Baiyue Zhao and Ming Ronnier Luo, "Hue linearity of color spaces for wide color gamut and high dynamic range media," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 37, 865-875 (2020)
Hue linearity is an important property of uniform color spaces such that hues perceived to be similar should be located on a straight line, an iso-hue line, in that space. Previously derived hue linearity data only cover a limited color gamut. Two new psychophysical experiments were conducted that used a wide color gamut (WCG) and high dynamic range (HDR) display to extend the color range using both hue matching and unitary hue estimation methods. The new data were used to evaluate the CIELAB, CAM16-UCS, IPT, and ${{\rm J}_{\rm z}}{{\rm a}_{\rm z}}{{\rm b}_{\rm z}}$ uniform color spaces. The experimental results indicated that IPT and ${{\rm J}_{\rm z}}{{\rm a}_{\rm z}}{{\rm b}_{\rm z}}$ outperformed the other two, especially in the blue region. The same method was used to test these spaces using the other published data sets. The results from different data sets gave similar results. Finally, all results were combined to form a normalized data set to represent the data under HDR and WCG display conditions. Furthermore, the four unitary hue data can be used to develop or refine color appearance models.
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Observer Variability for the Pilot Experiment for the Four Hues: Red (UR), Yellow (UY), Green (UG), and Blue (UB)
CIEDE2000
UR
UY
UG
UB
Mean
Inter-patch
2.96
3.24
3.12
2.86
3.04
Inter-cube
2.63
3.20
3.36
2.77
2.99
Intra-patch
1.71
2.11
1.89
2.06
1.94
Intra-cube
1.48
1.86
1.88
1.69
1.73
Table 3.
CIELAB and of the Test Colors in the UHE Experiment
Red
Yellow
Green
Blue
1
35
30
30
30
40
30
40
25
2
35
50
50
30
40
50
40
35
3
35
65
50
50
60
30
55
25
4
55
30
70
30
60
50
55
35
5
55
50
70
50
60
70
55
45
6
55
70
70
70
88
30
65
25
7
55
90
80
70
88
50
65
35
8
55
100
80
90
88
70
65
45
9
75
50
85
30
88
90
65
50
10
82
30
85
50
88
97
75
35
Table 4.
Observer Inter- and Intra-Variability Comparison in Terms of the MCDM Calculated Using the CIEDE2000 Color-Difference Formula
CIEDE2000
Red
Yellow
Green
Cyan
Blue
Magenta
Mean
HM-inter
3.09
2.25
2.54
2.51
1.77
2.04
2.36
HM-intra
1.70
1.35
1.44
1.52
1.16
1.28
1.41
UHE-inter
2.32
2.51
1.68
–
1.41
–
1.98
UHE-intra
0.97
0.99
0.82
–
0.79
–
0.89
Xiao-inter
2.30
1.92
1.17
–
1.97
–
1.84
Xiao-intra
0.97
1.07
0.66
–
1.06
–
0.94
Table 5.
Unitary CIELAB Hue Angles of the Best-Fitted Lines from Three Different Data Sets Plus the Results from the UHE Experiment
Hue Angles (CIELAB)
UR
UY
UG
UB
Shamey
27.4
88.0
157.1
252.9
Xiao
20.5
94.4
155.4
255.9
NCS
20.8
83.3
158.1
234.0
UHE
23.9
93.7
150.9
249.5
Table 6.
Unitary Hue Angles in Different Uniform Color Spaces Using Mean-Value Method and Best-Fitted Method
CIELAB
CAM16-UCS
IPT
UR (mean-value)
21.8
15.7
22.0
29.2
UR (best-fitted)
23.9
16.5
22.9
31.3
UY (mean-value)
92.4
97.2
85.4
89.5
UY (best-fitted)
93.7
99.2
87.9
91.3
UG (mean-value)
151.0
156.4
146.6
147.0
UG (best-fitted)
150.9
155.9
146.0
146.9
UB (mean-value)
249.3
235.5
235.2
237.5
UB (best-fitted)
249.5
235.5
234.8
236.7
Table 7.
Testing the Performance of Color Spaces Using All Data Sets in Terms of the Standard Deviation (SD) of the Hue Angle Using the Mean-Value Methoda
Hung
Ebner
Xiao
HM
UHE
OC
NC
Sample Size
(48)
(306)
(36)
(175)
(40)
(565)
(565)
CIELAB
3.8
3.6
2.6
5.4
2.0
3.8
5.0
CAM16-UCS
4.1
4.0
4.8
5.1
1.8
4.3
4.8
IPT
2.5
2.6
2.3
4.8
1.8
2.9
4.0
2.4
2.7
2.5
4.9
2.3
2.9
4.1
Note: The bold figures indicate the best performed space.
Table 8.
Testing the Performance of Color Spaces Using the Blue Sets in Terms of the Standard Deviation (SD) of the Hue Angle Using the Mean-Value Methoda
Hung
Ebner
Xiao
HM
UHE
OC
NC
Hue Angle Range
270–300
300–320
250–260
300–313
246–253
260–313
260–313
CIELAB
13.2
4.3
4.0
5.1
1.5
6.7
6.1
CAM16-UCS
9.9
7.1
3.1
5.8
0.7
6.5
6.3
IPT
3.0
4.3
2.4
2.4
0.8
3.0
3.1
3.5
3.5
3.0
2.1
1.6
3.0
3.1
Note: The bold figures indicate the best performed space.
Table 9.
Testing the Performance of Color Spaces Using All Data Sets in Terms of the Standard Deviation (SD) of the Hue Angle Using the Best-Fitted Line Methoda
Hung
Ebner
Xiao
HM
UHE
OC
NC
Sample Size
(48)
(306)
(36)
(175)
(40)
(565)
(565)
CIELAB
4.8
4.1
2.8
6.4
2.3
4.6
5.9
CAM16-UCS
4.6
4.2
5.3
5.5
2.4
4.7
5.3
IPT
2.8
2.9
2.9
5.8
2.1
3.3
4.6
2.6
2.9
2.9
5.7
2.6
3.3
4.6
Note: The bold figures indicate the best performed space.
Table 10.
Testing the Performance of Color Spaces Using the Blue Data Sets in Terms of the Standard Deviation (SD) of the Hue Angle Using the Best-Fitted Line Methoda
Hue
Hung
Ebner
Xiao
HM
UHE
OC
NC
Angle Range
270–300
300–320
250–260
300–313
246–253
260–313
260–313
CIELAB
20.3
4.9
4.3
6.4
1.5
9.0
8.3
CAM16-UCS
11.0
7.9
3.3
6.5
1.6
7.2
7.0
IPT
3.5
4.3
2.8
2.4
0.9
3.2
3.3
3.8
3.5
3.5
2.1
1.8
3.2
3.3
Note: The bold figures indicate the best performed space.
Tables (10)
Table 1.
Experimental Conditions for Previous Data Sets and for Two New Data Sets, HM and UHE, To Be Described Below
Observer Variability for the Pilot Experiment for the Four Hues: Red (UR), Yellow (UY), Green (UG), and Blue (UB)
CIEDE2000
UR
UY
UG
UB
Mean
Inter-patch
2.96
3.24
3.12
2.86
3.04
Inter-cube
2.63
3.20
3.36
2.77
2.99
Intra-patch
1.71
2.11
1.89
2.06
1.94
Intra-cube
1.48
1.86
1.88
1.69
1.73
Table 3.
CIELAB and of the Test Colors in the UHE Experiment
Red
Yellow
Green
Blue
1
35
30
30
30
40
30
40
25
2
35
50
50
30
40
50
40
35
3
35
65
50
50
60
30
55
25
4
55
30
70
30
60
50
55
35
5
55
50
70
50
60
70
55
45
6
55
70
70
70
88
30
65
25
7
55
90
80
70
88
50
65
35
8
55
100
80
90
88
70
65
45
9
75
50
85
30
88
90
65
50
10
82
30
85
50
88
97
75
35
Table 4.
Observer Inter- and Intra-Variability Comparison in Terms of the MCDM Calculated Using the CIEDE2000 Color-Difference Formula
CIEDE2000
Red
Yellow
Green
Cyan
Blue
Magenta
Mean
HM-inter
3.09
2.25
2.54
2.51
1.77
2.04
2.36
HM-intra
1.70
1.35
1.44
1.52
1.16
1.28
1.41
UHE-inter
2.32
2.51
1.68
–
1.41
–
1.98
UHE-intra
0.97
0.99
0.82
–
0.79
–
0.89
Xiao-inter
2.30
1.92
1.17
–
1.97
–
1.84
Xiao-intra
0.97
1.07
0.66
–
1.06
–
0.94
Table 5.
Unitary CIELAB Hue Angles of the Best-Fitted Lines from Three Different Data Sets Plus the Results from the UHE Experiment
Hue Angles (CIELAB)
UR
UY
UG
UB
Shamey
27.4
88.0
157.1
252.9
Xiao
20.5
94.4
155.4
255.9
NCS
20.8
83.3
158.1
234.0
UHE
23.9
93.7
150.9
249.5
Table 6.
Unitary Hue Angles in Different Uniform Color Spaces Using Mean-Value Method and Best-Fitted Method
CIELAB
CAM16-UCS
IPT
UR (mean-value)
21.8
15.7
22.0
29.2
UR (best-fitted)
23.9
16.5
22.9
31.3
UY (mean-value)
92.4
97.2
85.4
89.5
UY (best-fitted)
93.7
99.2
87.9
91.3
UG (mean-value)
151.0
156.4
146.6
147.0
UG (best-fitted)
150.9
155.9
146.0
146.9
UB (mean-value)
249.3
235.5
235.2
237.5
UB (best-fitted)
249.5
235.5
234.8
236.7
Table 7.
Testing the Performance of Color Spaces Using All Data Sets in Terms of the Standard Deviation (SD) of the Hue Angle Using the Mean-Value Methoda
Hung
Ebner
Xiao
HM
UHE
OC
NC
Sample Size
(48)
(306)
(36)
(175)
(40)
(565)
(565)
CIELAB
3.8
3.6
2.6
5.4
2.0
3.8
5.0
CAM16-UCS
4.1
4.0
4.8
5.1
1.8
4.3
4.8
IPT
2.5
2.6
2.3
4.8
1.8
2.9
4.0
2.4
2.7
2.5
4.9
2.3
2.9
4.1
Note: The bold figures indicate the best performed space.
Table 8.
Testing the Performance of Color Spaces Using the Blue Sets in Terms of the Standard Deviation (SD) of the Hue Angle Using the Mean-Value Methoda
Hung
Ebner
Xiao
HM
UHE
OC
NC
Hue Angle Range
270–300
300–320
250–260
300–313
246–253
260–313
260–313
CIELAB
13.2
4.3
4.0
5.1
1.5
6.7
6.1
CAM16-UCS
9.9
7.1
3.1
5.8
0.7
6.5
6.3
IPT
3.0
4.3
2.4
2.4
0.8
3.0
3.1
3.5
3.5
3.0
2.1
1.6
3.0
3.1
Note: The bold figures indicate the best performed space.
Table 9.
Testing the Performance of Color Spaces Using All Data Sets in Terms of the Standard Deviation (SD) of the Hue Angle Using the Best-Fitted Line Methoda
Hung
Ebner
Xiao
HM
UHE
OC
NC
Sample Size
(48)
(306)
(36)
(175)
(40)
(565)
(565)
CIELAB
4.8
4.1
2.8
6.4
2.3
4.6
5.9
CAM16-UCS
4.6
4.2
5.3
5.5
2.4
4.7
5.3
IPT
2.8
2.9
2.9
5.8
2.1
3.3
4.6
2.6
2.9
2.9
5.7
2.6
3.3
4.6
Note: The bold figures indicate the best performed space.
Table 10.
Testing the Performance of Color Spaces Using the Blue Data Sets in Terms of the Standard Deviation (SD) of the Hue Angle Using the Best-Fitted Line Methoda
Hue
Hung
Ebner
Xiao
HM
UHE
OC
NC
Angle Range
270–300
300–320
250–260
300–313
246–253
260–313
260–313
CIELAB
20.3
4.9
4.3
6.4
1.5
9.0
8.3
CAM16-UCS
11.0
7.9
3.3
6.5
1.6
7.2
7.0
IPT
3.5
4.3
2.8
2.4
0.9
3.2
3.3
3.8
3.5
3.5
2.1
1.8
3.2
3.3
Note: The bold figures indicate the best performed space.
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