Investigation of the electronic and physical properties of defect structures responsible for laser-induced damage in DKDP crystals

Stavros G. Demos; Paul DeMange; Raluca A. Negres; Michael D. Feit

doi:10.1364/OE.18.013788

Investigation of the electronic and physical properties of defect structures responsible for laser-induced damage in DKDP crystals

Stavros G. Demos, Paul DeMange, Raluca A. Negres, and Michael D. Feit

Optics Express
Vol. 18,
Issue 13,
pp. 13788-13804
(2010)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.18.013788

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Stavros G. Demos, Paul DeMange, Raluca A. Negres, and Michael D. Feit, "Investigation of the electronic and physical properties of defect structures responsible for laser-induced damage in DKDP crystals," Opt. Express 18, 13788-13804 (2010)

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Related Topics
Table of Contents Category
- Lasers and Laser Optics
Optics & Photonics Topics
?

The topics in this list come from the OSA Optics and Photonics Topics applied to this article.
Previously assigned OCIS codes
- Laser damage (140.3330)
- Nonlinear optical materials (160.4330)

About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: April 7, 2010
- Revised Manuscript: May 11, 2010
- Manuscript Accepted: May 13, 2010
- Published: June 11, 2010

Accessible

Open Access

Abstract

Laser-induced damage at near operational laser excitation conditions can limit the performance of potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH₂PO₄, or KDP) and its deuterated analog (DKDP) which are currently the only nonlinear optical materials suitable for use in large-aperture laser systems. This process has been attributed to pre-existing damage precursors that were incorporated or formed during growth that have not yet been identified. In this work, we present a novel experimental approach to probe the electronic structure of the damage precursors. The results are modeled assuming a multi-level electronic structure that includes a bottleneck for 532 nm excitation. This model reproduces our experimental observations as well as other well-documented behaviors of laser damage in KDP crystals. Comparison of the electronic structure of known defects in KDP with this model allows for identification of a specific class that we postulate may be the constituent defects in the damage precursors. The experimental results also provide evidence regarding the physical parameters affecting the ability of individual damage precursors to initiate damage, such as their size and defect density; these parameters were found to vary significantly between KDP materials that exhibit different damage performance characteristics.

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References

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[Crossref]
P. DeMange, R. A. Negres, C. W. Carr, H. B. Radousky, and S. G. Demos, “Laser-induced defect reactions governing damage initiation in DKDP crystals,” Opt. Express 14(12), 5313–5328 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
P. DeMange, C. W. Carr, R. A. Negres, H. B. Radousky, and S. G. Demos, “Laser annealing characteristics of multiple bulk defect populations within DKDP crystals,” J. Appl. Phys. 104(10), 103103 (2008).
[Crossref]
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[Crossref]
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[Crossref]
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[Crossref] [PubMed]
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[Crossref]
P. DeMange, R. A. Negres, A. M. Rubenchik, H. B. Radousky, M. D. Feit, and S. G. Demos, “Understanding and predicting the damage performance of KDxH2-xPO4 crystals under simultaneous exposure to 532- and 355-nm pulses,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89(18), 181922 (2006).
[Crossref]
P. DeMange, R. A. Negres, A. M. Rubenchik, H. B. Radousky, M. D. Feit, and S. G. Demos, “The energy coupling efficiency of multi-wavelength laser pulses to damage initiating defects in DKDP nonlinear crystals,” J. Appl. Phys. 103(8), 083122 (2008).
[Crossref]
P. DeMange, C. W. Carr, H. B. Radousky, and S. G. Demos, “System for evaluation of laser-induced damage performance of optical materials for large aperture lasers,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 75(10), 3298–3301 (2004).
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[Crossref]
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[Crossref]
M. D. Feit, A. M. Rubenchik, and J. B. Trenholme, “Simple model of laser damage initiation and conditioning in frequency conversion crystals,” Proc. SPIE 5991, 59910W (2005).
[Crossref]
J. J. Adams, T. L. Weiland, J. R. Stanley, W. D. Sell, R. L. Luthi, J. L. Vickers, C. W. Carr, M. D. Feit, A. M. Rubenchik, M. L. Spaeth, and R. P. Hackel, “Pulse length dependence of laser conditioning and bulk damage in KH2PO4,” Proc. SPIE 5647, 265–278 (2005).
[Crossref]
S. Reyné, G. Duchateau, J.-Y. Natoli, and L. Lamaignere, “Pump-pump experiment in KH2PO4 crystals: Coupling two different wavelengths to identify the laser-induced damage mechanisms in the nanosecond regime,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 96(12), 121102 (2010).
[Crossref]
M. L. Spaeth, K. Manes, Z. M. Liao, J. J. Adams, C. W. Carr, ”Predicting laser-induced bulk damage for deuterated potassium dihydrogen phosphate crystals using ADM (absorption distribution model),” submitted for publication.
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[Crossref]
C. S. Liu, N. Kioussis, S. G. Demos, and H. B. Radousky, “Ab initio electronic structure calculations of hydrogen point defects in KH2PO4,” Phys. Rev. B 68(22), 224107 (2003).
[Crossref]
C. S. Liu, N. Kioussis, S. G. Demos, and H. B. Radousky, “Electron or hole-assisted reactions of H defects in hydrogen-bonded KDP,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 91(1), 015505 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
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[Crossref]
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[Crossref]
M. Jupé, L. Jensen, A. Melninkaitis, V. Sirutkaitis, and D. Ristau, “Calculations and experimental demonstration of multi-photon absorption governing fs laser-induced damage in titania,” Opt. Express 17(15), 12269–12278 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
S. I. Kudryashov and V. I. Emelyanov, “Band Gap Collapse and Ultrafast Cold Melting of Silicon during Femtosecond Laser Pulse,” JETP Lett. 73(5), 228–231 (2001).
[Crossref]
Z. L. Xia, D. G. Deng, Z. X. Fan, and J. D. Shao, “Development in laser induced extrinsic absorption damage mechanism of dielectric films,” Chin. Phys. Lett. 23(8), 2179–2182 (2006).
[Crossref]
M. Rini, R. Tobey, N. Dean, J. Itatani, Y. Tomioka, Y. Tokura, R. W. Schoenlein, and A. Cavalleri, “Control of the electronic phase of a manganite by mode-selective vibrational excitation,” Nature 449(7158), 72–74 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
J. Bude, G. Guss, M. Matthews, and M. L. Spaeth, “The effect of lattice temperature on surface damage in fused silica optics,” Proc. SPIE 6720, 672009 (2007).
[Crossref]
S. G. Demos, M. Staggs, J. J. De Yoreo, and H. B. Radousky, “Imaging of laser-induced reactions of individual defect nanoclusters,” Opt. Lett. 26(24), 1975–1977 (2001).
[Crossref]
S. G. Demos, M. Staggs, and H. B. Radousky, “Investigation of bulk defect formations in KH2PO4 crystals using fluorescence microscopy,” Phys. Rev. B 67(22), 224102 (2003).
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[Crossref]
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G. Duchateau, “Simple models for laser-induced damage and conditioning of potassium dihydrogen phosphate crystals by nanosecond pulses,” Opt. Express 17(13), 10434–10456 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
R. A. Negres, N. P. Zaitseva, P. DeMange, and S. G. Demos, “Expedited laser damage profiling of KDxH(2-x)PO4 with respect to crystal growth parameters,” Opt. Lett. 31(21), 3110–3112 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
L. Liang, Z. Xian, S. Xun, and S. Xueqin, “Sulfate may play an important role in the wavelength dependence of laser induced damage,” Opt. Express 14(25), 12196–12198 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
R. A. Negres, C. K. Saw, P. Demange, and S. G. Demos, “Laser damage performance of KD2-xHxPO4 crystals following X-ray irradiation,” Opt. Express 16(21), 16326–16333 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2010 (1)

S. Reyné, G. Duchateau, J.-Y. Natoli, and L. Lamaignere, “Pump-pump experiment in KH2PO4 crystals: Coupling two different wavelengths to identify the laser-induced damage mechanisms in the nanosecond regime,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 96(12), 121102 (2010).
[Crossref]

2009 (5)

K. J. Kramer, J. F. Latkowski, R. P. Abbott, J. K. Boyd, J. J. Powers, and J. E. Seifried, “Neutron Transport And Nuclear Burnup Analysis For The Laser Inertial Confinement Fusion-Fission Energy (LIFE) Engine,” Fusion Sci. Technol. 56, 625–631 (2009).

E. I. Moses, T. D. de la Rubia, E. Storm, J. F. Latkowski, J. C. Farmer, R. P. Abbott, K. J. Kramer, P. F. Peterson, H. F. Shaw, and R. F. Lehman, “A Sustainable Nuclear Fuel Cycle Based on Laser Inertial Fusion Energy,” Fusion Sci. Technol. 56, 547–565 (2009).

G. Duchateau, “Simple models for laser-induced damage and conditioning of potassium dihydrogen phosphate crystals by nanosecond pulses,” Opt. Express 17(13), 10434–10456 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Jupé, L. Jensen, A. Melninkaitis, V. Sirutkaitis, and D. Ristau, “Calculations and experimental demonstration of multi-photon absorption governing fs laser-induced damage in titania,” Opt. Express 17(15), 12269–12278 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. Reyné, G. Duchateau, J.-Y. Natoli, and L. Lamaignère, “Laser-induced damage of KDP crystals by 1ω nanosecond pulses: influence of crystal orientation,” Opt. Express 17(24), 21652–21665 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2008 (4)

A. Dyan, F. Enguehard, S. Lallich, H. Piombini, and G. Duchateau, “Scaling laws in laser-induced potassium dihydrogen phosphate crystal damage by nanosecond pulses at 3ω,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 25(6), 1087–1095 (2008).
[Crossref]

R. A. Negres, C. K. Saw, P. Demange, and S. G. Demos, “Laser damage performance of KD2-xHxPO4 crystals following X-ray irradiation,” Opt. Express 16(21), 16326–16333 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

P. DeMange, R. A. Negres, A. M. Rubenchik, H. B. Radousky, M. D. Feit, and S. G. Demos, “The energy coupling efficiency of multi-wavelength laser pulses to damage initiating defects in DKDP nonlinear crystals,” J. Appl. Phys. 103(8), 083122 (2008).
[Crossref]

P. DeMange, C. W. Carr, R. A. Negres, H. B. Radousky, and S. G. Demos, “Laser annealing characteristics of multiple bulk defect populations within DKDP crystals,” J. Appl. Phys. 104(10), 103103 (2008).
[Crossref]

2007 (2)

M. Rini, R. Tobey, N. Dean, J. Itatani, Y. Tomioka, Y. Tokura, R. W. Schoenlein, and A. Cavalleri, “Control of the electronic phase of a manganite by mode-selective vibrational excitation,” Nature 449(7158), 72–74 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Bude, G. Guss, M. Matthews, and M. L. Spaeth, “The effect of lattice temperature on surface damage in fused silica optics,” Proc. SPIE 6720, 672009 (2007).
[Crossref]

2006 (7)

Z. L. Xia, D. G. Deng, Z. X. Fan, and J. D. Shao, “Development in laser induced extrinsic absorption damage mechanism of dielectric films,” Chin. Phys. Lett. 23(8), 2179–2182 (2006).
[Crossref]

C. W. Carr, M. D. Feit, M. A. Johnson, and A. M. Rubenchik, “Complex morphology of laser-induced bulk damage in K2H(2-x)DxPO4 crystals,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89(13), 131901 (2006).
[Crossref]

P. DeMange, R. A. Negres, A. M. Rubenchik, H. B. Radousky, M. D. Feit, and S. G. Demos, “Understanding and predicting the damage performance of KDxH2-xPO4 crystals under simultaneous exposure to 532- and 355-nm pulses,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89(18), 181922 (2006).
[Crossref]

P. DeMange, R. A. Negres, C. W. Carr, H. B. Radousky, and S. G. Demos, “Laser-induced defect reactions governing damage initiation in DKDP crystals,” Opt. Express 14(12), 5313–5328 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

R. A. Negres, N. P. Zaitseva, P. DeMange, and S. G. Demos, “Expedited laser damage profiling of KDxH(2-x)PO4 with respect to crystal growth parameters,” Opt. Lett. 31(21), 3110–3112 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

L. Liang, Z. Xian, S. Xun, and S. Xueqin, “Sulfate may play an important role in the wavelength dependence of laser induced damage,” Opt. Express 14(25), 12196–12198 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

P. DeMange, R. A. Negres, H. B. Radousky, and S. G. Demos, “Differentiation of defect populations responsible for bulk laser-induced damage in potassium dihydrogen phosphate crystals,” Opt. Eng. 45(10), 104205 (2006).
[Crossref]

2005 (6)

J. J. Adams, J. R. Bruere, M. Bolourchi, C. W. Carr, M. D. Feit, R. P. Hackel, D. E. Hahn, J. A. Jarboe, L. A. Lane, R. L. Luthi, J. N. McElroy, A. M. Rubenchik, J. R. Stanley, W. D. Sell, J. L. Vickers, T. L. Weiland, and D. A. Willard, “Wavelength and pulselength dependence of laser conditioning and bulk damage in doubler-cut KH2PO4,” Proc. SPIE 5991, 59911R (2005).
[Crossref]

S. Papernov and A. W. Schmid, “Two mechanisms of crater formation in ultraviolet-pulsed-laser irradiated SiO2 thin films with artificial defects,” J. Appl. Phys. 97(11), 114906 (2005).
[Crossref]

M. D. Feit, A. M. Rubenchik, and J. B. Trenholme, “Simple model of laser damage initiation and conditioning in frequency conversion crystals,” Proc. SPIE 5991, 59910W (2005).
[Crossref]

J. J. Adams, T. L. Weiland, J. R. Stanley, W. D. Sell, R. L. Luthi, J. L. Vickers, C. W. Carr, M. D. Feit, A. M. Rubenchik, M. L. Spaeth, and R. P. Hackel, “Pulse length dependence of laser conditioning and bulk damage in KH2PO4,” Proc. SPIE 5647, 265–278 (2005).
[Crossref]

C. Liu, C. Hou, N. Kioussis, S. Demos, and H. Radousky, “Electronic structure calculations of an oxygen vacancy in KH2PO4,” Phys. Rev. B 72(13), 134110 (2005).
[Crossref]

K. Wang, C. Fang, J. Zhang, C. S. Liu, R. I. Boughton, S. Wang, and X. Zhao, “First-principles study of interstitial oxygen in potassium dihydrogen phosphate crystals,” Phys. Rev. B 72(18), 184105 (2005).
[Crossref]

2004 (4)

M. D. Feit and A. M. Rubenchik, “Implications of nanoabsorber initiators for damage probability curves, pulselength scaling, and laser conditioning,” Proc. SPIE 5273, 74–81 (2004).
[Crossref]

P. DeMange, C. W. Carr, H. B. Radousky, and S. G. Demos, “System for evaluation of laser-induced damage performance of optical materials for large aperture lasers,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 75(10), 3298–3301 (2004).
[Crossref]

C. W. Carr, H. B. Radousky, A. M. Rubenchik, M. D. Feit, and S. G. Demos, “Localized dynamics during laser-induced damage in optical materials,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 92(8), 087401 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

G. H. Miller, E. I. Moses, and C. R. Wuest, “The National Ignition Facility: enabling fusion ignition for the 21st century,” Nucl. Fusion 44(12), S228–S238 (2004).
[Crossref]

2003 (7)

C. W. Carr, H. B. Radousky, and S. G. Demos, “Wavelength dependence of laser-induced damage: determining the damage initiation mechanisms,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 91(12), 127402 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

F. Bonneau, P. Combis, J. L. Rullier, M. Commandre, A. During, J. Y. Natoli, M. J. Pellin, M. R. Savina, E. Cottancin, and M. Pellarin, “Observation by photothermal microscopy of increased silica absorption in laser damage induced by gold nanoparticles,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 83(19), 3855–3857 (2003).
[Crossref]

S. G. Demos, M. Staggs, and H. B. Radousky, “Investigation of bulk defect formations in KH2PO4 crystals using fluorescence microscopy,” Phys. Rev. B 67(22), 224102 (2003).
[Crossref]

M. M. Chirila, N. Y. Garces, L. E. Halliburton, S. G. Demos, T. A. Land, and H. B. Radousky, “Production and thermal decay of radiation-induced point defects in KDP crystals,” J. Appl. Phys. 94(10), 6456–6462 (2003).
[Crossref]

C. S. Liu, N. Kioussis, S. G. Demos, and H. B. Radousky, “Ab initio electronic structure calculations of hydrogen point defects in KH2PO4,” Phys. Rev. B 68(22), 224107 (2003).
[Crossref]

C. S. Liu, N. Kioussis, S. G. Demos, and H. B. Radousky, “Electron or hole-assisted reactions of H defects in hydrogen-bonded KDP,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 91(1), 015505 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. K. Burnham, M. Runkel, M. D. Feit, A. M. Rubenchik, R. L. Floyd, T. A. Land, W. J. Siekhaus, and R. A. Hawley-Fedder, “Laser-induced damage in deuterated potassium dihydrogen phosphate,” Appl. Opt. 42(27), 5483–5495 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2002 (1)

J. J. De Yoreo, A. K. Burnham, and P. K. Whitman, “Developing KH2PO4 and KD2PO4 crystals for the world’s most powerful laser,” Int. Mater. Rev. 47(3), 113–152 (2002).
[Crossref]

2001 (3)

M. D. Feit, A. M. Rubenchik, and M. Runkel, “Analysis of Bulk DKDP Damage Distribution, Obscuration and Pulselength Dependence,” Proc. SPIE 4347, 383–388 (2001).
[Crossref]

S. I. Kudryashov and V. I. Emelyanov, “Band Gap Collapse and Ultrafast Cold Melting of Silicon during Femtosecond Laser Pulse,” JETP Lett. 73(5), 228–231 (2001).
[Crossref]

S. G. Demos, M. Staggs, J. J. De Yoreo, and H. B. Radousky, “Imaging of laser-induced reactions of individual defect nanoclusters,” Opt. Lett. 26(24), 1975–1977 (2001).
[Crossref]

2000 (1)

H. Yoshida, T. Jitsuno, H. Fujita, M. Nakatsuka, M. Yoshimura, T. Sasaki, and K. Yoshida, “Investigation of bulk laser damage in KDP crystal as a function of laser irradiation direction, polarization, and wavelength,” Appl. Phys. B 70(2), 195–201 (2000).
[Crossref]

1998 (1)

S. G. Demos, M. Yan, M. Staggs, J. J. De Yoreo, and H. B. Radousky, “Raman Scattering Investigation of KDP Subsequent to High Fluence Laser Irradiation,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 72(19), 2367–2369 (1998).
[Crossref]

1997 (1)

N. P. Zaitseva, J. J. DeYoreo, M. R. Dehaven, R. L. Vital, K. E. Montgomery, M. Richardson, and L. J. Atherton, “Rapid growth of large-scale (40-55 cm) KH2PO4 crystals,” J. Cryst. Growth 180(2), 255–262 (1997).
[Crossref]

1995 (1)

D. A. Young and E. M. Corey, “A new global equation of state model for hot, dense matter,” J. Appl. Phys. 78(6), 3748 (1995).
[Crossref]

1994 (1)

P. Audebert, P. Daguzan, A. Dos Santos, J. Gauthier, J. Geindre, S. Guizard, G. Hamoniaux, K. Krastev, P. Martin, G. Petite, and A. Antonetti, “Space-time observation of an electron gas in SiO2.,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 73(14), 1990–1993 (1994).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1982 (1)

J. Swain, S. Stokowski, D. Milam, and F. Rainer, “Improving the bulk laser damage resistance of potassium dihydrogen phosphate crystals by pulsed laser irradiation,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 40(4), 350–352 (1982).
[Crossref]

1970 (1)

R. W. Hopper and D. Uhlmann, “Mechanism of inclusion damage in laser glass,” Appl. Phys. (Berl.) 41, 4023–4025 (1970).
[Crossref]

1908 (1)

G. Mie, “Beiträge zur Optik trüber Medien, speziell kolloidaler Metallösungen,” Annalen der Physik 330(3), 377–445 (1908).
[Crossref]

Abbott, R. P.

Adams, J. J.

Antonetti, A.

Atherton, L. J.

Audebert, P.

Bolourchi, M.

Bonneau, F.

Boughton, R. I.

Boyd, J. K.

Bruere, J. R.

Bude, J.

J. Bude, G. Guss, M. Matthews, and M. L. Spaeth, “The effect of lattice temperature on surface damage in fused silica optics,” Proc. SPIE 6720, 672009 (2007).
[Crossref]

Burnham, A. K.

J. J. De Yoreo, A. K. Burnham, and P. K. Whitman, “Developing KH2PO4 and KD2PO4 crystals for the world’s most powerful laser,” Int. Mater. Rev. 47(3), 113–152 (2002).
[Crossref]

Carr, C. W.

C. W. Carr, M. D. Feit, M. A. Johnson, and A. M. Rubenchik, “Complex morphology of laser-induced bulk damage in K2H(2-x)DxPO4 crystals,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89(13), 131901 (2006).
[Crossref]

Cavalleri, A.

Chirila, M. M.

Combis, P.

Commandre, M.

Corey, E. M.

D. A. Young and E. M. Corey, “A new global equation of state model for hot, dense matter,” J. Appl. Phys. 78(6), 3748 (1995).
[Crossref]

Cottancin, E.

Daguzan, P.

de la Rubia, T. D.

De Yoreo, J. J.

J. J. De Yoreo, A. K. Burnham, and P. K. Whitman, “Developing KH2PO4 and KD2PO4 crystals for the world’s most powerful laser,” Int. Mater. Rev. 47(3), 113–152 (2002).
[Crossref]

S. G. Demos, M. Staggs, J. J. De Yoreo, and H. B. Radousky, “Imaging of laser-induced reactions of individual defect nanoclusters,” Opt. Lett. 26(24), 1975–1977 (2001).
[Crossref]

Dean, N.

Dehaven, M. R.

DeMange, P.

R. A. Negres, C. K. Saw, P. Demange, and S. G. Demos, “Laser damage performance of KD2-xHxPO4 crystals following X-ray irradiation,” Opt. Express 16(21), 16326–16333 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Demos, S.

C. Liu, C. Hou, N. Kioussis, S. Demos, and H. Radousky, “Electronic structure calculations of an oxygen vacancy in KH2PO4,” Phys. Rev. B 72(13), 134110 (2005).
[Crossref]

Demos, S. G.

R. A. Negres, C. K. Saw, P. Demange, and S. G. Demos, “Laser damage performance of KD2-xHxPO4 crystals following X-ray irradiation,” Opt. Express 16(21), 16326–16333 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

C. S. Liu, N. Kioussis, S. G. Demos, and H. B. Radousky, “Ab initio electronic structure calculations of hydrogen point defects in KH2PO4,” Phys. Rev. B 68(22), 224107 (2003).
[Crossref]

C. S. Liu, N. Kioussis, S. G. Demos, and H. B. Radousky, “Electron or hole-assisted reactions of H defects in hydrogen-bonded KDP,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 91(1), 015505 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. G. Demos, M. Staggs, and H. B. Radousky, “Investigation of bulk defect formations in KH2PO4 crystals using fluorescence microscopy,” Phys. Rev. B 67(22), 224102 (2003).
[Crossref]

S. G. Demos, M. Staggs, J. J. De Yoreo, and H. B. Radousky, “Imaging of laser-induced reactions of individual defect nanoclusters,” Opt. Lett. 26(24), 1975–1977 (2001).
[Crossref]

Deng, D. G.

Z. L. Xia, D. G. Deng, Z. X. Fan, and J. D. Shao, “Development in laser induced extrinsic absorption damage mechanism of dielectric films,” Chin. Phys. Lett. 23(8), 2179–2182 (2006).
[Crossref]

DeYoreo, J. J.

Dos Santos, A.

Duchateau, G.

During, A.

Dyan, A.

Emelyanov, V. I.

S. I. Kudryashov and V. I. Emelyanov, “Band Gap Collapse and Ultrafast Cold Melting of Silicon during Femtosecond Laser Pulse,” JETP Lett. 73(5), 228–231 (2001).
[Crossref]

Enguehard, F.

Fan, Z. X.

Z. L. Xia, D. G. Deng, Z. X. Fan, and J. D. Shao, “Development in laser induced extrinsic absorption damage mechanism of dielectric films,” Chin. Phys. Lett. 23(8), 2179–2182 (2006).
[Crossref]

Fang, C.

Farmer, J. C.

Feit, M. D.

C. W. Carr, M. D. Feit, M. A. Johnson, and A. M. Rubenchik, “Complex morphology of laser-induced bulk damage in K2H(2-x)DxPO4 crystals,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89(13), 131901 (2006).
[Crossref]

M. D. Feit, A. M. Rubenchik, and J. B. Trenholme, “Simple model of laser damage initiation and conditioning in frequency conversion crystals,” Proc. SPIE 5991, 59910W (2005).
[Crossref]

M. D. Feit and A. M. Rubenchik, “Implications of nanoabsorber initiators for damage probability curves, pulselength scaling, and laser conditioning,” Proc. SPIE 5273, 74–81 (2004).
[Crossref]

M. D. Feit, A. M. Rubenchik, and M. Runkel, “Analysis of Bulk DKDP Damage Distribution, Obscuration and Pulselength Dependence,” Proc. SPIE 4347, 383–388 (2001).
[Crossref]

Floyd, R. L.

Fujita, H.

Garces, N. Y.

Gauthier, J.

Geindre, J.

Guizard, S.

Guss, G.

J. Bude, G. Guss, M. Matthews, and M. L. Spaeth, “The effect of lattice temperature on surface damage in fused silica optics,” Proc. SPIE 6720, 672009 (2007).
[Crossref]

Hackel, R. P.

Hahn, D. E.

Halliburton, L. E.

Hamoniaux, G.

Hawley-Fedder, R. A.

Hopper, R. W.

R. W. Hopper and D. Uhlmann, “Mechanism of inclusion damage in laser glass,” Appl. Phys. (Berl.) 41, 4023–4025 (1970).
[Crossref]

Hou, C.

C. Liu, C. Hou, N. Kioussis, S. Demos, and H. Radousky, “Electronic structure calculations of an oxygen vacancy in KH2PO4,” Phys. Rev. B 72(13), 134110 (2005).
[Crossref]

Itatani, J.

Jarboe, J. A.

Jensen, L.

Jitsuno, T.

Johnson, M. A.

C. W. Carr, M. D. Feit, M. A. Johnson, and A. M. Rubenchik, “Complex morphology of laser-induced bulk damage in K2H(2-x)DxPO4 crystals,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89(13), 131901 (2006).
[Crossref]

Jupé, M.

Kioussis, N.

C. Liu, C. Hou, N. Kioussis, S. Demos, and H. Radousky, “Electronic structure calculations of an oxygen vacancy in KH2PO4,” Phys. Rev. B 72(13), 134110 (2005).
[Crossref]

C. S. Liu, N. Kioussis, S. G. Demos, and H. B. Radousky, “Ab initio electronic structure calculations of hydrogen point defects in KH2PO4,” Phys. Rev. B 68(22), 224107 (2003).
[Crossref]

C. S. Liu, N. Kioussis, S. G. Demos, and H. B. Radousky, “Electron or hole-assisted reactions of H defects in hydrogen-bonded KDP,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 91(1), 015505 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Kramer, K. J.

Krastev, K.

Kudryashov, S. I.

S. I. Kudryashov and V. I. Emelyanov, “Band Gap Collapse and Ultrafast Cold Melting of Silicon during Femtosecond Laser Pulse,” JETP Lett. 73(5), 228–231 (2001).
[Crossref]

Lallich, S.

Lamaignere, L.

Lamaignère, L.

Land, T. A.

Lane, L. A.

Latkowski, J. F.

Lehman, R. F.

Liang, L.

L. Liang, Z. Xian, S. Xun, and S. Xueqin, “Sulfate may play an important role in the wavelength dependence of laser induced damage,” Opt. Express 14(25), 12196–12198 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Liu, C.

C. Liu, C. Hou, N. Kioussis, S. Demos, and H. Radousky, “Electronic structure calculations of an oxygen vacancy in KH2PO4,” Phys. Rev. B 72(13), 134110 (2005).
[Crossref]

Liu, C. S.

C. S. Liu, N. Kioussis, S. G. Demos, and H. B. Radousky, “Ab initio electronic structure calculations of hydrogen point defects in KH2PO4,” Phys. Rev. B 68(22), 224107 (2003).
[Crossref]

C. S. Liu, N. Kioussis, S. G. Demos, and H. B. Radousky, “Electron or hole-assisted reactions of H defects in hydrogen-bonded KDP,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 91(1), 015505 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Luthi, R. L.

Martin, P.

Matthews, M.

J. Bude, G. Guss, M. Matthews, and M. L. Spaeth, “The effect of lattice temperature on surface damage in fused silica optics,” Proc. SPIE 6720, 672009 (2007).
[Crossref]

McElroy, J. N.

Melninkaitis, A.

Mie, G.

G. Mie, “Beiträge zur Optik trüber Medien, speziell kolloidaler Metallösungen,” Annalen der Physik 330(3), 377–445 (1908).
[Crossref]

Milam, D.

Miller, G. H.

G. H. Miller, E. I. Moses, and C. R. Wuest, “The National Ignition Facility: enabling fusion ignition for the 21st century,” Nucl. Fusion 44(12), S228–S238 (2004).
[Crossref]

Montgomery, K. E.

Moses, E. I.

G. H. Miller, E. I. Moses, and C. R. Wuest, “The National Ignition Facility: enabling fusion ignition for the 21st century,” Nucl. Fusion 44(12), S228–S238 (2004).
[Crossref]

Nakatsuka, M.

Natoli, J. Y.

Natoli, J.-Y.

Negres, R. A.

R. A. Negres, C. K. Saw, P. Demange, and S. G. Demos, “Laser damage performance of KD2-xHxPO4 crystals following X-ray irradiation,” Opt. Express 16(21), 16326–16333 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Papernov, S.

S. Papernov and A. W. Schmid, “Two mechanisms of crater formation in ultraviolet-pulsed-laser irradiated SiO2 thin films with artificial defects,” J. Appl. Phys. 97(11), 114906 (2005).
[Crossref]

Pellarin, M.

Pellin, M. J.

Peterson, P. F.

Petite, G.

Piombini, H.

Powers, J. J.

Radousky, H.

C. Liu, C. Hou, N. Kioussis, S. Demos, and H. Radousky, “Electronic structure calculations of an oxygen vacancy in KH2PO4,” Phys. Rev. B 72(13), 134110 (2005).
[Crossref]

Radousky, H. B.

C. S. Liu, N. Kioussis, S. G. Demos, and H. B. Radousky, “Ab initio electronic structure calculations of hydrogen point defects in KH2PO4,” Phys. Rev. B 68(22), 224107 (2003).
[Crossref]

C. S. Liu, N. Kioussis, S. G. Demos, and H. B. Radousky, “Electron or hole-assisted reactions of H defects in hydrogen-bonded KDP,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 91(1), 015505 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. G. Demos, M. Staggs, and H. B. Radousky, “Investigation of bulk defect formations in KH2PO4 crystals using fluorescence microscopy,” Phys. Rev. B 67(22), 224102 (2003).
[Crossref]

S. G. Demos, M. Staggs, J. J. De Yoreo, and H. B. Radousky, “Imaging of laser-induced reactions of individual defect nanoclusters,” Opt. Lett. 26(24), 1975–1977 (2001).
[Crossref]

Rainer, F.

Reyné, S.

Richardson, M.

Rini, M.

Ristau, D.

Rubenchik, A. M.

C. W. Carr, M. D. Feit, M. A. Johnson, and A. M. Rubenchik, “Complex morphology of laser-induced bulk damage in K2H(2-x)DxPO4 crystals,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89(13), 131901 (2006).
[Crossref]

M. D. Feit, A. M. Rubenchik, and J. B. Trenholme, “Simple model of laser damage initiation and conditioning in frequency conversion crystals,” Proc. SPIE 5991, 59910W (2005).
[Crossref]

M. D. Feit and A. M. Rubenchik, “Implications of nanoabsorber initiators for damage probability curves, pulselength scaling, and laser conditioning,” Proc. SPIE 5273, 74–81 (2004).
[Crossref]

M. D. Feit, A. M. Rubenchik, and M. Runkel, “Analysis of Bulk DKDP Damage Distribution, Obscuration and Pulselength Dependence,” Proc. SPIE 4347, 383–388 (2001).
[Crossref]

Rullier, J. L.

Runkel, M.

M. D. Feit, A. M. Rubenchik, and M. Runkel, “Analysis of Bulk DKDP Damage Distribution, Obscuration and Pulselength Dependence,” Proc. SPIE 4347, 383–388 (2001).
[Crossref]

Sasaki, T.

Savina, M. R.

Saw, C. K.

R. A. Negres, C. K. Saw, P. Demange, and S. G. Demos, “Laser damage performance of KD2-xHxPO4 crystals following X-ray irradiation,” Opt. Express 16(21), 16326–16333 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Schmid, A. W.

S. Papernov and A. W. Schmid, “Two mechanisms of crater formation in ultraviolet-pulsed-laser irradiated SiO2 thin films with artificial defects,” J. Appl. Phys. 97(11), 114906 (2005).
[Crossref]

Schoenlein, R. W.

Seifried, J. E.

Sell, W. D.

Shao, J. D.

Z. L. Xia, D. G. Deng, Z. X. Fan, and J. D. Shao, “Development in laser induced extrinsic absorption damage mechanism of dielectric films,” Chin. Phys. Lett. 23(8), 2179–2182 (2006).
[Crossref]

Shaw, H. F.

Siekhaus, W. J.

Sirutkaitis, V.

Spaeth, M. L.

J. Bude, G. Guss, M. Matthews, and M. L. Spaeth, “The effect of lattice temperature on surface damage in fused silica optics,” Proc. SPIE 6720, 672009 (2007).
[Crossref]

Staggs, M.

S. G. Demos, M. Staggs, and H. B. Radousky, “Investigation of bulk defect formations in KH2PO4 crystals using fluorescence microscopy,” Phys. Rev. B 67(22), 224102 (2003).
[Crossref]

S. G. Demos, M. Staggs, J. J. De Yoreo, and H. B. Radousky, “Imaging of laser-induced reactions of individual defect nanoclusters,” Opt. Lett. 26(24), 1975–1977 (2001).
[Crossref]

Stanley, J. R.

Stokowski, S.

Storm, E.

Swain, J.

Tobey, R.

Tokura, Y.

Tomioka, Y.

Trenholme, J. B.

M. D. Feit, A. M. Rubenchik, and J. B. Trenholme, “Simple model of laser damage initiation and conditioning in frequency conversion crystals,” Proc. SPIE 5991, 59910W (2005).
[Crossref]

Uhlmann, D.

R. W. Hopper and D. Uhlmann, “Mechanism of inclusion damage in laser glass,” Appl. Phys. (Berl.) 41, 4023–4025 (1970).
[Crossref]

Vickers, J. L.

Vital, R. L.

Wang, K.

Wang, S.

Weiland, T. L.

Whitman, P. K.

J. J. De Yoreo, A. K. Burnham, and P. K. Whitman, “Developing KH2PO4 and KD2PO4 crystals for the world’s most powerful laser,” Int. Mater. Rev. 47(3), 113–152 (2002).
[Crossref]

Willard, D. A.

Wuest, C. R.

G. H. Miller, E. I. Moses, and C. R. Wuest, “The National Ignition Facility: enabling fusion ignition for the 21st century,” Nucl. Fusion 44(12), S228–S238 (2004).
[Crossref]

Xia, Z. L.

Z. L. Xia, D. G. Deng, Z. X. Fan, and J. D. Shao, “Development in laser induced extrinsic absorption damage mechanism of dielectric films,” Chin. Phys. Lett. 23(8), 2179–2182 (2006).
[Crossref]

Yan, M.

Yoshida, H.

Yoshida, K.

Yoshimura, M.

Young, D. A.

D. A. Young and E. M. Corey, “A new global equation of state model for hot, dense matter,” J. Appl. Phys. 78(6), 3748 (1995).
[Crossref]

Zaitseva, N. P.

Zhang, J.

Zhao, X.

Annalen der Physik (1)

G. Mie, “Beiträge zur Optik trüber Medien, speziell kolloidaler Metallösungen,” Annalen der Physik 330(3), 377–445 (1908).
[Crossref]

Appl. Opt. (1)

Appl. Phys. (Berl.) (1)

R. W. Hopper and D. Uhlmann, “Mechanism of inclusion damage in laser glass,” Appl. Phys. (Berl.) 41, 4023–4025 (1970).
[Crossref]

Appl. Phys. B (1)

Appl. Phys. Lett. (6)

C. W. Carr, M. D. Feit, M. A. Johnson, and A. M. Rubenchik, “Complex morphology of laser-induced bulk damage in K2H(2-x)DxPO4 crystals,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89(13), 131901 (2006).
[Crossref]

Chin. Phys. Lett. (1)

Z. L. Xia, D. G. Deng, Z. X. Fan, and J. D. Shao, “Development in laser induced extrinsic absorption damage mechanism of dielectric films,” Chin. Phys. Lett. 23(8), 2179–2182 (2006).
[Crossref]

Fusion Sci. Technol. (2)

Int. Mater. Rev. (1)

J. J. De Yoreo, A. K. Burnham, and P. K. Whitman, “Developing KH2PO4 and KD2PO4 crystals for the world’s most powerful laser,” Int. Mater. Rev. 47(3), 113–152 (2002).
[Crossref]

J. Appl. Phys. (5)

S. Papernov and A. W. Schmid, “Two mechanisms of crater formation in ultraviolet-pulsed-laser irradiated SiO2 thin films with artificial defects,” J. Appl. Phys. 97(11), 114906 (2005).
[Crossref]

D. A. Young and E. M. Corey, “A new global equation of state model for hot, dense matter,” J. Appl. Phys. 78(6), 3748 (1995).
[Crossref]

J. Cryst. Growth (1)

J. Opt. Soc. Am. B (1)

JETP Lett. (1)

S. I. Kudryashov and V. I. Emelyanov, “Band Gap Collapse and Ultrafast Cold Melting of Silicon during Femtosecond Laser Pulse,” JETP Lett. 73(5), 228–231 (2001).
[Crossref]

Nature (1)

Nucl. Fusion (1)

G. H. Miller, E. I. Moses, and C. R. Wuest, “The National Ignition Facility: enabling fusion ignition for the 21st century,” Nucl. Fusion 44(12), S228–S238 (2004).
[Crossref]

Opt. Eng. (1)

Opt. Express (6)

L. Liang, Z. Xian, S. Xun, and S. Xueqin, “Sulfate may play an important role in the wavelength dependence of laser induced damage,” Opt. Express 14(25), 12196–12198 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

R. A. Negres, C. K. Saw, P. Demange, and S. G. Demos, “Laser damage performance of KD2-xHxPO4 crystals following X-ray irradiation,” Opt. Express 16(21), 16326–16333 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Opt. Lett. (2)

S. G. Demos, M. Staggs, J. J. De Yoreo, and H. B. Radousky, “Imaging of laser-induced reactions of individual defect nanoclusters,” Opt. Lett. 26(24), 1975–1977 (2001).
[Crossref]

Phys. Rev. B (4)

S. G. Demos, M. Staggs, and H. B. Radousky, “Investigation of bulk defect formations in KH2PO4 crystals using fluorescence microscopy,” Phys. Rev. B 67(22), 224102 (2003).
[Crossref]

C. Liu, C. Hou, N. Kioussis, S. Demos, and H. Radousky, “Electronic structure calculations of an oxygen vacancy in KH2PO4,” Phys. Rev. B 72(13), 134110 (2005).
[Crossref]

C. S. Liu, N. Kioussis, S. G. Demos, and H. B. Radousky, “Ab initio electronic structure calculations of hydrogen point defects in KH2PO4,” Phys. Rev. B 68(22), 224107 (2003).
[Crossref]

Phys. Rev. Lett. (4)

C. S. Liu, N. Kioussis, S. G. Demos, and H. B. Radousky, “Electron or hole-assisted reactions of H defects in hydrogen-bonded KDP,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 91(1), 015505 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Proc. SPIE (6)

M. D. Feit, A. M. Rubenchik, and M. Runkel, “Analysis of Bulk DKDP Damage Distribution, Obscuration and Pulselength Dependence,” Proc. SPIE 4347, 383–388 (2001).
[Crossref]

M. D. Feit, A. M. Rubenchik, and J. B. Trenholme, “Simple model of laser damage initiation and conditioning in frequency conversion crystals,” Proc. SPIE 5991, 59910W (2005).
[Crossref]

M. D. Feit and A. M. Rubenchik, “Implications of nanoabsorber initiators for damage probability curves, pulselength scaling, and laser conditioning,” Proc. SPIE 5273, 74–81 (2004).
[Crossref]

J. Bude, G. Guss, M. Matthews, and M. L. Spaeth, “The effect of lattice temperature on surface damage in fused silica optics,” Proc. SPIE 6720, 672009 (2007).
[Crossref]

Rev. Sci. Instrum. (1)

Other (3)

S. I. Anisimov, and V. A. Khokhlov, Instabilities in laser-matter interaction (CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1995).

M. L. Spaeth, K. Manes, Z. M. Liao, J. J. Adams, C. W. Carr, ”Predicting laser-induced bulk damage for deuterated potassium dihydrogen phosphate crystals using ADM (absorption distribution model),” submitted for publication.

J. H. Campbell, E.P. Wallerstein, J.S. Hayden, D.L. Sapak, D.E. Warrington, A.J. Marker, H. Toratani, H. Meissner, S. Nakajima and T. Izumitani, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory report UCRL-53932, (May 26, 1989).

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Fig. 1 The experimentally determined dependence of the relative absorption efficiency (γ) as a function of the damage density (PPD) at fixed values of 2ω fluence in DKDP material from (a) LL16 and (b) D10 crystal boules. The corresponding 3ω fluence values are indicated at each data point.

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Fig. 2 The predicted change in relative absorption efficiency (γ) with precursor size within the Mie theory formulation using exemplary values of the imaginary part of the index of refraction, k, and (a) the same and (b) different values at 532 and 355 nm.

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Fig. 3 Proposed energy level scheme for KDP/DKDP bulk damage precursors. Green and purple arrows refer to 2ω and 3ω photons, respectively. Vibrational broadening of these states is assumed leading to high linear and ESA absorption coefficients for both 2ω and 3ω photons.

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Fig. 4 Theoretical determination of relative effectiveness γ as a function of (a) 2ω and 3ω fluences and (b) pinpoint density (the curves correspond to different fixed values of 2ω fluence. All fluences are in arbitrary units.

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Fig. 5 Calculation of the required combination of incident fluences under 2ω and 3ω excitation for localized absorbed energy to heat the host material to ~1000 K and initiate damage with a 2 ns, flat in time pulse. To best approximate the experimentally observed damage thresholds at 2ω and 3ω, we have assumed an initial defect density of n₀ = 5x10¹⁹ cm⁻³.

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Fig. 6 Solid squares represent the measured damage threshold values at 3ω as a function of laser pulse-length (from Ref. 30) while the solid line fit was obtained using this model.

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Fig. 7 The damage threshold vs. laser wavelength profile after removal of the “steps” using the experimental results presented in Ref. 15. Inset graph is reproduced from the original experimental data.

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Equations (14)

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ϕ_{eff}^{3 ω} (ϕ^{2 ω} = x, P P D = y) = ϕ^{3 ω} (ϕ^{2 ω} = 0, P P D = y) - ϕ^{3 ω} (ϕ^{2 ω} = x, P P D = y) .

γ (ϕ^{2 ω} = x, P P D = y) = [ϕ_{eff}^{3 ω} (ϕ^{2 ω} = x, P P D = y)] / [ϕ^{2 ω} = x] .

E \propto π a^{2} \cdot Q_{2 ω} \cdot ϕ^{2 ω} + π a^{2} \cdot Q_{3 ω} \cdot ϕ^{3 ω}

ϕ_{eff}^{^{3 ω}} = \frac{Q_{2 ω}}{Q_{3 ω}} \cdot ϕ^{2 ω} or γ = \frac{Q_{2 ω}}{Q_{3 ω}} .

α_{t r a n s}^{λ} = σ_{0 - 1}^{λ} (n_{0} - \sum n_{i}) + σ_{1 - 2}^{λ} n_{1} + σ_{2 - 3}^{λ} n_{2} + Γ^{λ} n_{3}

\frac{d n}{d t} = \frac{n_{1}}{τ_{1}} - \frac{σ_{0 - 1}^{λ}}{E_{1} - E_{0}} I n,

\frac{d n_{1}}{d t} = - \frac{n_{1}}{τ_{1}} + \frac{σ_{0 - 1}^{λ}}{E_{1} - E_{0}} I n + \frac{n_{2}}{τ_{2}} - \frac{σ_{1 - 2}^{λ}}{E_{2} - E_{1}} I n_{1} - \frac{β_{1 - 2}^{λ}}{E_{2} - E_{1}} I^{2} n_{1},

\frac{d n_{2}}{d t} = - \frac{n_{2}}{τ_{2}} + \frac{σ_{1 - 2}^{λ}}{E_{2} - E_{1}} I n_{1} + \frac{β_{1 - 2}^{λ}}{E_{2} - E_{1}} I^{2} n_{1} + \frac{n_{3}}{τ_{3}} - \frac{σ_{2 - 3}^{λ}}{E_{3} - E_{2}} I n_{2},

\frac{d n_{3}}{d t} = - \frac{n_{3}}{τ_{3}} + \frac{σ_{2 - 3}^{λ}}{E_{3} - E_{2}} I n_{2} - \frac{Γ^{λ} (n_{3})}{Δ E} I,

E_{1} - E_{0} = 2.3 e V, E_{2} - E_{1} = 3.2 e V, E_{3} - E_{2} = 2.2 e V

τ_{1} = 1 n s, τ_{2} = 50 p s, τ_{3} = 1 p s

σ_{0 - 1}^{3 ω} = 1, σ_{1 - 2}^{3 ω} = 1, β_{1 - 2}^{3 ω} = 0, σ_{2 - 3}^{3 ω} = 7, Γ^{3 ω} = 700

σ_{0 - 1}^{2 ω} = 1, σ_{1 - 2}^{2 ω} = 0, β_{1 - 2}^{2 ω} = 0.005, σ_{2 - 3}^{2 ω} = 14, Γ^{2 ω} = 700

ϕ = \frac{4 κ τ T_{th}}{Q a} [1 - \exp (- \frac{4 D τ}{a^{2}})],