Thermal and non-thermal intensity dependent optical nonlinearities in ethanol at 800 nm, 1480 nm, and 1560 nm

Jessica E. Q. Bautista; Manoel L. da Silva-Neto; Cecilia L. A. V. Campos; Melissa Maldonado; Cid B. de Araújo; Cid B. de Araújo; Anderson S. L. Gomes

doi:10.1364/JOSAB.418635

Journal of the Optical Society of America B
Vol. 38,
Issue 4,
pp. 1104-1111
(2021)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAB.418635

Thermal and non-thermal intensity dependent optical nonlinearities in ethanol at 800 nm, 1480 nm, and 1560 nm

Jessica E. Q. Bautista, Manoel L. da Silva-Neto, Cecilia L. A. V. Campos, Melissa Maldonado, Cid B. de Araújo, and Anderson S. L. Gomes

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Jessica E. Q. Bautista, Manoel L. da Silva-Neto, Cecilia L. A. V. Campos, Melissa Maldonado, Cid B. de Araújo, and Anderson S. L. Gomes, "Thermal and non-thermal intensity dependent optical nonlinearities in ethanol at 800 nm, 1480 nm, and 1560 nm," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 38, 1104-1111 (2021)

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- Nonlinear or High Field Optics
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About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: January 4, 2021
- Revised Manuscript: February 11, 2021
- Manuscript Accepted: February 12, 2021
- Published: March 8, 2021

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Abstract

Intensity dependent self-action of a continuous wave (CW) or pulsed optical beam can lead to spatial or spectral effects upon propagation through a nonlinear medium, which can be described as an intensity dependence of the refractive index, known as self-phase modulation (SPM). In this work, we revisit the nonlinear optical propagation of a CW and a CW mode-locked (CW-ML) high repetition rate [${\sim}$ megahertz (MHz)] laser propagating through pure ethanol in regions of very low optical absorption (800 nm) or very high absorption (1480 nm, 1560 nm). Spatial and spectral SPM and ${Z}$-scan experiments were performed to clarify the origin of the third-order nonlinear optical response in the different optical excitation regimes. From spatial SPM and ${Z}$-scan at either CW or CW-ML MHz regime, a thermal nonlinear response was determined to be the origin of the nonlinearity at 800 nm or 1480 nm, 1560 nm region, with the nonlinear refractive index response of the order of ${10^{- 4}} \!-\! {10^{- 9}}\; {{\rm cm}^2}{\rm /W}$. From the spectral SPM, the non-thermal origin of the nonlinearity, arising from electronic or nuclear processes in the ethanol, was determined, and values of the order of ${10^{- 13}} \!-\! {10^{- 16}} \;{{\rm cm}^2}{\rm /W}$ were obtained, depending upon the spectral region. The results were supported by theoretical calculations using the nonlinear Schrödinger equation for the spectral behavior or Fresnel–Kirchhoff integral for the spatial results and clarify some of the misinterpreted results reported in the literature, besides complementing other nonlinear refraction data available at different wavelengths from 355 nm to 1560 nm.

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Corrections

Jessica E. Q. Bautista, Manoel L. da Silva-Neto, Cecilia L. A. V. Campos, Melissa Maldonado, Cid B. de Araújo, and Anderson S. L. Gomes, "Thermal and non-thermal intensity dependent optical nonlinearities in ethanol at 800 nm, 1480 nm, and 1560 nm: erratum," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 39, 500-500 (2022)
https://opg.optica.org/josab/abstract.cfm?uri=josab-39-2-500

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Supplement 1	Details regarding numerical calculations

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Experiment	Laser Source	Wavelength and Operating Mode (nm)	Linear Absorption ( ${c m}^{- 1}$ )	Repetition Rate (MHz)	Pulse Duration (ps)	Maximum Average Power (mW)	Maximum Peak Power (kW)
SSPM	Ti:sapphire	CW 800	0.01	—	—	261	—
SSPM	Ti:sapphire	ML 800	0.01	76	180	261	19.1
SpSPM	Ti:sapphire	ML 800	0.01	76	180	91	6.7
$Z$ -scan	Ti:sapphire	CW 800	0.01	—	—	83	—
$Z$ -scan	Ti:sapphire	ML 800	0.01	76	180	83	6.1
SSPM	Diode laser	CW 1480	4.56	—	—	65	—
SSPM	Er fiber laser	ML 1560	5.76	50	100	66	13.2
SpSPM	Er fiber laser	ML 1560	5.76	50	100	70	14

Ref.	Wavelength (nm)	CW or ML	NLO Technique	$\| n_{2} \|$ ( ${c m}^{2} / W$ )	Physical Mechanism
This work	1480	CW	SSPM	$2.2 \times 10^{- 5}$	Thermal
This work	1560	ML	SSPM	$2.4 \times 10^{- 5}$	Thermal
This work	800	CW or ML	SSPM	NA^b	Thermal
This work	800	CW or ML	$Z$ -scan	$4 \times 10^{- 9}$	Thermal
[21]	1550	CW	$Z$ -scan	$1.02 \times 10^{- 4}$	Thermal
[22]	1570	CW	SSPM	$5 \times 10^{- 6}$	Thermal
This work	1560	CW-ML	SpSPM	$5 \times 10^{- 13}$	Non-thermal
[22]	1550	CW-ML	SpSPM	$\sim 10^{- 13}$	Non-thermal
[17]	1560	ML 50 MHz, 300 fs	Two-color $Z$ -scan with thermal control	$5 \times 10^{- 13}$	Non-thermal
[20]	785	ML 76 MHz, 150 fs	Time resolved eclipse $Z$ -scan	$1.72 \times 10^{- 16}$	Non-thermal
[19]	355	ML 10 Hz, 10 ps	$D 4 σ - Z$ -scan	$1.7 \times 10^{- 16}$	Non-thermal
[18]	790	ML 1 kHz, 60 fs to 2 ps	Nonlinear ellipse rotation and $Z$ -scan	$4.43 \times 10^{- 16}$	Non-thermal
[32]	1060	ML 10 fs, single-shot	Optical Kerr gate	$1.5 \times 10^{- 15}$	Non-thermal
[34]	820	ML 76 MHz, 130 fs	Optical Kerr gate	$1.3 \times 10^{- 15}$	Non-thermal

Experiment	Laser Source	Wavelength and Operating Mode (nm)	Linear Absorption ( ${c m}^{- 1}$ )	Repetition Rate (MHz)	Pulse Duration (ps)	Maximum Average Power (mW)	Maximum Peak Power (kW)
SSPM	Ti:sapphire	CW 800	0.01	—	—	261	—
SSPM	Ti:sapphire	ML 800	0.01	76	180	261	19.1
SpSPM	Ti:sapphire	ML 800	0.01	76	180	91	6.7
$Z$ -scan	Ti:sapphire	CW 800	0.01	—	—	83	—
$Z$ -scan	Ti:sapphire	ML 800	0.01	76	180	83	6.1
SSPM	Diode laser	CW 1480	4.56	—	—	65	—
SSPM	Er fiber laser	ML 1560	5.76	50	100	66	13.2
SpSPM	Er fiber laser	ML 1560	5.76	50	100	70	14

Ref.	Wavelength (nm)	CW or ML	NLO Technique	$\| n_{2} \|$ ( ${c m}^{2} / W$ )	Physical Mechanism
This work	1480	CW	SSPM	$2.2 \times 10^{- 5}$	Thermal
This work	1560	ML	SSPM	$2.4 \times 10^{- 5}$	Thermal
This work	800	CW or ML	SSPM	NA^b	Thermal
This work	800	CW or ML	$Z$ -scan	$4 \times 10^{- 9}$	Thermal
[21]	1550	CW	$Z$ -scan	$1.02 \times 10^{- 4}$	Thermal
[22]	1570	CW	SSPM	$5 \times 10^{- 6}$	Thermal
This work	1560	CW-ML	SpSPM	$5 \times 10^{- 13}$	Non-thermal
[22]	1550	CW-ML	SpSPM	$\sim 10^{- 13}$	Non-thermal
[17]	1560	ML 50 MHz, 300 fs	Two-color $Z$ -scan with thermal control	$5 \times 10^{- 13}$	Non-thermal
[20]	785	ML 76 MHz, 150 fs	Time resolved eclipse $Z$ -scan	$1.72 \times 10^{- 16}$	Non-thermal
[19]	355	ML 10 Hz, 10 ps	$D 4 σ - Z$ -scan	$1.7 \times 10^{- 16}$	Non-thermal
[18]	790	ML 1 kHz, 60 fs to 2 ps	Nonlinear ellipse rotation and $Z$ -scan	$4.43 \times 10^{- 16}$	Non-thermal
[32]	1060	ML 10 fs, single-shot	Optical Kerr gate	$1.5 \times 10^{- 15}$	Non-thermal
[34]	820	ML 76 MHz, 130 fs	Optical Kerr gate	$1.3 \times 10^{- 15}$	Non-thermal

Jessica E. Q. Bautista	https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6151-4203
Manoel L. da Silva-Neto	https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2597-287X
Melissa Maldonado	https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2318-3597
Cid B. de Araújo	https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1205-9467

Abstract

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Journal of the Optical Society of America B