X-ray free-electron lasers—present and future capabilities [Invited]

John N. Galayda; John Arthur; Daniel F. Ratner; William E. White

doi:10.1364/JOSAB.27.00B106

X-ray free-electron lasers—present and future capabilities [Invited]

John N. Galayda, John Arthur, Daniel F. Ratner, and William E. White

Journal of the Optical Society of America B
Vol. 27,
Issue 11,
pp. B106-B118
(2010)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAB.27.00B106

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John N. Galayda, John Arthur, Daniel F. Ratner, and William E. White, "X-ray free-electron lasers—present and future capabilities [Invited]," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 27, B106-B118 (2010)

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Optics & Photonics Topics
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The topics in this list come from the OSA Optics and Photonics Topics applied to this article.
Previously assigned OCIS codes
- General physics (000.2690)
- History and philosophy (000.2850)
- Instruments, apparatus, and components common to the sciences (000.3110)
- Free-electron lasers (FELs) (140.2600)

About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: July 23, 2010
- Revised Manuscript: October 7, 2010
- Manuscript Accepted: October 11, 2010
- Published: October 29, 2010
Virtual Issues
Advances in Optics and Photonics (2010) Virtual Journal for Biomedical Optics Vol. 6, Iss. 1

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Abstract

The Linac Coherent Light Source is now in operation as an X-ray free-electron laser (FEL) user facility. It produces coherent pulses of $550 - 10,000 eV$ X-rays of duration adjustable from $< 10 fs to 500 fs$ . Typical peak power is in excess of $20 GW$ . The facility will soon be joined by several X-ray FELs under construction around the world. This article will provide an abridged history of free-electron lasers, a description of some basic physics regarding free-electron laser light amplification, and an overview of the rapidly growing list of examples in which lasers will be used in the control and operation of X-ray FELs.

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Typical LCLS Operating Parameters
X-ray tuning range	500–10,000	eV
Peak power	up to 40	GW
Power bandwidth, $8,000 eV$	0.2 typical	% FWHM
Power bandwidth, $800 eV$	0.5 typical	% FWHM
X-ray pulse duration	50–500	fs
Beam size at waist, $800 eV$	20, typical	μm, RMS
Beam divergence, $800 eV$	20, typical	μrad FWHM
Beam size at waist, $8,000 eV$	15, typical	μm, RMS
Beam divergence, $8,000 eV$	3, typical	μrad FWHM
Energy/Pulse	$> 2$ typical, 4.5 max	mJ
Pulse energy stability	5 typical	%
Pulse repetition rate	120	Hz

Facility	Proposed By	Wavelength Range	Status	Operation
Arc-en-Ciel	Synchrotron SOLEIL, France	$200 nm - 0.2 nm$	Proposal
European XFEL	XFEL Company, Germany	$2 nm - 0.1 nm$	Construction	2015
FERMI @ Elettra	Elettra, Italy	$80 nm - 4 nm$	Commissioning	2011
FLASH	DESY, Germany	$60 nm - 5 nm$	Operation	2005
JLAMP	Jefferson Laboratory, USA	$120 nm - 10 nm$	Proposal	2016
LCLS	SLAC National Accelerator Lab, USA	$2.5 nm - 0.12 nm$	Operation	2009
MAX-IV	MAXLab, Sweden	to $1 nm$	Proposal
Next Gen. Light Source	Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, USA	to $1.2 nm$	Proposal	2020
Pohang XFEL	Pohang Light Source, Republic of Korea	to $0.1 nm$	Proposal	2015
Polish FEL	Soltan Inst. for Nuclear Studies, Poland	to $9 nm$	Proposal	2015
SCSS	SPring-8 Light Source, Japan	to $0.1 nm$	Construction	2010
SCSS Test Accelerator	SPring-8 Light Source, Japan	to $50 nm$	Operation	2006
Shanghai FEL	Shanghai Inst. of Applied Phys., China	to $9 nm$	Construction	2015
SPARX	University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy	$40 nm - 0.5 nm$	Proposal	2013
Swiss XFEL	Paul Scherer Institute, Switzerland	to $0.1 nm$	Proposal	2016
TAC SASE FEL	Turkish Accelerator Complex, Turkey	to $7 nm$	Proposal

Typical LCLS Operating Parameters
X-ray tuning range	500–10,000	eV
Peak power	up to 40	GW
Power bandwidth, $8,000 eV$	0.2 typical	% FWHM
Power bandwidth, $800 eV$	0.5 typical	% FWHM
X-ray pulse duration	50–500	fs
Beam size at waist, $800 eV$	20, typical	μm, RMS
Beam divergence, $800 eV$	20, typical	μrad FWHM
Beam size at waist, $8,000 eV$	15, typical	μm, RMS
Beam divergence, $8,000 eV$	3, typical	μrad FWHM
Energy/Pulse	$> 2$ typical, 4.5 max	mJ
Pulse energy stability	5 typical	%
Pulse repetition rate	120	Hz

Facility	Proposed By	Wavelength Range	Status	Operation
Arc-en-Ciel	Synchrotron SOLEIL, France	$200 nm - 0.2 nm$	Proposal
European XFEL	XFEL Company, Germany	$2 nm - 0.1 nm$	Construction	2015
FERMI @ Elettra	Elettra, Italy	$80 nm - 4 nm$	Commissioning	2011
FLASH	DESY, Germany	$60 nm - 5 nm$	Operation	2005
JLAMP	Jefferson Laboratory, USA	$120 nm - 10 nm$	Proposal	2016
LCLS	SLAC National Accelerator Lab, USA	$2.5 nm - 0.12 nm$	Operation	2009
MAX-IV	MAXLab, Sweden	to $1 nm$	Proposal
Next Gen. Light Source	Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, USA	to $1.2 nm$	Proposal	2020
Pohang XFEL	Pohang Light Source, Republic of Korea	to $0.1 nm$	Proposal	2015
Polish FEL	Soltan Inst. for Nuclear Studies, Poland	to $9 nm$	Proposal	2015
SCSS	SPring-8 Light Source, Japan	to $0.1 nm$	Construction	2010
SCSS Test Accelerator	SPring-8 Light Source, Japan	to $50 nm$	Operation	2006
Shanghai FEL	Shanghai Inst. of Applied Phys., China	to $9 nm$	Construction	2015
SPARX	University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy	$40 nm - 0.5 nm$	Proposal	2013
Swiss XFEL	Paul Scherer Institute, Switzerland	to $0.1 nm$	Proposal	2016
TAC SASE FEL	Turkish Accelerator Complex, Turkey	to $7 nm$	Proposal

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