Measurement of the intensity and phase of attojoule femtosecond light pulses using Optical-Parametric-Amplification Cross-Correlation Frequency-Resolved Optical Gating

Jing-yuan Zhang; Aparna Prasad Shreenath; Mark Kimmel; Erik Zeek; Rick Trebino; Stephan Link

doi:10.1364/OE.11.000601

Measurement of the intensity and phase of attojoule femtosecond light pulses using Optical-Parametric-Amplification Cross-Correlation Frequency-Resolved Optical Gating

Jing-yuan Zhang, Aparna Prasad Shreenath, Mark Kimmel, Erik Zeek, Rick Trebino, and Stephan Link

Optics Express
Vol. 11,
Issue 6,
pp. 601-609
(2003)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.11.000601

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Jing-yuan Zhang, Aparna Prasad Shreenath, Mark Kimmel, Erik Zeek, Rick Trebino, and Stephan Link, "Measurement of the intensity and phase of attojoule femtosecond light pulses using Optical-Parametric-Amplification Cross-Correlation Frequency-Resolved Optical Gating," Opt. Express 11, 601-609 (2003)

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- Research Papers
Optics & Photonics Topics
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The topics in this list come from the OSA Optics and Photonics Topics applied to this article.
Previously assigned OCIS codes
- Nonlinear optics, parametric processes (190.4410)
- Ultrafast nonlinear optics (190.7110)
- Spectroscopy, nonlinear (300.6420)
- Spectroscopy, ultrafast (300.6530)

About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: January 23, 2003
- Revised Manuscript: March 17, 2003
- Published: March 24, 2003

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Abstract

We use the combination of ultrafast gating and high parametric gain available with Difference-Frequency Generation (DFG) and Optical Parametric Amplification (OPA) to achieve the complete measurement of ultraweak ultrashort light pulses. Specifically, spectrally resolving such an amplified gated pulse vs. relative delay yields the complete pulse intensity and phase vs. time. This technique is a variation of Cross-correlation Frequency-Resolved Optical Gating (XFROG), and using it, we measure the intensity and phase of a train of attenuated white light continuum containing only a few attojoules per pulse. Unlike interferometric methods, this method can measure pulses with poor spatial coherence and random absolute phase, such as fluorescence.

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References

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|
Year
|
Author
|
Publication

Frequency-Resolved Optical Gating: The Measurement of Ultrashort Laser Pulses, Rick Trebino, ed. (Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, 2002).
S. Linden, H. Giessen, and J. Kuhl, “XFROG-a new method for amplitude and phase characterization of weak ultrashort pulses,” Physica Status Solidi B Conference Title: Phys. Status Solidi B (Germany), 206, 119–124 (1998).
Ultrafast Phenomena XIII: Proceedings of the 13th International Conference, D. R. Miller, M. M. Murnane, N. F. Scherer, and A. M. Weiner, eds. (Springer-Verlag, 2003).
D. N. Fittinghoff, J.L. Bowie, J.N. Sweetser, R. T. Jennings, M. A. Krumbuegel, K. W. DeLong, R. Trebino, and I. A. Walmsley, “Measurement of the Intensity and Phase of Ultraweak, Ultrashort Laser Pulse,” Opt. Lett. 21, 884–886 (1996).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
D. T. Reid, P. Loza-Alvarez, C. T. A. Brown, T. Beddard, and W. Sibbett, “Amplitude and phase measurement of mid-infrared femtosecond pulses by using cross-correlation frequency-resolved optical gating,” Opt. Lett. 25, 1478–1480. (2000).
[Crossref]
J. Y. Zhang, J.Y. Huang, and Y. R. Shen, Optical Parametric Generation and Amplification (An International Handbook on laser Science and Technology), V. S. Lectokhov, C. V. Shank, Y. R. Shen, and H. Walther, eds. (Harwood Academic Publishers, 1995).
Y. Uesugi, Y. Mizutani, and T. Kitagawa, “Developments of widely tunable light sources for picosecond time-resolved resonance Raman spectroscopy,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 68, 4001–4008 (1997).
[Crossref]
K. R. Wilson and V. V. Yakovlev, “Ultrafast rainbow: tunable ultrashort pulses from a solid-state kilohertz system,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 14, 444–448. (1997).
[Crossref]
S. Haacke, J. Berrehar, C. Lapersonne-Mayer, and M. Schott, “Dynamics of singlet excitons in 1D conjugated polydiacetylene chains: a femtosecond fluorescence study,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 302, 363–368 (1999).
[Crossref]
J. A. Moon, R. Mahon, M. D. Duncan, and J. Reintjes, “Three-dimensional reflective image reconstruction through a scattering medium based on time-gated Raman amplification,” Opt. Lett. 19, 1234–1236 (1994).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
S. M. Cameron, D. E. Bliss, M. W. Kimmel, and D. R. Neal, “Gated Frequency-Resolved Optical Imaging with an Optical Parametric Amplifier,” US Patent # 5939739 (Aug. 10, 1999).
M. Du and G. R. Fleming, “Femtosecond time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy of Bacteriorhodopsin: Direct observation of excited state dynamics in the primary step of the proton pump cycle,” Biophys. Chem. 48, 101 (1993).
[Crossref]
T. Gustavsson, G. Baldacchino, J.-C. Mialocq, and S. Pommeret, “A femtosecond fluorescence up-conversion of the dynamic Stokes shift of the DCM dye molecule in polar and non-polar solvents,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 236, 587 (1995).
[Crossref]
S. Haacke, S. Schenkl, S. Vinzani, and M. Chergui, “Femotsecond and Picosecond Fluorescence of Native Bacteriarhodopsin and a Non-isomerizing Analog,” Biopolymers 67, 306 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
S. Haacke, S. Vinzani, S. Schenkl, and M. Chergui, “Spectral and Kinetic Fluorescence properties of Native and Non-isomerizing Retinal in Bacteriarhodopsin,” Chem. Phys. Chem. 2, 310 (2001).
[Crossref]
S. Linden, J. Kuhl, and H. Giessen, “Amplitude and phase characterization of weak blue ultrashort pulses by downconversion,” Opt. Lett. 24, 569–571 (1999).
[Crossref]
R. Danielius, A. Piskarskas, P. DiTrapani, A. Andreoni, C. Solcia, and P. Foggi, “Matching of group velocities by spatial walk-off in collinear three-wave interaction with tilted pulses,” Opt. Lett. 21, 973–975.
[PubMed]
G. Cerullo and S. De Silversti, “Ultrafast optical parametric amplifiers,” Rev. Sci. Intrum. 74, 1–18 (2003).
[Crossref]
A.V. Smith, “Group-velocity-matched three-wave mixing in birefringent crystals,” Opt. Lett. 26, 719–721 (2001).
[Crossref]

2003 (1)

G. Cerullo and S. De Silversti, “Ultrafast optical parametric amplifiers,” Rev. Sci. Intrum. 74, 1–18 (2003).
[Crossref]

2002 (1)

S. Haacke, S. Schenkl, S. Vinzani, and M. Chergui, “Femotsecond and Picosecond Fluorescence of Native Bacteriarhodopsin and a Non-isomerizing Analog,” Biopolymers 67, 306 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2001 (2)

S. Haacke, S. Vinzani, S. Schenkl, and M. Chergui, “Spectral and Kinetic Fluorescence properties of Native and Non-isomerizing Retinal in Bacteriarhodopsin,” Chem. Phys. Chem. 2, 310 (2001).
[Crossref]

A.V. Smith, “Group-velocity-matched three-wave mixing in birefringent crystals,” Opt. Lett. 26, 719–721 (2001).
[Crossref]

2000 (1)

D. T. Reid, P. Loza-Alvarez, C. T. A. Brown, T. Beddard, and W. Sibbett, “Amplitude and phase measurement of mid-infrared femtosecond pulses by using cross-correlation frequency-resolved optical gating,” Opt. Lett. 25, 1478–1480. (2000).
[Crossref]

1999 (2)

S. Linden, J. Kuhl, and H. Giessen, “Amplitude and phase characterization of weak blue ultrashort pulses by downconversion,” Opt. Lett. 24, 569–571 (1999).
[Crossref]

S. Haacke, J. Berrehar, C. Lapersonne-Mayer, and M. Schott, “Dynamics of singlet excitons in 1D conjugated polydiacetylene chains: a femtosecond fluorescence study,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 302, 363–368 (1999).
[Crossref]

1998 (1)

S. Linden, H. Giessen, and J. Kuhl, “XFROG-a new method for amplitude and phase characterization of weak ultrashort pulses,” Physica Status Solidi B Conference Title: Phys. Status Solidi B (Germany), 206, 119–124 (1998).

1997 (2)

Y. Uesugi, Y. Mizutani, and T. Kitagawa, “Developments of widely tunable light sources for picosecond time-resolved resonance Raman spectroscopy,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 68, 4001–4008 (1997).
[Crossref]

K. R. Wilson and V. V. Yakovlev, “Ultrafast rainbow: tunable ultrashort pulses from a solid-state kilohertz system,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 14, 444–448. (1997).
[Crossref]

1996 (1)

D. N. Fittinghoff, J.L. Bowie, J.N. Sweetser, R. T. Jennings, M. A. Krumbuegel, K. W. DeLong, R. Trebino, and I. A. Walmsley, “Measurement of the Intensity and Phase of Ultraweak, Ultrashort Laser Pulse,” Opt. Lett. 21, 884–886 (1996).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1995 (1)

T. Gustavsson, G. Baldacchino, J.-C. Mialocq, and S. Pommeret, “A femtosecond fluorescence up-conversion of the dynamic Stokes shift of the DCM dye molecule in polar and non-polar solvents,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 236, 587 (1995).
[Crossref]

1994 (1)

J. A. Moon, R. Mahon, M. D. Duncan, and J. Reintjes, “Three-dimensional reflective image reconstruction through a scattering medium based on time-gated Raman amplification,” Opt. Lett. 19, 1234–1236 (1994).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1993 (1)

M. Du and G. R. Fleming, “Femtosecond time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy of Bacteriorhodopsin: Direct observation of excited state dynamics in the primary step of the proton pump cycle,” Biophys. Chem. 48, 101 (1993).
[Crossref]

Andreoni, A.

R. Danielius, A. Piskarskas, P. DiTrapani, A. Andreoni, C. Solcia, and P. Foggi, “Matching of group velocities by spatial walk-off in collinear three-wave interaction with tilted pulses,” Opt. Lett. 21, 973–975.
[PubMed]

Baldacchino, G.

Beddard, T.

Berrehar, J.

Bliss, D. E.

S. M. Cameron, D. E. Bliss, M. W. Kimmel, and D. R. Neal, “Gated Frequency-Resolved Optical Imaging with an Optical Parametric Amplifier,” US Patent # 5939739 (Aug. 10, 1999).

Bowie, J.L.

Brown, C. T. A.

Cameron, S. M.

S. M. Cameron, D. E. Bliss, M. W. Kimmel, and D. R. Neal, “Gated Frequency-Resolved Optical Imaging with an Optical Parametric Amplifier,” US Patent # 5939739 (Aug. 10, 1999).

Cerullo, G.

G. Cerullo and S. De Silversti, “Ultrafast optical parametric amplifiers,” Rev. Sci. Intrum. 74, 1–18 (2003).
[Crossref]

Chergui, M.

Danielius, R.

De Silversti, S.

G. Cerullo and S. De Silversti, “Ultrafast optical parametric amplifiers,” Rev. Sci. Intrum. 74, 1–18 (2003).
[Crossref]

DeLong, K. W.

DiTrapani, P.

Du, M.

Duncan, M. D.

Fittinghoff, D. N.

Fleming, G. R.

Foggi, P.

Giessen, H.

S. Linden, J. Kuhl, and H. Giessen, “Amplitude and phase characterization of weak blue ultrashort pulses by downconversion,” Opt. Lett. 24, 569–571 (1999).
[Crossref]

Gustavsson, T.

Haacke, S.

Huang, J.Y.

J. Y. Zhang, J.Y. Huang, and Y. R. Shen, Optical Parametric Generation and Amplification (An International Handbook on laser Science and Technology), V. S. Lectokhov, C. V. Shank, Y. R. Shen, and H. Walther, eds. (Harwood Academic Publishers, 1995).

Jennings, R. T.

Kimmel, M. W.

S. M. Cameron, D. E. Bliss, M. W. Kimmel, and D. R. Neal, “Gated Frequency-Resolved Optical Imaging with an Optical Parametric Amplifier,” US Patent # 5939739 (Aug. 10, 1999).

Kitagawa, T.

Krumbuegel, M. A.

Kuhl, J.

S. Linden, J. Kuhl, and H. Giessen, “Amplitude and phase characterization of weak blue ultrashort pulses by downconversion,” Opt. Lett. 24, 569–571 (1999).
[Crossref]

Lapersonne-Mayer, C.

Linden, S.

S. Linden, J. Kuhl, and H. Giessen, “Amplitude and phase characterization of weak blue ultrashort pulses by downconversion,” Opt. Lett. 24, 569–571 (1999).
[Crossref]

Loza-Alvarez, P.

Mahon, R.

Mialocq, J.-C.

Mizutani, Y.

Moon, J. A.

Neal, D. R.

S. M. Cameron, D. E. Bliss, M. W. Kimmel, and D. R. Neal, “Gated Frequency-Resolved Optical Imaging with an Optical Parametric Amplifier,” US Patent # 5939739 (Aug. 10, 1999).

Piskarskas, A.

Pommeret, S.

Reid, D. T.

Reintjes, J.

Schenkl, S.

Schott, M.

Shen, Y. R.

Sibbett, W.

Smith, A.V.

A.V. Smith, “Group-velocity-matched three-wave mixing in birefringent crystals,” Opt. Lett. 26, 719–721 (2001).
[Crossref]

Solcia, C.

Sweetser, J.N.

Trebino, R.

Uesugi, Y.

Vinzani, S.

Walmsley, I. A.

Wilson, K. R.

K. R. Wilson and V. V. Yakovlev, “Ultrafast rainbow: tunable ultrashort pulses from a solid-state kilohertz system,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 14, 444–448. (1997).
[Crossref]

Yakovlev, V. V.

K. R. Wilson and V. V. Yakovlev, “Ultrafast rainbow: tunable ultrashort pulses from a solid-state kilohertz system,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 14, 444–448. (1997).
[Crossref]

Zhang, J. Y.

Biophys. Chem. (1)

Biopolymers (1)

Chem. Phys. Chem. (1)

Chem. Phys. Lett. (2)

J. Opt. Soc. Am. B (1)

K. R. Wilson and V. V. Yakovlev, “Ultrafast rainbow: tunable ultrashort pulses from a solid-state kilohertz system,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 14, 444–448. (1997).
[Crossref]

Opt. Lett. (6)

A.V. Smith, “Group-velocity-matched three-wave mixing in birefringent crystals,” Opt. Lett. 26, 719–721 (2001).
[Crossref]

S. Linden, J. Kuhl, and H. Giessen, “Amplitude and phase characterization of weak blue ultrashort pulses by downconversion,” Opt. Lett. 24, 569–571 (1999).
[Crossref]

Physica Status Solidi B Conference Title: Phys. Status Solidi B (1)

Rev. Sci. Instrum. (1)

Rev. Sci. Intrum. (1)

G. Cerullo and S. De Silversti, “Ultrafast optical parametric amplifiers,” Rev. Sci. Intrum. 74, 1–18 (2003).
[Crossref]

Other (4)

Frequency-Resolved Optical Gating: The Measurement of Ultrashort Laser Pulses, Rick Trebino, ed. (Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, 2002).

S. M. Cameron, D. E. Bliss, M. W. Kimmel, and D. R. Neal, “Gated Frequency-Resolved Optical Imaging with an Optical Parametric Amplifier,” US Patent # 5939739 (Aug. 10, 1999).

Ultrafast Phenomena XIII: Proceedings of the 13th International Conference, D. R. Miller, M. M. Murnane, N. F. Scherer, and A. M. Weiner, eds. (Springer-Verlag, 2003).

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Fig. 1. Schematic of the experimental apparatus for OPA/DFG XFROG. The gate pulse is characterized using a GRENOUILLE (not shown) before it enters the XFROG setup.

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Fig. 2. The measured and retrieved traces and retrieved intensity and phase vs. time and the spectrum and spectral phase vs. wavelength of a spectrally filtered continuum from a sapphire plate. The retrieved intensity and phase from the OPA XFROG measurement of 80fJ pulses agrees well with the retrieved intensity and phase of unattenuated continuum of 80pJ using the established technique, SFG XFROG as well as the independently measured spectrum.

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Fig. 3. OPA XFROG measurement of a 50 aJ attenuated and filtered continuum generated using a sapphire plate.

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Equations (9)

Equations on this page are rendered with MathJax. Learn more.

I_{XFROG} (ω, τ) = {∣ \int_{- \infty}^{\infty} E (t) E_{gate} (t - τ) \exp (- i ω t) dt ∣}^{2}

\frac{\partial E_{OPA}}{\partial z} = i κ E_{ref} E_{DFG}^{*}

\frac{{\partial E}_{DFG}}{\partial z} = i κ' E_{ref} E_{OPA}^{*}

E_{sig}^{OPA} (t, τ) = E (t) E_{gate}^{OPA} (t - τ),

E_{gate}^{OPA} (t) = \cosh (g ∣ E_{ref} (t) ∣ z) .

g^{2} = \frac{{16 π}^{2} {d^{2}}_{eff}}{n_{OPA} n_{DFG} λ_{OPA} λ_{DFG}} .

E_{sig}^{DFG} (t, τ) = E (t) E_{gate}^{{DFG}^{*}} (t - τ) .

E_{gate}^{DFG} (t) = \exp [{i ϕ}_{ref} (t)] \sinh (g ∣ E_{ref} (t) ∣ z),

l_{sp} = \frac{τ_{p}}{{GVM}_{sp}},