We report the demonstration of the first silicon Raman laser. Experimentally, pulsed Raman laser emission at 1675 nm with 25 MHz repetition rate is demonstrated using a silicon waveguide as the gain medium. The laser has a clear threshold at 9 W peak pump pulse power and a slope efficiency of 8.5%.
© 2004 Optical Society of America
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T.K. Liang and H.K. Tsang; “Role of free carriers from two-photon absorption in Raman amplification in silicon-on-insulator waveguides,” Appl. Phys. Lett., 84, 2745–2747 (2004).
[Crossref]
R. Claps, V. Raghunathan, D. Dimitropoulos, and B. Jalali, “Influence of nonlinear absorption on Raman amplification in Silicon waveguides,” Opt. Express, 12, 2774–2780 (2004), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-12-12-2774
[Crossref]
[PubMed]
V. Raghunathan, D. Dimitropoulos, R. Claps, and B. Jalali, “Raman induced wavelength conversion in scaled Silicon waveguides,” IEICE Electron. Express, 12, 298–304 (2004)
[Crossref]
A. Liu, H. Rong, M. Paniccia, O. Cohen, and D. Hak, “Net optical gain in a low loss silicon-on-insulator waveguide by stimulated Raman scattering,” Opt. Express 12, 4261–4268 (2004) http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-12-18-4261
[Crossref]
[PubMed]
Q. Xu, V. R. Almeida, and M. Lipson, “Time-resolved study of Raman gain in highly confined silicon-on-insulator waveguides,” Opt. Express, 12, 4437–4442 (2004), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-12-19-4437
[Crossref]
[PubMed]
R. Claps, D. Dimitropoulos, V. Raghunathan, Y. Han, and B. Jalali, “Observation of stimulated Raman amplification in silicon waveguides,” Opt. Express, 11, 1731–1739 (2003) http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-11-15-1731
[Crossref]
[PubMed]
R. Claps, V. Raghunathan, D. Dimitropoulos, and B. Jalali, “Anti-Stokes Raman conversion in Silicon waveguides,” Opt. Express, 11, 2862–2872 (2003) http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-11-22-2862
[Crossref]
[PubMed]
P. Koonath, T. Indukuri, and B. Jalali, “Vertically-coupled microdisk resonators realized using three-dimensional sculpting in Silicon,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 1018 (2003).
[Crossref]
R. Claps, D. Dimitropoulos, Y. Han, and B. Jalali, “Observation of Raman emission in silicon waveguides at 1.54 μm,” Opt. Express, 10, 1305–1313 (2002), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-10-22-1305
[Crossref]
[PubMed]
B. Jalali, S. Yegnanarayanan, T. Yoon, T. Yoshimoto, I. Rendina, and F. Coppinger, “Advances in silicon-on-insulator optoelectronics,” IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, 4 , 938–947 (1998)
[Crossref]
P. A. Temple and C. E. Hathaway, “Multiphonon Raman Spectrum of Silicon,” Phys. Rev. B, 7, 3685–3697 (1973)
[Crossref]
G. P. Agrawal, Nonlinear Fiber Optics, (Academic Press, 1995).
Q. Xu, V. R. Almeida, and M. Lipson, “Time-resolved study of Raman gain in highly confined silicon-on-insulator waveguides,” Opt. Express, 12, 4437–4442 (2004), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-12-19-4437
[Crossref]
[PubMed]
B. Jalali, V. Raghunathan, O. Boyraz, R. Claps, and D. Dimitropoulos, “Wavelength Conversion and Light Amplification in Silicon Waveguides,” Proceedings of International Conference on Group IV Photonics, 2004, WA3
M. Cardona and G. Guntherodt, Light Scattering in Solids II, (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1982).
V. Raghunathan, D. Dimitropoulos, R. Claps, and B. Jalali, “Raman induced wavelength conversion in scaled Silicon waveguides,” IEICE Electron. Express, 12, 298–304 (2004)
[Crossref]
R. Claps, V. Raghunathan, D. Dimitropoulos, and B. Jalali, “Influence of nonlinear absorption on Raman amplification in Silicon waveguides,” Opt. Express, 12, 2774–2780 (2004), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-12-12-2774
[Crossref]
[PubMed]
R. Claps, D. Dimitropoulos, V. Raghunathan, Y. Han, and B. Jalali, “Observation of stimulated Raman amplification in silicon waveguides,” Opt. Express, 11, 1731–1739 (2003) http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-11-15-1731
[Crossref]
[PubMed]
R. Claps, V. Raghunathan, D. Dimitropoulos, and B. Jalali, “Anti-Stokes Raman conversion in Silicon waveguides,” Opt. Express, 11, 2862–2872 (2003) http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-11-22-2862
[Crossref]
[PubMed]
R. Claps, D. Dimitropoulos, Y. Han, and B. Jalali, “Observation of Raman emission in silicon waveguides at 1.54 μm,” Opt. Express, 10, 1305–1313 (2002), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-10-22-1305
[Crossref]
[PubMed]
B. Jalali, V. Raghunathan, O. Boyraz, R. Claps, and D. Dimitropoulos, “Wavelength Conversion and Light Amplification in Silicon Waveguides,” Proceedings of International Conference on Group IV Photonics, 2004, WA3
A. Liu, H. Rong, M. Paniccia, O. Cohen, and D. Hak, “Net optical gain in a low loss silicon-on-insulator waveguide by stimulated Raman scattering,” Opt. Express 12, 4261–4268 (2004) http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-12-18-4261
[Crossref]
[PubMed]
B. Jalali, S. Yegnanarayanan, T. Yoon, T. Yoshimoto, I. Rendina, and F. Coppinger, “Advances in silicon-on-insulator optoelectronics,” IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, 4 , 938–947 (1998)
[Crossref]
J. I. Dadap, R. L. Espinola, R. M. Osgood, S. J. McNab, and Y. A. Vlasov, “Spontaneous Raman scattering in a silicon wire waveguide,” Proceedings of IPR 2004, Paper IWA4, (2004)
V. Raghunathan, D. Dimitropoulos, R. Claps, and B. Jalali, “Raman induced wavelength conversion in scaled Silicon waveguides,” IEICE Electron. Express, 12, 298–304 (2004)
[Crossref]
R. Claps, V. Raghunathan, D. Dimitropoulos, and B. Jalali, “Influence of nonlinear absorption on Raman amplification in Silicon waveguides,” Opt. Express, 12, 2774–2780 (2004), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-12-12-2774
[Crossref]
[PubMed]
R. Claps, V. Raghunathan, D. Dimitropoulos, and B. Jalali, “Anti-Stokes Raman conversion in Silicon waveguides,” Opt. Express, 11, 2862–2872 (2003) http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-11-22-2862
[Crossref]
[PubMed]
R. Claps, D. Dimitropoulos, V. Raghunathan, Y. Han, and B. Jalali, “Observation of stimulated Raman amplification in silicon waveguides,” Opt. Express, 11, 1731–1739 (2003) http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-11-15-1731
[Crossref]
[PubMed]
R. Claps, D. Dimitropoulos, Y. Han, and B. Jalali, “Observation of Raman emission in silicon waveguides at 1.54 μm,” Opt. Express, 10, 1305–1313 (2002), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-10-22-1305
[Crossref]
[PubMed]
B. Jalali, V. Raghunathan, O. Boyraz, R. Claps, and D. Dimitropoulos, “Wavelength Conversion and Light Amplification in Silicon Waveguides,” Proceedings of International Conference on Group IV Photonics, 2004, WA3
J. I. Dadap, R. L. Espinola, R. M. Osgood, S. J. McNab, and Y. A. Vlasov, “Spontaneous Raman scattering in a silicon wire waveguide,” Proceedings of IPR 2004, Paper IWA4, (2004)
M. Cardona and G. Guntherodt, Light Scattering in Solids II, (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1982).
A. Liu, H. Rong, M. Paniccia, O. Cohen, and D. Hak, “Net optical gain in a low loss silicon-on-insulator waveguide by stimulated Raman scattering,” Opt. Express 12, 4261–4268 (2004) http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-12-18-4261
[Crossref]
[PubMed]
R. Claps, D. Dimitropoulos, V. Raghunathan, Y. Han, and B. Jalali, “Observation of stimulated Raman amplification in silicon waveguides,” Opt. Express, 11, 1731–1739 (2003) http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-11-15-1731
[Crossref]
[PubMed]
R. Claps, D. Dimitropoulos, Y. Han, and B. Jalali, “Observation of Raman emission in silicon waveguides at 1.54 μm,” Opt. Express, 10, 1305–1313 (2002), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-10-22-1305
[Crossref]
[PubMed]
P. A. Temple and C. E. Hathaway, “Multiphonon Raman Spectrum of Silicon,” Phys. Rev. B, 7, 3685–3697 (1973)
[Crossref]
P. Koonath, T. Indukuri, and B. Jalali, “Vertically-coupled microdisk resonators realized using three-dimensional sculpting in Silicon,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 1018 (2003).
[Crossref]
R. Claps, V. Raghunathan, D. Dimitropoulos, and B. Jalali, “Influence of nonlinear absorption on Raman amplification in Silicon waveguides,” Opt. Express, 12, 2774–2780 (2004), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-12-12-2774
[Crossref]
[PubMed]
V. Raghunathan, D. Dimitropoulos, R. Claps, and B. Jalali, “Raman induced wavelength conversion in scaled Silicon waveguides,” IEICE Electron. Express, 12, 298–304 (2004)
[Crossref]
R. Claps, V. Raghunathan, D. Dimitropoulos, and B. Jalali, “Anti-Stokes Raman conversion in Silicon waveguides,” Opt. Express, 11, 2862–2872 (2003) http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-11-22-2862
[Crossref]
[PubMed]
P. Koonath, T. Indukuri, and B. Jalali, “Vertically-coupled microdisk resonators realized using three-dimensional sculpting in Silicon,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 1018 (2003).
[Crossref]
R. Claps, D. Dimitropoulos, V. Raghunathan, Y. Han, and B. Jalali, “Observation of stimulated Raman amplification in silicon waveguides,” Opt. Express, 11, 1731–1739 (2003) http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-11-15-1731
[Crossref]
[PubMed]
R. Claps, D. Dimitropoulos, Y. Han, and B. Jalali, “Observation of Raman emission in silicon waveguides at 1.54 μm,” Opt. Express, 10, 1305–1313 (2002), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-10-22-1305
[Crossref]
[PubMed]
B. Jalali, S. Yegnanarayanan, T. Yoon, T. Yoshimoto, I. Rendina, and F. Coppinger, “Advances in silicon-on-insulator optoelectronics,” IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, 4 , 938–947 (1998)
[Crossref]
B. Jalali, V. Raghunathan, O. Boyraz, R. Claps, and D. Dimitropoulos, “Wavelength Conversion and Light Amplification in Silicon Waveguides,” Proceedings of International Conference on Group IV Photonics, 2004, WA3
G. T. Reed and A. P. Knights, Silicon Photonics: An Introduction (John Wiley, West Sussex, 2004).
[Crossref]
P. Koonath, T. Indukuri, and B. Jalali, “Vertically-coupled microdisk resonators realized using three-dimensional sculpting in Silicon,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 1018 (2003).
[Crossref]
Ming-Chang M. Lee and Ming C. Wu, “A MEMS-Actuated Tunable Microdisk Resonator,” IEEE International Conference on Optical MEMS, 2003, MC3
T.K. Liang and H.K. Tsang; “Role of free carriers from two-photon absorption in Raman amplification in silicon-on-insulator waveguides,” Appl. Phys. Lett., 84, 2745–2747 (2004).
[Crossref]
T.K. Liang and H.K. Tsang, “Pulsed-pumped silicon-on-insulator waveguide Raman amplifier,” Proceedings of International Conference on Group IV Photonics, 2004, WA4
Q. Xu, V. R. Almeida, and M. Lipson, “Time-resolved study of Raman gain in highly confined silicon-on-insulator waveguides,” Opt. Express, 12, 4437–4442 (2004), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-12-19-4437
[Crossref]
[PubMed]
A. Liu, H. Rong, M. Paniccia, O. Cohen, and D. Hak, “Net optical gain in a low loss silicon-on-insulator waveguide by stimulated Raman scattering,” Opt. Express 12, 4261–4268 (2004) http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-12-18-4261
[Crossref]
[PubMed]
L. Pavesi and D. J. Lockwood, Silicon Photonics (Springer-verlag, New York, 2004).
J. I. Dadap, R. L. Espinola, R. M. Osgood, S. J. McNab, and Y. A. Vlasov, “Spontaneous Raman scattering in a silicon wire waveguide,” Proceedings of IPR 2004, Paper IWA4, (2004)
J. I. Dadap, R. L. Espinola, R. M. Osgood, S. J. McNab, and Y. A. Vlasov, “Spontaneous Raman scattering in a silicon wire waveguide,” Proceedings of IPR 2004, Paper IWA4, (2004)
A. Liu, H. Rong, M. Paniccia, O. Cohen, and D. Hak, “Net optical gain in a low loss silicon-on-insulator waveguide by stimulated Raman scattering,” Opt. Express 12, 4261–4268 (2004) http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-12-18-4261
[Crossref]
[PubMed]
L. Pavesi and D. J. Lockwood, Silicon Photonics (Springer-verlag, New York, 2004).
V. Raghunathan, D. Dimitropoulos, R. Claps, and B. Jalali, “Raman induced wavelength conversion in scaled Silicon waveguides,” IEICE Electron. Express, 12, 298–304 (2004)
[Crossref]
R. Claps, V. Raghunathan, D. Dimitropoulos, and B. Jalali, “Influence of nonlinear absorption on Raman amplification in Silicon waveguides,” Opt. Express, 12, 2774–2780 (2004), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-12-12-2774
[Crossref]
[PubMed]
R. Claps, D. Dimitropoulos, V. Raghunathan, Y. Han, and B. Jalali, “Observation of stimulated Raman amplification in silicon waveguides,” Opt. Express, 11, 1731–1739 (2003) http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-11-15-1731
[Crossref]
[PubMed]
R. Claps, V. Raghunathan, D. Dimitropoulos, and B. Jalali, “Anti-Stokes Raman conversion in Silicon waveguides,” Opt. Express, 11, 2862–2872 (2003) http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-11-22-2862
[Crossref]
[PubMed]
B. Jalali, V. Raghunathan, O. Boyraz, R. Claps, and D. Dimitropoulos, “Wavelength Conversion and Light Amplification in Silicon Waveguides,” Proceedings of International Conference on Group IV Photonics, 2004, WA3
G. T. Reed and A. P. Knights, Silicon Photonics: An Introduction (John Wiley, West Sussex, 2004).
[Crossref]
B. Jalali, S. Yegnanarayanan, T. Yoon, T. Yoshimoto, I. Rendina, and F. Coppinger, “Advances in silicon-on-insulator optoelectronics,” IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, 4 , 938–947 (1998)
[Crossref]
A. Liu, H. Rong, M. Paniccia, O. Cohen, and D. Hak, “Net optical gain in a low loss silicon-on-insulator waveguide by stimulated Raman scattering,” Opt. Express 12, 4261–4268 (2004) http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-12-18-4261
[Crossref]
[PubMed]
A. E. Siegman, Lasers, (University Science Books, Sausalito, CA, 1986)
P. A. Temple and C. E. Hathaway, “Multiphonon Raman Spectrum of Silicon,” Phys. Rev. B, 7, 3685–3697 (1973)
[Crossref]
T.K. Liang and H.K. Tsang; “Role of free carriers from two-photon absorption in Raman amplification in silicon-on-insulator waveguides,” Appl. Phys. Lett., 84, 2745–2747 (2004).
[Crossref]
T.K. Liang and H.K. Tsang, “Pulsed-pumped silicon-on-insulator waveguide Raman amplifier,” Proceedings of International Conference on Group IV Photonics, 2004, WA4
J. I. Dadap, R. L. Espinola, R. M. Osgood, S. J. McNab, and Y. A. Vlasov, “Spontaneous Raman scattering in a silicon wire waveguide,” Proceedings of IPR 2004, Paper IWA4, (2004)
Ming-Chang M. Lee and Ming C. Wu, “A MEMS-Actuated Tunable Microdisk Resonator,” IEEE International Conference on Optical MEMS, 2003, MC3
Q. Xu, V. R. Almeida, and M. Lipson, “Time-resolved study of Raman gain in highly confined silicon-on-insulator waveguides,” Opt. Express, 12, 4437–4442 (2004), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-12-19-4437
[Crossref]
[PubMed]
B. Jalali, S. Yegnanarayanan, T. Yoon, T. Yoshimoto, I. Rendina, and F. Coppinger, “Advances in silicon-on-insulator optoelectronics,” IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, 4 , 938–947 (1998)
[Crossref]
B. Jalali, S. Yegnanarayanan, T. Yoon, T. Yoshimoto, I. Rendina, and F. Coppinger, “Advances in silicon-on-insulator optoelectronics,” IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, 4 , 938–947 (1998)
[Crossref]
B. Jalali, S. Yegnanarayanan, T. Yoon, T. Yoshimoto, I. Rendina, and F. Coppinger, “Advances in silicon-on-insulator optoelectronics,” IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, 4 , 938–947 (1998)
[Crossref]
T.K. Liang and H.K. Tsang; “Role of free carriers from two-photon absorption in Raman amplification in silicon-on-insulator waveguides,” Appl. Phys. Lett., 84, 2745–2747 (2004).
[Crossref]
P. Koonath, T. Indukuri, and B. Jalali, “Vertically-coupled microdisk resonators realized using three-dimensional sculpting in Silicon,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 1018 (2003).
[Crossref]
B. Jalali, S. Yegnanarayanan, T. Yoon, T. Yoshimoto, I. Rendina, and F. Coppinger, “Advances in silicon-on-insulator optoelectronics,” IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, 4 , 938–947 (1998)
[Crossref]
V. Raghunathan, D. Dimitropoulos, R. Claps, and B. Jalali, “Raman induced wavelength conversion in scaled Silicon waveguides,” IEICE Electron. Express, 12, 298–304 (2004)
[Crossref]
A. Liu, H. Rong, M. Paniccia, O. Cohen, and D. Hak, “Net optical gain in a low loss silicon-on-insulator waveguide by stimulated Raman scattering,” Opt. Express 12, 4261–4268 (2004) http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-12-18-4261
[Crossref]
[PubMed]
Q. Xu, V. R. Almeida, and M. Lipson, “Time-resolved study of Raman gain in highly confined silicon-on-insulator waveguides,” Opt. Express, 12, 4437–4442 (2004), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-12-19-4437
[Crossref]
[PubMed]
R. Claps, D. Dimitropoulos, Y. Han, and B. Jalali, “Observation of Raman emission in silicon waveguides at 1.54 μm,” Opt. Express, 10, 1305–1313 (2002), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-10-22-1305
[Crossref]
[PubMed]
R. Claps, D. Dimitropoulos, V. Raghunathan, Y. Han, and B. Jalali, “Observation of stimulated Raman amplification in silicon waveguides,” Opt. Express, 11, 1731–1739 (2003) http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-11-15-1731
[Crossref]
[PubMed]
R. Claps, V. Raghunathan, D. Dimitropoulos, and B. Jalali, “Anti-Stokes Raman conversion in Silicon waveguides,” Opt. Express, 11, 2862–2872 (2003) http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-11-22-2862
[Crossref]
[PubMed]
R. Claps, V. Raghunathan, D. Dimitropoulos, and B. Jalali, “Influence of nonlinear absorption on Raman amplification in Silicon waveguides,” Opt. Express, 12, 2774–2780 (2004), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-12-12-2774
[Crossref]
[PubMed]
P. A. Temple and C. E. Hathaway, “Multiphonon Raman Spectrum of Silicon,” Phys. Rev. B, 7, 3685–3697 (1973)
[Crossref]
M. Cardona and G. Guntherodt, Light Scattering in Solids II, (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1982).
A. E. Siegman, Lasers, (University Science Books, Sausalito, CA, 1986)
G. P. Agrawal, Nonlinear Fiber Optics, (Academic Press, 1995).
T.K. Liang and H.K. Tsang, “Pulsed-pumped silicon-on-insulator waveguide Raman amplifier,” Proceedings of International Conference on Group IV Photonics, 2004, WA4
B. Jalali, V. Raghunathan, O. Boyraz, R. Claps, and D. Dimitropoulos, “Wavelength Conversion and Light Amplification in Silicon Waveguides,” Proceedings of International Conference on Group IV Photonics, 2004, WA3
J. I. Dadap, R. L. Espinola, R. M. Osgood, S. J. McNab, and Y. A. Vlasov, “Spontaneous Raman scattering in a silicon wire waveguide,” Proceedings of IPR 2004, Paper IWA4, (2004)
L. Pavesi and D. J. Lockwood, Silicon Photonics (Springer-verlag, New York, 2004).
G. T. Reed and A. P. Knights, Silicon Photonics: An Introduction (John Wiley, West Sussex, 2004).
[Crossref]
Ming-Chang M. Lee and Ming C. Wu, “A MEMS-Actuated Tunable Microdisk Resonator,” IEEE International Conference on Optical MEMS, 2003, MC3
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Measured on-off gain in the silicon waveguide for a probe signal at 1675 nm. Pumping was done at 1540 nm with 30 ps pulses.
Experimental set up used for silicon Raman laser demonstration. A ring cavity configuration is used as a resonator. A modelocked fiber laser at 1540nm is used as a pump laser. The lasing is obtained at the Stokes wavelength of 1675 nm.
Measured laser output power with respect to peak pump power. Lasing threshold is measured to be at 9 W peak power level. The slope efficiency is ~8.5%.
Measured laser and pump spectra. The laser spectrum has 0.36 nm spectral bandwidth and is located 15.6 THz away from the pump laser. The pump-output separation is precisely the optical phonon frequency in silicon.
Measured temporal profile of the laser output. (a) 25 ps pulse trace obtained by an autocorrelator at 1675 nm. (b) Oscilloscope trace shows 25 MHz pulse train at 1675 nm.
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