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High speed, wide velocity dynamic range Doppler optical coherence tomography (Part III): in vivo endoscopic imaging of blood flow in the rat and human gastrointestinal tracts

Victor X.D. Yang, Maggie L. Gordon, Shou-jiang Tang, Norman E. Marcon, Geoffrey Gardiner, Bing Qi, Stuart Bisland, Emily Seng-Yue, Stewart Lo, Julius Pekar, Brian C. Wilson, and I. Alex Vitkin

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Abstract

We previously described a fiber based Doppler optical coherence tomography system [1] capable of imaging embryo cardiac blood flow at 4~16 frames per second with wide velocity dynamic range [2]. Coupling this system to a linear scanning fiber optical catheter design that minimizes friction and vibrations, we report here the initial results of in vivo endoscopic Doppler optical coherence tomography (EDOCT) imaging in normal rat and human esophagus. Microvascular flow in blood vessels less than 100 µm diameter was detected using a combination of color-Doppler and velocity variance imaging modes, during clinical endoscopy using a mobile EDOCT system.

©2003 Optical Society of America

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Figures (7)
Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Schematics of the mechanical assembly for the linear scanning catheter. (a) Top-view. (b) Side-view. This assembly is mounted on the endoscope, as shown in (c).

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Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. Modified saw-tooth driving waveform for the linear scanning catheter. Part-1 pushes the fiber and part-2 starts the pullback motion. Images are acquired during the steady pullback motion of part-3.

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Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. Schematic of the EDOCT catheter distal end. (a) The fiber termination with GRIN lens and right-angle prism. The terminated fiber can slide within either a steel cap, with the optical beam passing through one of the slots (b); or within a transparent plastic cover (c). Imaging is performed with the catheter in gentle contact with the esophageal wall (d).

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Fig. 4.
Fig. 4. EDOCT image sequence [289 kB], showing blood flow in a submucosal blood vessel in rat esophagus. Frame acquisition time=1 second. (a) Structural image. (b) Color-Doppler image showing the mean Doppler shift. (c) Normalized velocity variance image. (d) Composite image with the velocity variance overlaid on the structural image. Bar=500 µm.

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Fig. 5.
Fig. 5. M-mode EDOCT image showing the pulsatile blood flow in a major blood vessel in the close vicinity of the rat esophagus. (a) Structural image. (b) Color-Doppler image showing the mean Doppler shift. (c) Normalized velocity variance image. The yellow horizontal line indicates the depth from which Doppler spectrum information is processed (see Fig.6).

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Fig. 6.
Fig. 6. Doppler spectrum corresponding to Fig.5, demonstrating the EDOCT system’s ability to detect the pulsatile blood flow velocity distribution in the rat. High speed blood flow at the beginning of the pulse caused significant aliasing (arrows), consistent with Fig.5(b). The Doppler spectrum is also presented in audio format [393 kB].

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Fig. 7.
Fig. 7. Example EDOCT images of normal human esophagi from different patients, with the velocity variance information overlaid on the structural images in (a) and (b), and the mean Doppler shift overlaid in (c) and (d). Note the clearly delineated layers of normal esophagus: ep - epithelium, lp - lamina propria, mm - muscularis mucosa, sm - submucosa, and mp - muscularis mucosa. Note the high velocity blood flow in the small vessel in (c), which was probably a small artery (A), as indicated by the aliased color-ring. The adjacent larger vessel is probably a vein (V).

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