Abstract

We present a phase-shifting interferometric technique for imaging live biological cells in growth media, while optimizing spatial resolution and enabling potential real-time measurement capabilities. The technique uses slightly-off-axis interferometry which requires less detector bandwidth than traditional off-axis interferometry and fewer measurements than traditional on-axis interferometry. Experimental and theoretical comparisons between the proposed method and these traditional interferometric approaches are given. The method is experimentally demonstrated via phase microcopy of live human skin cancer cells.

©2009 Optical Society of America

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References

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2009 (2)

2007 (2)

2006 (1)

2005 (2)

2004 (2)

Y. Awatsuji, M. Sasada, and T. Kubota, “Parallel quasi-phase-shifting digital holography,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 85(6), 1069–1071 (2004).
[Crossref]

Y. Zhang, Q. Lu, and B. Ge, “Elimination of zero-order diffraction in digital off-axis holography,” Opt. Commun. 240(4-6), 261–267 (2004).
[Crossref]

2000 (2)

1999 (1)

1997 (2)

I. Yamaguchi and T. Zhang, “Phase-shifting digital holography,” Opt. Lett. 22(16), 1268–1270 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. M. Kreis and W. P. P. Jupiter, “Suppression of the dc term in digital holography,” Opt. Eng. 36(8), 2357–2360 (1997).
[Crossref]

1995 (1)

1990 (1)

Awatsuji, Y.

Y. Awatsuji, M. Sasada, and T. Kubota, “Parallel quasi-phase-shifting digital holography,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 85(6), 1069–1071 (2004).
[Crossref]

Brophy, C. P.

Brown, W. J.

Cai, L. Z.

Chalut, K. J.

Chang, C. C.

Chen, G. L.

Colomb, T.

Creath, K.

Cuche, E.

Dasari, R. R.

Depeursinge, C.

Dong, G. Y.

Emery, Y.

Feld, M. S.

Ge, B.

Y. Zhang, Q. Lu, and B. Ge, “Elimination of zero-order diffraction in digital off-axis holography,” Opt. Commun. 240(4-6), 261–267 (2004).
[Crossref]

Ikeda, T.

Javidi, B.

Jupiter, W. P. P.

T. M. Kreis and W. P. P. Jupiter, “Suppression of the dc term in digital holography,” Opt. Eng. 36(8), 2357–2360 (1997).
[Crossref]

Kawai, H.

Kreis, T. M.

T. M. Kreis and W. P. P. Jupiter, “Suppression of the dc term in digital holography,” Opt. Eng. 36(8), 2357–2360 (1997).
[Crossref]

Kubota, T.

Y. Awatsuji, M. Sasada, and T. Kubota, “Parallel quasi-phase-shifting digital holography,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 85(6), 1069–1071 (2004).
[Crossref]

Kuo, M. K.

Lin, C. Y.

Liu, J. P.

Lu, Q.

Y. Zhang, Q. Lu, and B. Ge, “Elimination of zero-order diffraction in digital off-axis holography,” Opt. Commun. 240(4-6), 261–267 (2004).
[Crossref]

Magistretti, P. J.

Marquet, P.

Matoba, O.

Meng, X. F.

Ohzu, H.

Poon, T. C.

Popescu, G.

Rappaz, B.

Rinehart, M. T.

Sasada, M.

Y. Awatsuji, M. Sasada, and T. Kubota, “Parallel quasi-phase-shifting digital holography,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 85(6), 1069–1071 (2004).
[Crossref]

Schmit, J.

Shaked, N. T.

Shen, X. X.

Tajahuerce, E.

Takaki, Y.

Verrall, S. C.

Wang, Y. R.

Wax, A.

Xu, X. F.

Yamaguchi, I.

Yang, X. L.

Yau, H. F.

Zhang, T.

Zhang, Y.

Y. Zhang, Q. Lu, and B. Ge, “Elimination of zero-order diffraction in digital off-axis holography,” Opt. Commun. 240(4-6), 261–267 (2004).
[Crossref]

Appl. Opt. (4)

Appl. Phys. Lett. (1)

Y. Awatsuji, M. Sasada, and T. Kubota, “Parallel quasi-phase-shifting digital holography,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 85(6), 1069–1071 (2004).
[Crossref]

J. Opt. Soc. Am. A (1)

Opt. Commun. (1)

Y. Zhang, Q. Lu, and B. Ge, “Elimination of zero-order diffraction in digital off-axis holography,” Opt. Commun. 240(4-6), 261–267 (2004).
[Crossref]

Opt. Eng. (1)

T. M. Kreis and W. P. P. Jupiter, “Suppression of the dc term in digital holography,” Opt. Eng. 36(8), 2357–2360 (1997).
[Crossref]

Opt. Express (2)

Opt. Lett. (6)

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Figures (4)

Fig. 1
Fig. 1 Possible experimental setup for phase-shifting interferometry. SPF = Spatial filter (beam expander with a confocally-positioned pinhole), BS1, BS2 = Beam splitters; M = Mirror; λ/2 = Half wave plate; λ/4 = Quarter wave plate; O = Object/Sample; L1, L2, L3 = Lenses.

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Fig. 2
Fig. 2 Schematic comparison between the spatial-frequency domains of (a) off-axis interferometry, (b) slightly-off-axis interferometry, and (c) on-axis interferometry. For simplicity, only one spatial-frequency axis is shown.

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Fig. 3
Fig. 3 Static polymer microsphere (12μm in diameter): (a) Regular intensity image through the system; (b) Single off-axis interferogram; (c) The middle part of the spatial spectrum of the interferogram shown in (b). Digitally reconstructed phase obtained by: (d-f) traditional off-axis interferometry (using a single interferogram), (g-i) slightly-off-axis interferometry (using two phase-shifted interferograms), (j-l) on-axis interferometry (using four phase-shifted interferograms). (d,g,j) Wrapped phases; (e,h,k) Final unwrapped phases; (f,i,l) Surface plots of the final unwrapped phases shown in (e,h,k), respectively.

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Fig. 4
Fig. 4 Live human skin cancer (A431, epithelial carcinoma) cell in growth media: (a) Regular intensity image through the system; (b) Single off-axis interferogram; (c) The middle part of the spatial spectrum of the interferogram shown in (b); (d-f) Final unwrapped phase obtained by: (d) traditional off-axis interferometry (using a single interferogram), (e) slightly-off-axis interferometry (using two phase-shifted interferograms), (f) on-axis interferometry (using four phase-shifted interferograms); (g-i) Surface plots of the final unwrapped phases shown in (d-f), respectively; (j-l) MTF images of the background of (d-f), respectively.

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Equations (2)

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Ik=|Er|2+|Es|2+|Es||Er*|exp[j(φOBJ+qx+αk)]+|Er||Es*|exp[−j(φOBJ+qx+αk)],
F=[I1−I2+j⋅HT I1−I2]⋅exp(−jqx)/[1−exp(jβ)],φOBJ=arctan ImF/ReF,

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