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Long wavelength anti-resonant guidance in high index inclusion microstructured fibers

P. Steinvurzel, B. T. Kuhlmey, T. P. White, M.J. Steel, C. Martijn de Sterke, and B. J. Eggleton

Open Access Open Access

Abstract

Microstructured optical fibers consisting of a low refractive index core surrounded by high index inclusions guide by anti-resonant reflection. Previous experiments considered only wavelengths that are short compared to microstructure dimensions. We experimentally investigate a microstructured fiber with high index inclusions and demonstrate anti-resonant guidance at long wavelengths. We also numerically simulate these structures, including coupling loss, propagation loss, and structural disorder, and compare with the experimental results.

©2004 Optical Society of America

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Figures (10)
Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. (a) Schematic of ARROW-PCF geometry and (b) schematic of 2-D ARROW geometry with anti-resonant guided mode profile.

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Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. Effective index neff versus λ for anti-guided modes of ARROW-PCF (red) and modes of a single high index cylinder (blue). Black line corresponds to nsilica. Regions of high loss for ARROW modes correspond to modal cutoffs of the high index cylinder modes. Resonances predicted by Eq. (1) are indicated by the vertical dashed lines.

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Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. (a) SEM micrograph of fiber used, and (b) block diagram of experiment

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Fig. 4.
Fig. 4. Optical microscope image showing axial variations in the relative position and lengths of the fluid plugs

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Fig. 5.
Fig. 5. Measured transmission spectra for (a) nD=1.60 and (b) nD=1.78. Resonances and anti-resonances predicted by Eq. (1) are indicated by dashed and dotted lines, respectively. In (a), the m=2 anti-resonance lies just to the right of the graph at λ=592 nm (506.75 THz); in (b) the m=1 anti-resonance lies just to the left of the graph at λ=1735 nm (172.91 THz). Results from multipole and beam propagation simulations (see Sec. 4) are also shown.

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Fig. 6.
Fig. 6. Transmission spectra of beam propagation simulations for 10 µm (red) and 500 µm (black) of propagation for (a) nD=1.60 and (b) nD=1.78.

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Fig. 7.
Fig. 7. Contour plots of P(z) (dB scale) versus wavelength and distance in a 10 ring ARROW-PCF with (a) nD=1.60 and (b) nD=1.78. Black regions indicate P(z) <-75 dB

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Fig. 8.
Fig. 8. Infrared image of light coupled out of the core for (a) an unfilled fiber and (b) a fluid filled fiber with nD=1.78.

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Fig. 9.
Fig. 9. Contour plots of P(z) (dB scale) as a function of wavelength and distance in an axially varying four ring ARROW-PCF with (a) nD=1.60, uniform fluid length=0.36 mm and (b) nD=1.78, uniform fluid length=1.46 mm. Black regions indicate P(z) <-75 dB

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Fig. 10.
Fig. 10. Experimental transmission spectra and beam propagation simulations assuming transverse symmetry or using an SEM-based index profile for (a) nD=1.6 and (b) nD=1.78.

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Equations (2)

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λ m = 2 d ( n high 2 − n low 2 ) m + σ ,
P ( z ) = ∣ ∬ E launch ( x , y ) E * ( x , y , z ) dxdy ∣ ( ∬ E launch ( x , y ) E launch * ( x , y ) dxdy ) 1 2 ( ∬ E ( x , y , z ) E * ( x , y , z ) dxdy ) 1 2 ,
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