on a laser produced plasma source,” J. XRay Sci. Technol. 3(4), 283–299 (1992).
[PubMed]

Agostini, P.

Altucci, C.

Apolonski, A.

Aquila, A.

A. Aquila, F. Salmassi, and E. Gullikson, “Metrologies for the phase characterization of attosecond extreme ultraviolet optics,” Opt. Lett. 33(5), 455–457 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Aquila, A. L.

Attwood, D. T.

Avaldi, L.

Azzeer, A. M.

Balcou, P.

Balcou, Ph.

Baltuška, A.

Bammer, F.

Batson, P.

E. M. Gullikson, J. H. Underwood, P. Batson, and V. Nikitin, “A soft x-ray/EUV reflectometer based on a laser produced plasma source,” J. XRay Sci. Technol. 3(4), 283–299 (1992).
[PubMed]

Benedetti, E.

Blümel, L.

Brabec, T.

Breger, P.

Burgdörfer, J.

Calegari, F.

Carré, B.

Cavalieri, A. L.

Christov, I. P.

I. P. Christov, M. M. Murnane, and H. C. Kapteyn, “High-Harmonic Generation of Attosecond Pulses in the “Single-Cycle” Regime,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 78(7), 1251–1254 (1997).
[Crossref]

Corkum, P.

Corkum, P. B.

Davis, J. C.

de Bohan, A.

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J. Gagnon and V. S. Yakovlev, “The robustness of attosecond streaking measurements,” Opt. Express 17(20), 17678–17693 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Gagnon, E. Goulielmakis, and V. S. Yakovlev, “The accurate FROG characterization of attosecond pulses from streaking measurements,” Appl. Phys. B 92(1), 25–32 (2008).
[Crossref]

Gong, Q.

Goulielmakis, E.

J. Gagnon, E. Goulielmakis, and V. S. Yakovlev, “The accurate FROG characterization of attosecond pulses from streaking measurements,” Appl. Phys. B 92(1), 25–32 (2008).
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Gullikson, E.

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[Crossref] [PubMed]

Gullikson, E. M.

E. M. Gullikson, J. H. Underwood, P. Batson, and V. Nikitin, “A soft x-ray/EUV reflectometer based on a laser produced plasma source,” J. XRay Sci. Technol. 3(4), 283–299 (1992).
[PubMed]

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I. P. Christov, M. M. Murnane, and H. C. Kapteyn, “High-Harmonic Generation of Attosecond Pulses in the “Single-Cycle” Regime,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 78(7), 1251–1254 (1997).
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V. S. Yakovlev, J. Gagnon, N. Karpowicz, and F. Krausz, “Attosecond streaking enables the measurement of quantum phase,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 105(7), 073001 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

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V. S. Yakovlev, J. Gagnon, N. Karpowicz, and F. Krausz, “Attosecond streaking enables the measurement of quantum phase,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 105(7), 073001 (2010).
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Y. Li, J. Lewellen, Z. Huang, V. Sajaev, and S. V. Milton, “Time-resolved measurement of a self-amplified free-electron laser,” NIM A 507(1-2), 413–416 (2003).
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Y. Li, J. Lewellen, Z. Huang, V. Sajaev, and S. V. Milton, “Time-resolved measurement of a self-amplified free-electron laser,” NIM A 507(1-2), 413–416 (2003).
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Spielmann, Ch.

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Trubetskov, M. K.

A. V. Tikhonravov, M. K. Trubetskov, and G. W. DeBell, “Optical coating design approaches based on the needle optimization technique,” Appl. Opt. 46(5), 704–710 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Uiberacker, M.

Underwood, J. H.

E. M. Gullikson, J. H. Underwood, P. Batson, and V. Nikitin, “A soft x-ray/EUV reflectometer based on a laser produced plasma source,” J. XRay Sci. Technol. 3(4), 283–299 (1992).
[PubMed]

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Uphues, Th.

Valentin, C.

Varjú, K.

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Wahlström, C.-G.

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Yakovlev, V.

Yakovlev, V. S.

V. S. Yakovlev, J. Gagnon, N. Karpowicz, and F. Krausz, “Attosecond streaking enables the measurement of quantum phase,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 105(7), 073001 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Gagnon and V. S. Yakovlev, “The robustness of attosecond streaking measurements,” Opt. Express 17(20), 17678–17693 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Gagnon, E. Goulielmakis, and V. S. Yakovlev, “The accurate FROG characterization of attosecond pulses from streaking measurements,” Appl. Phys. B 92(1), 25–32 (2008).
[Crossref]

Zeitoun, P.

Zherebtsov, S.

Appl. Opt. (2)

A. V. Tikhonravov, M. K. Trubetskov, and G. W. DeBell, “Optical coating design approaches based on the needle optimization technique,” Appl. Opt. 46(5), 704–710 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Appl. Phys. B (2)

J. Gagnon, E. Goulielmakis, and V. S. Yakovlev, “The accurate FROG characterization of attosecond pulses from streaking measurements,” Appl. Phys. B 92(1), 25–32 (2008).
[Crossref]

Appl. Phys., A Mater. Sci. Process. (1)

At. Data Nucl. Data Tables (1)

J. XRay Sci. Technol. (1)

E. M. Gullikson, J. H. Underwood, P. Batson, and V. Nikitin, “A soft x-ray/EUV reflectometer based on a laser produced plasma source,” J. XRay Sci. Technol. 3(4), 283–299 (1992).
[PubMed]

N. J. Phys. (1)

Nature (6)

NIM A (1)

Y. Li, J. Lewellen, Z. Huang, V. Sajaev, and S. V. Milton, “Time-resolved measurement of a self-amplified free-electron laser,” NIM A 507(1-2), 413–416 (2003).
[Crossref]

Opt. Express (2)

J. Gagnon and V. S. Yakovlev, “The robustness of attosecond streaking measurements,” Opt. Express 17(20), 17678–17693 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Opt. Lett. (3)

A. Aquila, F. Salmassi, and E. Gullikson, “Metrologies for the phase characterization of attosecond extreme ultraviolet optics,” Opt. Lett. 33(5), 455–457 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Phys. Rev. A (1)

Phys. Rev. Lett. (4)

V. S. Yakovlev, J. Gagnon, N. Karpowicz, and F. Krausz, “Attosecond streaking enables the measurement of quantum phase,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 105(7), 073001 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

I. P. Christov, M. M. Murnane, and H. C. Kapteyn, “High-Harmonic Generation of Attosecond Pulses in the “Single-Cycle” Regime,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 78(7), 1251–1254 (1997).
[Crossref]

Rev. Mod. Phys. (1)

F. Krausz and M. Ivanov, “Attosecond physics,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 81(1), 163–234 (2009).
[Crossref]

Rev. Sci. Instrum. (2)

Science (7)

Other (2)

M. Hofstetter, M. Schultze, M. Fieß, A. Guggenmos, J. Gagnon, E. Magerl, E. Botschafter, R. Ernstorfer, R. Kienberger, E. M. Gullikson, F. Krausz, and U. Kleineberg, “First attosecond pulse control by multilayer mirrors above 100 eV photon energy,“ in Ultrafast Phenomena XVII, 11.17, M. Chergui, D. Jonas, E. Riedle, B. Schönlein, A. Taylor (Oxford University Press, New York, 2010).

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Fig. 1

Operational principle of XUV chirped multilayers: Calculated square of the electric field amplitude of the standing wave formed in the multilayer structure upon reflection in the 94–133 eV photon energy range, normalized to that of the incident wave. Following the energy dependent maxima of the standing field, it is obvious that the penetration depth is wavelength dependent. Thus the mirrors introduce positive (a) and negative (b) chirp, resulting in an increasing and decreasing group delay for increasing photon energy respectively as the energy-dependent penetration depth signifies as depicted by the coloured arrows. The multilayer structure assumed here resembles the experimentally realized a-periodic multilayer mirrors as displayed in Fig. 2 (a/d) and (c/f).

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Fig. 2

Characteristics of XUV chirped multilayer coatings designed and manufactured for the experiments: Set of XUV multilayers with positive (a), near zero (b) and negative (c) group delay dispersion. The diagrams compare the measured (solid black) with the designed (dotted green) reflectivity curves. The calculated group delays (derivative of the spectral phase with respect to angular frequency) are also displayed (dashed red curve). The transmittivity of a 150-nm palladium foil is additionally qualitatively plotted in panel (b), depicted by the blue dash-dotted line. The lower panels (d), (e) and (f) show the corresponding mirror-designs of the appropriate mirrors above. Each colour represents one material as explained by the legend in 2(e).

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Fig. 3

Measured and retrieved attosecond electron streaking spectrograms, upper and lower row, respectively. Panels (a)-(c) and (d)-(f) display spectrograms recorded with attosecond pulses reflected off the mirrors described in Fig. 2(a)–2(c), respectively. The energy shift in the recorded spectra is proportional to the vector potential A_L(t) of the streaking laser field at the instant of photoemission, hence the dependence of this energy shift on the delay between the attosecond XUV pulse and the NIR laser field reflects the temporal evolution of the NIR laser field’s vector potential, A_L(t). Narrowing and broadening in the streaked electron spectra at the zero crossings is displayed by enhanced and diminished electron count rates, respectively. The small insets show the energy calibrated raw data before subtraction of the background.

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Fig. 4

Qualitative analysis of attosecond streak images of a linearly negatively-chirped attosecond pulse. For explanation, see text.

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Fig. 5

Retrieved spectral and temporal characteristics of the attosecond XUV pulse, upper row and lower row, respectively. Panels (a), (b) and (c) display the intensity spectrum (green dotted line) and group delay (red dashed line) of the attosecond XUV pulse reflected off the mirrors described in Fig. 2(a), 2(b), and 2(c), respectively, as retrieved from the measured streaking spectrograms shown in Fig. 3(a), 3(b), and 3(c), respectively. The black full lines depict the corresponding XUV spectra measured directly with an XUV spectrometer. The evaluated effective group-delay dispersions weighted by the final spectral XUV intensity are also shown. Panels (d), (e), (f) show the temporal intensity profile (black line) and temporal phase (red dashed line) retrieved from the streaking spectrograms of Fig. 3(a), 3(b), and 3(c), respectively. The XUV pulse duration (full width at intensity half maximum) has been evaluated and is displayed at the bottom of each panel.

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Tables (1)

Table 1 Comparison of XUV mirror designed and FROG retrieved pulse parameters*

View Table

	Positive GDD mirror	Zero GDD mirror	Negative GDD mirror
GDD design goal	D₍₊₎ = 19.5x10³ as ²	D₍₀₎ = -0.5x10³ as ²	D_(-) = -14x10³ as ²
FROG retrieved GDD	D₍₊₎ = 16x10³ as ²	D₍₀₎ = 1.5x10³ as ²	D_(-) = -7.5x10³ as ²
FROG retrieved pulse duration (Fourier limit)	τ₍₊₎ = 280 as (200 as)	τ₍₀₎ = 170 as (165 as)	τ_(-) = 200 as (175 as)