Atomic transitions for adaptive optics

Rui Yang; Rui Yang; Joschua Hellemeier; Paul Hickson; Paul Hickson

doi:10.1364/JOSAB.427298

Journal of the Optical Society of America B
Vol. 38,
Issue 8,
pp. 2239-2251
(2021)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAB.427298

Atomic transitions for adaptive optics

Rui Yang, Joschua Hellemeier, and Paul Hickson

Not Accessible

Your library or personal account may give you access

Get PDF
Email
Share
Get Citation
Copy Citation Text
Rui Yang, Joschua Hellemeier, and Paul Hickson, "Atomic transitions for adaptive optics," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 38, 2239-2251 (2021)

Export Citation
- BibTex
- Endnote (RIS)
- HTML
- Plain Text
Citation alert
Save article
Editors' Pick

Check for updates

Abstract

Adaptive optics systems using sodium laser guide stars are widely employed at major astronomical observatories. It is natural to ask whether other atomic species might offer advantages. In this paper, we review all abundant atoms and ions in the upper atmosphere, including Na, Fe, ${\rm{M}}{{\rm{g}}^ +}$, ${\rm{S}}{{\rm{i}}^ +}$, ${\rm{C}}{{\rm{a}}^ +}$, and K and also the non-metallic species N, ${{\rm{N}}^ +}$, O, and H, considering their potential for adaptive optics. Return fluxes for all transitions that can be excited using either one or two wavelengths were computed. We also considered multi-wavelength emission, comparing the performance of different transitions for polychromatic laser guide star (PLGS) adaptive optics. We find that of all the mesospheric metals, Na is the most suitable for both monochromatic laser guide stars and PLGSs, providing about six times more return flux than the best transitions in Fe. For high-altitude observatories, excitation at 330 nm in Na should give the highest PLGS performance. Atomic O, N, and ${{\rm{N}}^ +}$ have strong transitions and very high abundances in the mesosphere. This makes them potential candidates for the generation of intense laser guide stars by amplified spontaneous emission, if a suitable excitation process can be demonstrated. Direct excitation by CW lasers is impractical, as all transitions from the ground state are beyond the atmospheric cutoff. Nevertheless, it may be possible using high-power pulsed lasers.

Full Article | PDF Article

More Like This

Frequency chirped continuous-wave sodium laser guide stars: modeling and optimization

F. Pedreros Bustos, R. Holzlöhner, S. Rochester, D. Bonaccini Calia, J. Hellemeier, and D. Budker
J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 37(4) 1208-1218 (2020)

Photometric observations of a polychromatic laser guide star

Renaud Foy, Michel Tallon, Isabelle Tallon-Bosc, Eric Thiébaut, Jérôme Vaillant, Françoise-Claude Foy, Daniel Robert, Herb Friedman, François Biraben, Gilbert Grynberg, Jean-Pierre Gex, Alain Mens, Arnold Migus, Jean-Marc Weulersse, and David J. Butler
J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 17(12) 2236-2242 (2000)

Concept for polychromatic laser guide stars: one-photon excitation of the 4P_3/2 level of a sodium atom

Jean-Paul Pique, Ioana Cristina Moldovan, and Vincent Fesquet
J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 23(11) 2817-2828 (2006)

Data Availability

Data underlying the results presented in this paper are available in [24,28]. Selected data for strong transitions in the atomic species discussed here are available from the authors upon request.

24. A. E. Hedin, “Extension of the MSIS thermosphere model into the middle and lower atmosphere,” J. Geophys. Res. 96, 1159–1172 (1991). [CrossRef]

28. A. Kramida, Y. Ralchenko, J. Reader, and NIST ASD Team, “NIST atomic spectra database (ver. 5.8),” 2020, https://physics.nist.gov/asd.

Cited By

You do not have subscription access to this journal. Cited by links are available to subscribers only. You may subscribe either as an Optica member, or as an authorized user of your institution.

Contact your librarian or system administrator
or
Login to access Optica Member Subscription

Figures (8)

You do not have subscription access to this journal. Figure files are available to subscribers only. You may subscribe either as an Optica member, or as an authorized user of your institution.

Contact your librarian or system administrator
or
Login to access Optica Member Subscription

Tables (12)

You do not have subscription access to this journal. Article tables are available to subscribers only. You may subscribe either as an Optica member, or as an authorized user of your institution.

Contact your librarian or system administrator
or
Login to access Optica Member Subscription

Equations (21)

You do not have subscription access to this journal. Equations are available to subscribers only. You may subscribe either as an Optica member, or as an authorized user of your institution.

Contact your librarian or system administrator
or
Login to access Optica Member Subscription

Species	$N$	Altitude	RMS Width	Sources
	$m^{- 2}$	km	km
Na	$4.0 \times 10^{13}$	91.5	4.6	[20]
Fe	$10.2 \times 10^{13}$	88.3	4.5	[20]
Mg	$1 \times 10^{13}$	89.4	4.2	[21,22]
$M g^{+}$	$8 \times 10^{13}$	94.6	7.0	[21,22]
$S i^{+}$	$4 \times 10^{13}$	111.0	10.1	[23]
Ca	$3.4 \times 10^{11}$	90.5	3.5	[20]
$C a^{+}$	$7.2 \times 10^{11}$	95.0	3.6	[20]
K	$4.5 \times 10^{11}$	91.0	4.7	[20]
N	$1 \times 10^{18}$	223.0	60.2	[24,25]
$N^{+}$	$1 \times 10^{18}$	–	–	[25]
O	$6.5 \times 10^{21}$	110.3	28.7	[24,26]
H	$2.3 \times 10^{18}$	95.6	38.9	[24,27]

Species	$λ_{e x}$ (nm)	$λ$ (nm)	$\log (ε)$	$\log (N σ_{21})$
Na I	588.995	588.995	21.20	−1.50
	589.592	589.592	21.07	−1.50
	330.237	2205.647	20.00	−0.75
	330.237	588.995	19.83	−1.50
	330.298	2208.370	19.82	−0.75
	330.237	1140.377	19.82	−1.19
	330.298	588.995	19.65	−1.50
	330.298	1140.377	19.65	−1.19
	330.237	330.237	19.61	−3.61
	330.237	589.592	19.52	−1.50
	330.237	1138.144	19.52	−1.49
	330.298	330.298	19.44	−3.61
	330.298	589.592	19.37	−1.50
	330.298	1138.144	19.35	−1.49
	285.281	5426.880	19.20	−0.25
	285.281	588.995	19.18	−1.50
	285.301	5434.170	18.98	−0.25
	285.301	588.995	18.95	−1.50
	285.281	1140.377	18.93	−1.19
	285.281	1074.645	18.91	−2.65
	285.281	589.592	18.87	−1.50
	285.281	616.075	18.78	−2.54
	268.034	588.995	18.71	−1.50
	285.301	1140.377	18.71	−1.19
	285.301	1074.930	18.68	−2.65
	285.301	589.592	18.67	−1.50
	285.281	3414.261	18.64	−0.45
	285.281	1138.144	18.63	−1.49
	268.034	10807.960	18.61	0.14
	285.301	616.075	18.56	−2.54
	285.281	2205.647	18.51	−0.75
	285.281	615.423	18.49	−2.84
	268.043	588.995	18.45	−1.50
	285.301	3414.261	18.42	−0.45
	268.034	1140.377	18.41	−1.19
	285.301	1138.144	18.41	−1.49
	268.034	589.592	18.40	−1.50
	268.043	10823.050	18.36	0.14
	259.387	588.995	18.34	−1.50
	285.281	3407.755	18.34	−0.75
	330.237	9090.560	18.33	−0.57
	330.237	819.482	18.33	−1.15
	268.034	2440.182	18.32	−2.08
	268.034	864.993	18.31	−3.44
Fe I	371.993	371.993	20.40	−2.08
	385.991	385.991	18.72	−2.26
	344.061	344.061	18.49	−2.16
	367.991	373.713	18.18	−2.14
	296.690	373.486	18.17	−1.33
	216.677	349.710	18.13	−2.42
	302.064	302.064	18.13	−1.68
	261.871	381.584	18.08	−1.21
	302.064	382.042	18.07	−1.43
	344.061	349.057	18.05	−2.59
	213.202	340.746	18.04	−1.62
	437.593	646.271	18.04	−3.59
	319.166	516.749	18.03	−2.43
Ca I	422.673	422.673	19.72	−3.34
K I	766.490	766.490	19.05	−3.21
	769.896	769.896	18.92	−3.21
Mg I	202.582	1710.866	18.15	−1.55
	202.582	1182.819	18.15	−1.63

$λ$ (nm)	$λ_{e x}$ (nm)	$\log (ε)$	$\log (N σ_{21})$
819.482	$588.995 + 819.482$	21.00	−1.15
818.326	$589.592 + 818.326$	20.89	−1.23
818.326	$588.995 + 819.479$	20.68	−1.23
589.592	$588.995 + 819.479$	20.68	−1.50
1140.377	$589.592 + 1138.144$	20.31	−1.19
588.995	$589.592 + 1138.144$	20.31	−1.50
1140.377	$588.995 + 1140.377$	20.22	−1.19
568.820	$588.995 + 568.820$	20.19	−2.26
819.479	$589.592 + 818.326$	20.19	−1.93
588.995	$589.592 + 818.326$	20.19	−1.50
588.995	$330.237 + 2337.915$	20.18	−1.50
568.263	$589.592 + 568.263$	20.10	−2.34
568.820	$330.237 + 2337.915$	20.08	−2.26
1138.144	$589.592 + 1138.144$	20.01	−1.49

$λ_{e x}$ (nm)	$q$	$p$	$λ_{1}$ (nm)	$\log (ε_{1})$	$λ_{2}$ (nm)	$\log (ε_{2})$
330.237	1.00	18.59	330.237	19.61	2205.647	20.00
	0.94	19.74	330.237	19.61	1140.377	19.82
	0.84	19.74	330.237	19.61	1138.144	19.52
	0.72	25.86	330.237	19.61	588.995	19.83
	0.65	25.84	330.237	19.61	589.592	19.52
330.298	0.82	18.60	330.298	19.44	2208.370	19.82
	0.77	19.75	330.298	19.44	1140.377	19.65
	0.69	19.75	330.298	19.44	1138.144	19.35
	0.59	25.87	330.298	19.44	588.995	19.65
	0.54	25.85	330.298	19.44	589.592	19.37

$λ_{e x}$ (nm)	$q$	$p$	$λ_{1}$ (nm)	$\log (ε_{1})$	$λ_{2}$ (nm)	$\log (ε_{2})$
588.995	0.79	18.55	330.237	19.41	2337.915	19.95
$+ 568.820$	0.79	18.59	330.237	19.41	2205.647	19.79
	0.75	19.74	330.237	19.41	1140.377	19.62
	0.67	19.74	330.237	19.41	1138.144	19.32
	0.55	26.69	330.237	19.41	568.820	20.19
	0.51	25.84	330.237	19.41	589.592	19.32
	0.45	60.81	568.820	20.19	2337.915	19.95
			588.995	20.78
589.592	0.71	18.56	330.298	19.32	2334.843	19.86
$+ 568.263$	0.71	18.60	330.298	19.32	2208.370	19.70
	0.67	19.75	330.298	19.32	1140.377	19.60
	0.66	19.75	330.298	19.32	1138.144	19.30
	0.59	18.56	330.298	19.32	2337.896	19.16
	0.51	25.87	330.298	19.32	588.995	19.82
	0.49	18.60	330.298	19.32	2205.647	19.00
	0.49	26.71	330.298	19.32	568.819	19.40
	0.49	26.73	330.298	19.32	568.263	20.10
	0.41	60.69	568.263	20.10	2334.843	19.86
			589.592	20.65
588.995	0.57	18.56	330.298	19.13	2334.843	19.67
$+ 568.819$	0.57	18.60	330.298	19.13	2208.370	19.51
	0.54	19.75	330.298	19.13	1140.377	19.41
	0.53	19.75	330.298	19.13	1138.144	19.11
	0.48	18.56	330.298	19.13	2337.896	18.97
	0.41	25.85	330.298	19.13	589.592	19.98
	0.40	18.60	330.298	19.13	2205.647	18.81
	0.40	26.71	330.298	19.13	568.819	19.21
	0.40	26.73	330.298	19.13	568.263	19.91
			588.995	20.96
330.237	0.51	18.56	330.298	19.03	2334.843	19.57
$+ 2337.896$	0.51	18.60	330.298	19.03	2208.370	19.41
	0.51	18.60	330.298	19.03	2205.647	19.64
	0.48	19.75	330.298	19.03	1140.377	19.66
	0.48	19.75	330.298	19.03	1138.144	19.36
	0.43	18.56	330.298	19.03	2337.896	18.87
			330.237	19.25
588.995	0.50	126.58	589.592	20.68	818.326	20.68
$+ 819.479$	0.23	126.21	589.592	20.68	819.479	19.99
			588.995	20.91
589.592	0.50	83.39	588.995	20.31	1140.377	20.31
$+ 1138.144$	0.35	83.50	588.995	20.31	1138.144	20.01
			589.592	20.87
588.995	0.49	18.27	330.237	18.99	5426.880	19.01
$+ 498.281$	0.49	18.28	330.237	18.99	5013.920	19.30
	0.49	18.59	330.237	18.99	2205.647	19.37
	0.47	19.09	330.237	18.99	1477.974	19.49
	0.46	19.74	330.237	18.99	1140.377	19.30
	0.46	19.74	330.237	18.99	1138.144	18.99
			588.995	20.78
589.592	0.47	18.37	330.237	18.94	3414.261	19.49
$+ 615.423$	0.47	18.37	330.237	18.94	3407.755	19.19
	0.46	18.59	330.237	18.94	2208.370	19.03
	0.46	18.59	330.237	18.94	2205.647	19.33
	0.44	19.74	330.237	18.94	1140.377	19.33
	0.44	19.74	330.237	18.94	1138.144	19.03
			589.592	20.86
588.995	0.44	18.37	330.237	18.88	3414.261	19.42
$+ 616.075$	0.44	18.37	330.237	18.88	3407.755	19.12
	0.43	18.59	330.237	18.88	2208.370	18.96
	0.43	18.59	330.237	18.88	2205.647	19.26
	0.41	19.74	330.237	18.88	1140.377	19.26
	0.40	19.74	330.237	18.88	1138.144	18.96
			588.995	21.03
589.592	0.44	18.28	330.298	18.88	5434.170	18.92
$+ 497.854$	0.44	18.29	330.298	18.88	5007.670	19.21
	0.43	18.60	330.298	18.88	2208.370	19.26
	0.42	19.10	330.298	18.88	1476.749	19.40
	0.40	19.75	330.298	18.88	1140.377	19.28
	0.40	19.75	330.298	18.88	1138.144	18.98
			589.592	20.66
330.237	0.40	60.81	568.820	20.08	2337.915	19.85
$+ 2337.915$			330.237	19.26

$λ$ (nm)	$λ_{e x}$ (nm)	$\log (ε)$	$\log (N σ_{21})$
355.492	$437.593 + 355.492$	19.32	$- 1.21$
314.399	$385.991 + 314.399$	19.31	$- 1.73$
381.764	$371.993 + 381.764$	19.29	$- 2.37$
380.198	$371.993 + 380.198$	19.08	$- 2.70$

$λ_{e x}$ (nm)	$q$	$p$	$λ_{1}$ (nm)	$\log (ε_{1})$	$λ_{2}$ (nm)	$\log (ε_{2})$
437.593	0.12	25.41	361.207	18.17	973.857	18.01
$+ 361.207$	0.11	27.33	371.993	18.85	973.857	18.01
			437.593	16.06
385.991	0.12	40.78	371.993	18.49	561.564	18.49
$+ 532.418$	0.10	44.57	371.993	18.49	532.418	18.38
			385.991	18.18

$λ$ (nm)	$λ_{e x}$ (nm)	$\log (ε)$	$\log (N σ_{21})$
585.745	$422.673 + 585.745$	19.07	−3.43
430.774	$657.278 + 430.774$	19.01	−3.35

			Cross Section ( $m m_{2}$ )
Atom	Mass (amu)	Radius (nm)	$N_{2}$	$O_{2}$	Ar
Na	22.990	0.191	0.565	0.550	0.277
Fe	55.845	0.127	0.315	0.303	0.171
Mg	24.305	0.162	0.443	0.429	0.226
Si	28.085	0.109	0.257	0.247	0.145
Ca	40.078	0.197	0.593	0.577	0.288
K	39.098	0.237	0.790	0.771	0.370
N	14.007	0.070	0.152	0.144	0.097
O	15.999	0.066	0.143	0.135	0.093
Ar	39.948	0.106	0.248	0.238	0.141
H	1.008	0.070	0.152	0.144	0.097

Altitude (km)	Ca	Fe	K	Mg	Na	Si
75	2449	1219	3283	2062	2675	1150
80	1108	551.7	1486	933.3	1211	520.7
85	484.1	241.0	649.1	407.7	528.8	227.5
90	203.7	101.4	273.1	171.5	222.5	95.70
95	82.66	41.15	110.8	69.60	90.28	38.84
100	32.65	16.26	43.77	27.49	35.65	15.34
105	13.08	6.515	17.54	11.01	14.28	6.147
110	5.662	2.821	7.590	4.766	6.181	2.661
115	2.740	1.365	3.673	2.306	2.991	1.288
120	1.489	0.742	1.996	1.253	1.625	0.700

Altitude (km)	Ar	H	N	O
75	1023	2592	833.3	748.7
80	463.0	1173	377.1	338.8
85	202.3	512.3	164.7	148.0
90	85.10	215.5	69.30	62.27
95	34.54	87.46	28.13	25.27
100	13.64	34.54	11.11	9.982
105	5.468	13.83	4.451	4.000
110	2.367	5.984	1.926	1.731
115	1.146	2.895	0.932	0.838
120	0.623	1.573	0.507	0.455

Abstract

Data Availability

Cited By

Figures (8)

Tables (12)

Equations (21)

Journal of the Optical Society of America B