High brightness single mode source of correlated photon pairs using a photonic crystal fiber

J. Fulconis; O. Alibart; W. J. Wadsworth; P. St.J. Russell; J. G. Rarity

doi:10.1364/OPEX.13.007572

Optics Express
Vol. 13,
Issue 19,
pp. 7572-7582
(2005)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/OPEX.13.007572

High brightness single mode source of correlated photon pairs using a photonic crystal fiber

J. Fulconis, O. Alibart, W. J. Wadsworth, P. St.J. Russell, and J. G. Rarity

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J. Fulconis, O. Alibart, W. J. Wadsworth, P. St.J. Russell, and J. G. Rarity, "High brightness single mode source of correlated photon pairs using a photonic crystal fiber," Opt. Express 13, 7572-7582 (2005)

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Abstract

We demonstrate a picosecond source of correlated photon pairs using a micro-structured fibre with zero dispersion around 715 nm wavelength. The fibre is pumped in the normal dispersion regime at ~708 nm and phase matching is satisfied for widely spaced parametric wavelengths. Here we generate up to 10⁷ photon pairs per second in the fibre at wavelengths of 587 nm and 897 nm, while on collecting this light in single-mode-fibre-coupled Silicon avalanche diode photon counting detectors, we detect ~3.2×10⁵ coincidences per second at pump power 0.5 mW.

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Fig. 1. Electron microscope image of the PCF used with core diameter d=2 μm, λ₀ = 715 nm

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Fig. 2. Nonlinear phase-matching diagram for the process 2ω_p → ω_s + ω_i. The curve does not change significantly in the range P_p = 0-3 W. Beyond the 716 nm “degeneracy” point we move into the modulation instability region where photon pairs can be created close to the pump wavelength (see [14–19]).

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Fig. 3. Optical layout. Laser, 708 nm Ti:Sa laser; P, prism; HWP, halfwave plate; PCF, 2 m of photonic crystal fiber; M, protected silver mirror (R>95%); DM, dichroic mirror (centered@700nm, T>85%, R>90%); F1, 570 nm band-pass filter, bandwidth 40 nm, T=80%; F2, 880 nm band-pass filter, bandwidth 40 nm, T=80%; APD, Silicon single photon detector.

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Fig. 4. Fluorescence spectrum of the signal photons. The measurement was integrated over 10 seconds. The number of ADC counts is proportional to the number of photons detected by the cooled camera in wavelength-bins of width 36 pm. The photon spectrum is centered at 587 nm and features a FWHM bandwidth of 2.7 nm. The small peak at 598 nm is attributed to unwanted background light or a detector fault. It is visible when the laser is blocked.

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Fig. 5. Fluorescence spectrum of the idler photons. The measurement was integrated over 10 seconds. The photon spectrum is centered at 897 nm and features a FWHM bandwidth 5.5 nm. Here the wavelength-bin width is 36 pm.

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Fig. 6. Time interval histogram showing the coincident photon detection peak and also a zoom on one of the accidental coincidence peak for different pump powers. Here the time between two peaks reflects the pump laser repetition rate. However the width of the peaks is limited by the response time of the detectors which is typically hundreds of picoseconds (rather than the actual duration of the pump pulses). The instrument displays the probability that a start pulse is stopped within a given time bin. Here the time-bin width is 156 ps. To step through the pump powers press Ctrl + click on the graph. [Media 1]

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Fig. 7. Net coincidence rate as function of the pump power. The fit is purely quadratic (no linear term) C=AP² with constant A=1.21×10⁶ /sec/mW². Discrepancies at high powers are due to saturation effects in both the detectors and coincidence measuring apparatus.

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Tables (1)

Table 1. Summary of results for different pump powers

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Equations (11)

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k_{i} + k_{s} - 2 k_{p} + 2 γ P_{p} = 0

ω_{i} + ω_{s} = 2 ω_{p}

γ = \frac{2 π n_{2}}{λ A_{eff}}

N_{s} = η_{s} η_{opt} r + B_{s}

N_{i} = η_{i} η_{opt}^{'} r + B_{i}

C_{raw} = η_{s} η_{i} η_{opt} η_{opt}^{'} r + C_{b}

η_{sM}^{lump} = \frac{C_{raw} - C_{b}}{N_{i}}

η_{iM}^{lump} = \frac{C_{raw} - C_{b}}{N_{s}}

r = \frac{C_{raw} - C_{b}}{η_{iM}^{lump} η_{sM}^{lump}}

\frac{η_{sM}^{lump}}{η_{sP}^{lump}} = (1 - \frac{B_{i}}{N_{i}})

\frac{η_{iM}^{lump}}{η_{iP}^{lump}} = (1 - \frac{B_{s}}{N_{s}})

Pump Power P	170 μW	245 μW	380 μW	540 μW
N_s	3.4×10⁵ s^-1	6.8×10⁵ s^-1	1.57×l0⁶ s^-1	2.89×l0⁶ s^-1
N_i	1.9×l0⁵ s^-1	3.6×l0⁵ s^-1	8.2×l0⁵ s^-1	1.52×l0⁶ s^-1
C_raw	3.9×10 s^-1	8.0×10 s^-1	1.8×10 s^-1	3.6×10 s^-1
C_b	0.l×l0⁴ s^-1	0.2×l0⁴ s^-1	0.l×l0⁵ s^-1	0.4×l0⁵ s^-1
C=C_raw -C_b	3.8×l0⁴ s^-1	7.8×l0⁴ s^-1	1.7×l0⁵ s^-1	3.2×l0⁵ s^-1
Measured signal efficiency $η_{sM}^{lump}$ Eq. (5)	20.0 %	21.7 %	20.7 %	21.1 %
Predicted signal efficiency $η_{sP}^{lump}$	21.1–22.9%
$\frac{B_{i}}{N_{i}}$ from Eq. (6)	0.052–0.126	0–0.052	0.019–0.096	0–0.08
Measured idler efficiency $η_{iM}^{lump}$ Eq. (5)	11.2 %	11.5 %	10.8 %	11.1 %
Predicted idler efficiency $η_{iP}^{lump}$	11.0–11.9%
$\frac{B_{s}}{N_{s}}$ from Eq. (6)	0–0.059	0–0.034	0.018–0.092	0–0.067
Photon pair production rate in the fibre r (Eq. (5))	1.7×l0⁶ s^-1	3.1×l0⁶ s^-1	7.6×l0⁶ s^-1	1.4×l0⁷ s^-1
Average number of pairs per pulse	0.021	0.039	0.095	0.18

Abstract

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Equations (11)

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