Graininess of Photographic Materials in Objective Absolute Measure

A. van Kreveld; J. C. Scheffer

doi:10.1364/JOSA.27.000100

Journal of the Optical Society of America
Vol. 27,
Issue 3,
pp. 100-109
(1937)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.27.000100

Graininess of Photographic Materials in Objective Absolute Measure

A. van Kreveld and J. C. Scheffer

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A. van Kreveld and J. C. Scheffer, "Graininess of Photographic Materials in Objective Absolute Measure," J. Opt. Soc. Am. 27, 100-109 (1937)

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Abstract

List of symbols used in this and former papers.1–3

I	intensity of the exposure.
D	logarithmic density caused by the exposure.
γ_d	the differential coefficient dD/d log I at the density D.
γ_t	the total gradation, i.e., (D₂−D₁)/(log I₂−log I₁) where 1 and 2 denote the lower and upper limit of the useful part of the density curve.
ΔD	the average fluctuation of the density, caused by the graininess.
ΔD_a	the apparent average fluctuation of the density, to be corrected for the inertia of the galvanometer.
ΔD_r	the true average fluctuation of the density, derived from ΔD_a by correcting for the inertia of the galvanometer.
ΔK	the absolute graininess, i.e., $Δ D_{r} \times {(observed area)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .
Δ log I	=ΔI/I=ΔD/γ_d: the average fluctuation of the intensity derived from ΔD.
Δ_K log I	=Δ_KI/I=ΔK/γ_d: the average fluctuation of the intensity derived from ΔK.
G	the average distance between the points of intersection of the line representing average density with the trace representing variations in density (this magnitude is canceled now, because it is merely a function of ΔD and of the scanned area).
L	the turbidity=the distance in the emulsion, where the intensity of the scattered light is half the intensity of the incident light.
Q	the micro-quality of the emulsion for a given application.

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No.	Brand	Developer (See Table IV)

1	Ilford Special Rapid	Metolborax A.
3	Gevaert Contrast	Hydroquinone B.
4	Gevaert Supercontrast	Paraphenylenediamine D.

No.	Diameter in mm	Area of the Image on the Negative inμ²	τin Seconds	Correcting-Factor According to (2)	Correcting-Factor×Area $\frac{1}{2}$ inμ

I	2.78	22220	0.295	1.50	224
II	2.06	12200	0.22	1.655	183
III	1.38	5480	0.147	1.92	142
IV	1.04	3110	0.111	2.14	119.5

Density	ΔD _S				$Δ K = Δ D_{S} \times C ᴏ ʀʀ . \times {A ʀ ᴇ ᴀ}^{\frac{1}{2}} \oplus \otimes μ$

	Diaphragms				Diaphragms
Plate 1 A.	I	II	III	IV	I	II	III	IV

0.08	0.0013	0.0017	0.0022	0.00285	0.29	0.31	0.31	0.34
0.17	18	255	295	37	0.40	0.465	0.42	0.44
0.35	245	305	38	48	0.55	0.56	0.54	0.575
0.55	29	37	51	60	0.65	0.675	0.725	0.715
0.78	315	42	53	555	0.705	0.77	0.75	0.665
1.00	35	425	48	56	0.785	0.78	0.68	0.67

Plate 3 B.

0.07	0.00105	0.00125	0.00145	0.0019	0.235	0.23	0.205	0.225
0.14	155	175	215	24	0.345	0.32	0.305	0.285
0.27	205	235	335	425	0.46	0.43	0.475	0.505
0.50	265	29	44	51	0.595	0.53	0.625	0.61
0.88	36	43	55	68	0.805	0.785	0.78	0.81

Plate 4 D.

0.08	0.0008	0.00095	0.0011	0.00135	0.18	0.175	0.155	0.16
0.19	11	14	165	21	0.245	0.255	0.235	0.25
0.355	15	19	24	29	0.335	0.35	0.34	0.345
0.56	175	21	30	33	0.39	0.385	0.425	0.395
0.79	19	23	26	34	0.425	0.42	0.37	0.405
1.085	21	25	30	395	0.47	0.46	0.425	0.47

	Developer

Plate	A	B	C	D	E	F	G	H

1	0.71	1.38	0.75	0.55	0.80	1.28	0.68	0.48
2	0.50	0.51	0.40	0.32	0.42	0.39	0.37	0.29
3	0.36	0.36	0.34	0.36	0.43	0.35	0.36	0.24
4	0.31	0.255	0.255	0.28	0.28	0.29	0.265	0.23

	Developer

Plate	A	B	C	D	E	F	G	H

1	0.85	1.57	0.90	0.68	0.88	1.39	0.77	0.49
2	0.60	0.60	0.51	0.37	0.53	0.55	0.44	0.37
3	0.48	0.51	0.53	0.41	0.59	0.40	0.42	0.27
4	0.39	0.40	0.37	0.34	0.35	0.37	0.34	0.28

Abstract

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Tables (6)

Equations (4)

Journal of the Optical Society of America