Three-state interactions determine the second-order nonlinear optical response

Abstract

Using the sum rules, the sum-over-states expression for the diagonal term of first hyperpolarizability can be expressed as the sum of three-state interaction terms. We study the behavior of a generic three-state term to show that it is possible to tune the contribution of resonant terms by tuning the spectrum of the molecule. When extrapolated to the off-resonance regime, the three-state interaction terms are shown to behave in a similar manner as the three-level model used to derive the fundamental limits. We finally show that most results derived using the three-level ansatz are general, and apply to molecules where more than three levels contribute to the second-order nonlinear response and/or are far from optimization.

© 2016 Optical Society of America

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