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Investigation and optimization of bidirectionally dual-order pumped distributed Raman amplifiers

Zhi Tong, Huai Wei, and Shuisheng Jian

Open Access Open Access

Abstract

A theoretical investigation of bidirectionally dual-order pumped distributed Raman amplifiers is presented in detail, and comparisons with other Raman amplification schemes, i.e., bidirectional first-order pumping and Raman-plus-erbium-doped fiber hybrid amplification, are carried out, for the first time to the authors’ knowledge, at identical nonlinear phase shifts. The results show that symmetric bidirectional dual-order pumping can achieve the best optical signal-to-noise ratio performance by appropriate choice of the second-order pump wavelength and second-to-first-order pump power ratio for both short- and long-span conditions, which will be helpful for designing long-haul transmission systems.

©2004 Optical Society of America

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Figures (11)
Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Three span amplification configurations discussed in this paper. (a) Bi-directional dual order pumping (type 1). (b) Bi-directional first order pumping (type 2). (c) Raman+EDFA hybrid amplification structure (type 3).

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Fig.2
Fig.2 Contour maps of output OSNR versus r 1 and rf · rb is 13dB for (a) and 20dB for (b). ‘+’ denotes the optimal OSNR value.

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Fig.3
Fig.3 Optimized OSNR versus rf · KNL =0.072rad for (a), while KNL =0.16rad for (b). Symmetric pumping structure is used.

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Fig. 4
Fig. 4 Optimized OSNR of three types against (a) KNL and (b) fiber loss.

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Fig. 5
Fig. 5 Signal distribution curves of three pumping schemes

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Fig. 6
Fig. 6 Contour maps of output OSNR versus r 1 and rf · rb is 13dB for (a) and 20dB for (b). ‘+’ denotes the optimal OSNR value. L=160km.

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Fig.7
Fig.7 Calculated OSNR versus (a) rf and (b) second-order pump wavelength. Symmetric pumping scheme is used, and r=36dB in (b).

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Fig.8
Fig.8 Calculated OSNR versus λ P2 when Rs=8× 10-5km-1 and span net gain is 4dB. The optimal λ P2 becomes 1400nm.

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Fig.9
Fig.9 Signal and pump distribution of the BiDP scheme. The second-order pump wavelength is 1395nm, and rf is 4000:1.

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Fig.10
Fig.10 Optimized (a) total OSNR, (b) corresponding OSNR with ASE only and (c) corresponding OSNR with DRB only of three types versus span length. KNL-ref=0.09rad.

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Fig.11
Fig.11 Optimized OSNR of three types versus (a) KNL, (b) signal loss and (c) RS. Span span length is 200 km.

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Equations (6)

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d P ± ( z , v ) dz = ∓ α ( v ) P ± ( z , v ) ± R s ( v ) P ∓ ( z , v ) ± P ± ( z , v ) · ∑ ξ > v g r ( v − ξ ) K eff A eff ( ξ ) · [ P ± ( z , ξ ) + P ∓ ( z , ξ ) ]
± hv ∑ ξ > v g r ( v − ξ ) A eff ( ξ ) [ P ± ( z , ξ ) + P ∓ ( z , ξ ) ] · [ 1 + 1 e h ( ξ − v ) k T − 1 ] Δ v
∓ P ± ( z , v ) · ∑ ξ > v v ξ · g r ( v − ξ ) A eff ( v ) K eff · [ P ± ( z , ξ ) + P ∓ ( z , ξ ) ]
∓ 2 hv P ± ( z , v ) · ∑ ξ < v g r ( v − ξ ) A eff ( v ) · [ 1 + 1 e h ( v − ζ ) j k T − 1 ] Δ v ,
OSNR = P s ( 0 ) · G Raman · T [ P ASE ( L ) + P DRB ( L ) ] ,
OSNR = P s ( 0 ) · G Raman · G EDFA · T [ P ASE ( L ) + P DRB ( L ) ] · G EDFA + 2 h ν Δ ν · n s p · ( G EDFA − 1 ) ,
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