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Frequency diversity antennas with spatially structured radiation patterns reduce the reliance on actively switched elements for beamforming which become increasingly expensive and impractical as frequency increases. As the quality factor of a frequency diverse antenna increases, the antenna samples more spatial structure as the number of unique radiated coded spatial patterns correspondingly increases. Antennas that combine hollow cavities and metamaterial apertures achieve both large fractional bandwidth, in excess of 40%, and a high of 1600, so that each antenna radiates over 640 unique coded patterns. As compared to switched active antennas, such a passive antenna replaces the 50 antennas and switches that would produce at most unique patterns. Furthermore, the engineered metamaterial apertures enable a radiation efficiency exceeding 60% to be achieved in a single desired polarization. The theory of cavity-backed metasurface antennas is explained, and frequency diverse imaging is demonstrated with a pair of these antennas.
© 2017 Optical Society of America
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