Progress, challenges, and opportunities of terahertz emission from liquids

Yiwen E; Liangliang Zhang; Anton Tsypkin; Sergey Kozlov; Cunlin Zhang; X.-C. Zhang

doi:10.1364/JOSAB.446095

Journal of the Optical Society of America B
Vol. 39,
Issue 3,
pp. A43-A51
(2022)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAB.446095

Progress, challenges, and opportunities of terahertz emission from liquids

Yiwen E, Liangliang Zhang, Anton Tsypkin, Sergey Kozlov, Cunlin Zhang, and X.-C. Zhang

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Yiwen E, Liangliang Zhang, Anton Tsypkin, Sergey Kozlov, Cunlin Zhang, and X.-C. Zhang, "Progress, challenges, and opportunities of terahertz emission from liquids," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 39, A43-A51 (2022)

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Table of Contents Category
- Ultrafast Optics
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About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: October 18, 2021
- Revised Manuscript: December 5, 2021
- Manuscript Accepted: December 7, 2021
- Published: January 7, 2022

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Abstract

Broadband terahertz (THz) wave emission from flowing liquid targets has been demonstrated under short optical pulse excitation. Observations have been reported by using liquid THz sources, including optimal angle of incidence, preference of subpicosecond pulse excitation, and strong sideway emission. Compared with solid targets, the fluidity of liquid allows each laser pulse to interact with a fresh area, which makes it possible to use a table-top laser with a high repetition rate for excitation. Liquids with a comparable material density to solids make them promising candidates for the study of high-density plasma and bright THz sources. In this paper, we review recent progress, challenges, and opportunities of THz emission from liquids. This topic may offer new possibilities in the exploration of THz liquid photonics and may play an indispensable role in the study of laser-liquid interaction.

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	Pros	Cons
Gravity-driven film	Simple in operation and construction, low maintenance, adjustable thickness.	Delicate film structure, uneven surface profile, no possibility for use with high-power systems.
Jet nozzle	Easy in operation, high stability, ease of use with various liquids, relatively simple in construction, highly adjustable thickness.	System can be costly, uneven surface profile, the liquid target quality highly depends on the nozzle.
Flatjet	Use with various liquids, extremely flat surface profile.	Expensive, films cannot be made larger than 1 mm or thicker than 10 µm.

	Non-Relativistic Region		Relativistic Region
Laser intensity for excitation ( $W / {c m}^{2}$ )	$< 10^{13 - 18}$		$> 10^{18}$
Target preference	Gas, cluster	Liquid	Solid (Metal)
Pulse duration	Shortest	Subpicosecond	(unresolved)
THz generation mechanism	pondermotive force; four wave mixing; asymmetry field induced current.	(unresolved)	coherent transition radiation; sheath field acceleration; transient electron currents.

	Detection	THz Field (kV/cm)^a
Single-color excitation	Forward	$\sim 10$
	Sideway	$\sim 20$
Double-pump excitation	Forward	$\sim 30$
Two-color excitation	Forward	$\sim 100$

	Pros	Cons
Gravity-driven film	Simple in operation and construction, low maintenance, adjustable thickness.	Delicate film structure, uneven surface profile, no possibility for use with high-power systems.
Jet nozzle	Easy in operation, high stability, ease of use with various liquids, relatively simple in construction, highly adjustable thickness.	System can be costly, uneven surface profile, the liquid target quality highly depends on the nozzle.
Flatjet	Use with various liquids, extremely flat surface profile.	Expensive, films cannot be made larger than 1 mm or thicker than 10 µm.

	Non-Relativistic Region		Relativistic Region
Laser intensity for excitation ( $W / {c m}^{2}$ )	$< 10^{13 - 18}$		$> 10^{18}$
Target preference	Gas, cluster	Liquid	Solid (Metal)
Pulse duration	Shortest	Subpicosecond	(unresolved)
THz generation mechanism	pondermotive force; four wave mixing; asymmetry field induced current.	(unresolved)	coherent transition radiation; sheath field acceleration; transient electron currents.

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Journal of the Optical Society of America B