Metameric effects on peridot by changing background color

Jun Tang; Ying Guo; Chang Xu

doi:10.1364/JOSAA.36.002030

Journal of the Optical Society of America A
Vol. 36,
Issue 12,
pp. 2030-2039
(2019)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAA.36.002030

Metameric effects on peridot by changing background color

Jun Tang, Ying Guo, and Chang Xu

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Jun Tang, Ying Guo, and Chang Xu, "Metameric effects on peridot by changing background color," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 36, 2030-2039 (2019)

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Abstract

Peridot’s yellowish-green color is not only produced by ${{\rm Fe}^{2+}}$ but is also influenced by background, observer, illuminance, and color temperature of the light source. In this research, we studied the most effective background for peridot color grading under a 6504K fluorescent lamp. Ninety-five gem-quality peridot samples from China, Pakistan, and Myanmar were studied using electron probe micro-analyzer, spectrophotometer, Munsell neutral gray backgrounds, and standard gold alloy backgrounds. The results provided the color effects of 24K, 22K, 20K, 18K, and 16K gold alloy backgrounds and Munsell neutral gray backgrounds on the peridot’s color. It was found that the Munsell N9 background seems to be the most effective background for peridot color grading. Using the Munsell N9 background, peridot colors were graded into three levels from good to bad: Fancy Intense, Fancy Deep, and Fancy by using K-means clustering analysis and Fisher discriminant analysis methods. The peridot’s color level reverse phenomenon should be considered when the background varies between Munsell N7 and N9 gray.

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Sample	S01	S02	S03	S04	S05	S06	S07	S08	S09	S10
wt.% Oxides
${S i O}_{2}$	41.2930	41.6640	41.5660	41.4640	41.3830	40.7640	41.4940	41.7230	40.6040	40.8220
${T i O}_{2}$	0.0090	0.0000	0.0260	0.0000	0.0040	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000
${A l}_{2} O_{3}$	0.0370	0.0170	0.0160	0.0540	0.0280	0.0400	0.0000	0.0310	0.0270	0.0000
${C r}_{2} O_{3}$	0.0000	0.0070	0.0490	0.0000	0.0120	0.0200	0.0330	0.0000	0.0110	0.0300
FeO	10.3380	9.5510	9.8150	9.2840	9.7430	9.0120	9.4330	9.2790	8.7580	8.2930
MnO	0.0810	0.1350	0.0930	0.1300	0.1400	0.1410	0.1140	0.1270	0.1230	0.0750
MgO	47.9200	48.2660	48.0980	48.7610	48.3830	49.5950	48.5260	48.5480	50.0980	50.3930
NiO	0.2790	0.2630	0.2750	0.2540	0.2640	0.3900	0.3460	0.2360	0.3280	0.3260
CaO	0.0424	0.0962	0.0617	0.0523	0.0425	0.0381	0.0543	0.0554	0.0506	0.0612
Total	99.9994	99.9992	99.9997	99.9993	99.9995	100.0001	100.0003	99.9994	99.9996	100.0002
Stoichiometric Number of Different Elements
Si	1.0128	1.0178	1.0167	1.0122	1.0125	0.9969	1.0140	1.0177	0.9922	0.9949
Ti	0.0002	0.0000	0.0005	0.0000	0.0001	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000
Al	0.0011	0.0005	0.0005	0.0016	0.0008	0.0012	0.0000	0.0009	0.0008	0.0000
Cr	0.0000	0.0001	0.0009	0.0000	0.0002	0.0004	0.0006	0.0000	0.0002	0.0006
Fe	0.2121	0.1951	0.2008	0.1895	0.1993	0.1843	0.1928	0.1893	0.1790	0.1690
Mn	0.0017	0.0028	0.0019	0.0027	0.0029	0.0029	0.0024	0.0026	0.0025	0.0016
Mg	1.7521	1.7578	1.7538	1.7746	1.7647	1.8081	1.7678	1.7653	1.8249	1.8308
Ni	0.0055	0.0052	0.0054	0.0050	0.0052	0.0077	0.0068	0.0046	0.0064	0.0064
Ca	0.0011	0.0025	0.0016	0.0014	0.0011	0.0010	0.0014	0.0014	0.0013	0.0016
Total	2.9866	2.9818	2.9821	2.9870	2.9868	3.0025	2.9858	2.9818	3.0073	3.0049
mol.% End Members
Forsterite	89.13	89.88	89.64	90.23	89.72	90.62	90.06	90.19	90.95	91.48
Fayalite	10.88	10.12	10.36	9.78	10.28	9.39	9.94	9.80	9.05	8.53
Total	100.01	100.00	100.00	100.01	100.00	100.01	100.00	99.99	100.00	100.01

Backgrounds		N1	N2	N3	N4	N5	N6	N7	N8	N9
Luminance factor $Y_{b}$		0.01210	0.03126	0.06555	0.12000	0.19770	0.30050	0.43060	0.59100	0.78660
Lightness $L_{b}^{*}$		10.63	20.56	30.76	41.22	51.58	61.7	71.6	81.35	91.08
	$L^{*}$	38.54	40.08	41.90	45.45	48.98	53.61	58.72	64.52	70.50
Color parameters’ average	$a^{*}$	−6.11	−6.54	−7.03	−7.84	−8.74	−9.57	−10.94	−12.48	−13.49
	$b^{*}$	13.18	14.07	15.23	17.27	19.32	22.53	25.27	29.31	32.55
	N1	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
	N2	1.43	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
	N3	3.17	1.74	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
	N4	6.63	5.21	3.47	-	-	-	-	-	-
Color difference $Δ E_{00}$	N5	10.26	8.83	7.10	3.63	-	-	-	-	-
	N6	15.36	13.93	12.19	8.63	4.92	-	-	-	-
	N7	21.09	19.57	17.66	13.79	9.91	4.98	-	-	-
	N8	27.20	25.40	23.25	19.17	15.28	10.36	5.42	-	-
	N9	32.19	30.32	28.14	24.09	20.24	15.37	10.45	5.05	-

Gold Alloy Backgrounds	Gold	Components			Color Parameters
No.	K	Au%	Ag%	Cu%	$L^{*}$	$C^{*}$	$h^{\circ}$
G1	24	99.99	0.00	0.00	83.78	47.69	74.33
G2	24	99.60	0.20	0.20	79.29	45.14	71.97
G3	22	91.68	4.14	4.14	83.22	41.41	72.48
G4	20	85.00	7.45	7.51	85.85	41.08	73.86
G5	18	74.99	14.95	10.02	89.12	35.74	76.67
G6	16	64.99	24.92	10.02	81.60	24.19	77.56

Gold Alloy Backgrounds		G1	G2	G3	G4	G5	G6
Color parameters’ average	$L^{*}$	63.64	61.53	63.91	64.30	64.35	63.01
	$a^{*}$	−4.64	−4.54	−5.09	−6.50	−7.98	−10.35
	$b^{*}$	46.20	44.38	45.78	46.22	45.25	40.05
Color difference $Δ E_{00}$	G1	-	-	-	-	-	-
	G2	2.08	-	-	-	-	-
	G3	0.39	2.15	-	-	-	-
	G4	0.77	2.48	0.45	-	-	-
	G5	1.43	2.50	1.07	0.81	-	-
	G6	4.28	3.53	3.99	3.94	3.20	-

Model	Factors	Unstandardized	Standardized	T	Sig	$R^{2}$	Adjusted $R^{2}$
1	Constant	95.419	-	829.447	0.000	0.725	0.725
1	Ag (%)	0.347	0.852	37.246	0.000	0.725	0.725
	Constant	79.214	-	18.914	0.000	0.733	0.732
2	Ag (%)	0.581	1.427	9.485	0.000
	Au (%)	0.165	0.582	3.870	0.000

(%)	1	2	3	Total
1	96.2	0.0	3.8	100.0
2	0.0	100.0	0.0	100.0
3	5.0	0.0	95.0	100.0

Abstract

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Figures (9)

Tables (6)

Equations (13)

Journal of the Optical Society of America A